Bernie Krause: The voice of the natural world

183,001 views ใƒป 2013-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:14
(Nature sounds)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข)
00:19
When I first began recording wild soundscapes
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื ื•ืคื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:22
45 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 45 ืฉื ื”,
00:24
I had no idea that ants,
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ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื ืžืœื™ื,
00:26
insect larvae, sea anemones and viruses
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ื–ื—ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืฉื•ืฉื ื™-ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื
00:30
created a sound signature.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืงื•ืœ
00:32
But they do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
00:33
And so does every wild habitat on the planet,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคืจืื™ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
00:37
like the Amazon rainforest you're hearing behind me.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™.
00:40
In fact, temperate and tropical rainforests
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื
00:44
each produce a vibrant animal orchestra,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ืžืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ,
00:47
that instantaneous and organized expression
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ
00:50
of insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื, ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
00:55
And every soundscape that springs from a wild habitat
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ื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฃ-ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืคื•ืจืฅ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคืจืื™
00:58
generates its own unique signature,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:01
one that contains incredible amounts of information,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:04
and it's some of that information I want to share with you today.
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ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:09
The soundscape is made up of three basic sources.
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ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
01:12
The first is the geophony,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ื ื™ื”,
01:14
or the nonbiological sounds that occur
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ืื• ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื
01:17
in any given habitat,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
01:19
like wind in the trees, water in a stream,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœ,
01:21
waves at the ocean shore, movement of the Earth.
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ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:25
The second of these is the biophony.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื”.
01:28
The biophony is all of the sound
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:31
that's generated by organisms in a given habitat
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ
01:34
at one time and in one place.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
01:38
And the third is all of the sound that we humans generate
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
01:43
that's called anthrophony.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื”.
01:44
Some of it is controlled, like music or theater,
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืจื™-ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืื• ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
01:48
but most of it is chaotic and incoherent,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™-ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช
01:52
which some of us refer to as noise.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ืจืขืฉ
01:55
There was a time when I considered wild soundscapes
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชื™ื—ืกืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืื™
01:58
to be a worthless artifact.
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ื›ืืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš.
02:00
They were just there, but they had no significance.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
02:04
Well, I was wrong. What I learned from these encounters
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ืขื™ืชื™, ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืืœื”
02:07
was that careful listening gives us incredibly valuable tools
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืจืš
02:12
by which to evaluate the health of a habitat
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
02:15
across the entire spectrum of life.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:18
When I began recording in the late '60s,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60
02:22
the typical methods of recording were limited
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
02:25
to the fragmented capture of individual species
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ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื
02:29
like birds mostly, in the beginning,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
02:33
but later animals like mammals and amphibians.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:38
To me, this was a little like trying to understand
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:42
the magnificence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ
02:45
by abstracting the sound of a single violin player
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืžืฆืชืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืื—ื“
02:48
out of the context of the orchestra
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช
02:50
and hearing just that one part.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื–ื”.
02:53
Fortunately, more and more institutions
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
02:56
are implementing the more holistic models
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ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:58
that I and a few of my colleagues have introduced
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ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื‘ืื ื•
03:01
to the field of soundscape ecology.
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ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ.
03:05
When I began recording over four decades ago,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-4 ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
03:10
I could record for 10 hours
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ื™ื›ืœื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉืขื•ืช
03:12
and capture one hour of usable material,
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ื•ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉ,
03:14
good enough for an album or a film soundtrack
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ืื• ืœืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜
03:17
or a museum installation.
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ืื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.
03:20
Now, because of global warming,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
03:23
resource extraction,
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ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
03:25
and human noise, among many other factors,
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ื•ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:28
it can take up to 1,000 hours or more
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ 1000 ืฉืขื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:30
to capture the same thing.
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ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:33
Fully 50 percent of my archive
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50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
03:36
comes from habitats so radically altered
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ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
03:39
that they're either altogether silent
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ืฉื”ื ืื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืงื˜ื™ื
03:42
or can no longer be heard in any of their original form.
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ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
03:47
The usual methods of evaluating a habitat
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
03:49
have been done by visually counting the numbers of species
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ื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื
03:53
and the numbers of individuals within each species in a given area.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ.
03:57
However, by comparing data that ties together
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“
04:00
both density and diversity from what we hear,
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ื”ืŸ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื,
04:03
I'm able to arrive at much more precise fitness outcomes.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.
04:09
And I want to show you some examples
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
04:11
that typify the possibilities unlocked
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ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชื—ื•ืช
04:13
by diving into this universe.
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ื›ืฉืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื–ื”.
04:16
This is Lincoln Meadow.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ.
04:18
Lincoln Meadow's a three-and-a-half-hour drive
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ืื—ื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 3 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”
04:20
east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
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ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”.
04:23
at about 2,000 meters altitude,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›-2,000 ืžื˜ืจ,
04:25
and I've been recording there for many years.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:28
In 1988, a logging company convinced local residents
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื ืขื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:32
that there would be absolutely no environmental impact
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ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื ื–ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™
04:35
from a new method they were trying
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ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืกื•
ื‘ืฉื "ื›ืจื™ืชื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช":
04:37
called "selective logging,"
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04:38
taking out a tree here and there
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ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฅ ืคื” ื•ืฉื
04:40
rather than clear-cutting a whole area.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืขื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
04:43
With permission granted to record
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ืขื ื”ื”ืจืฉืื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜
04:45
both before and after the operation,
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ื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”,
04:47
I set up my gear and captured a large number of dawn choruses
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ื”ืชืงื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื“ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืจ
04:51
to very strict protocol and calibrated recordings,
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื•ืช,
04:55
because I wanted a really good baseline.
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ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืงื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:57
This is an example of a spectrogram.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื.
04:59
A spectrogram is a graphic illustration of sound
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ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื•ืจ ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ
05:02
with time from left to right across the page --
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ื›ืฉืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื“ืฃ...
05:05
15 seconds in this case is represented โ€”
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15 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช โ€”
05:07
and frequency from the bottom of the page to the top,
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ื•ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉื•,
05:10
lowest to highest.
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ืžื”ื ืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ื”.
05:12
And you can see that the signature of a stream
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืœ
05:15
is represented here in the bottom third or half of the page,
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ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืฃ,
05:19
while birds that were once in that meadow
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืื—ื• ื”ื–ื”
05:23
are represented in the signature across the top.
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ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
05:26
There were a lot of them.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื.
05:27
And here's Lincoln Meadow before selective logging.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:30
(Nature sounds)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข)
05:45
Well, a year later I returned,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจืชื™,
05:47
and using the same protocols
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื
05:49
and recording under the same conditions,
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ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืชื ืื™ื,
05:51
I recorded a number of examples
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ื”ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
05:54
of the same dawn choruses,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืจ,
05:56
and now this is what we've got.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช.
05:58
This is after selective logging.
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ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืจื™ืชื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:59
You can see that the stream is still represented
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’
ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืฃ,
06:02
in the bottom third of the page,
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06:03
but notice what's missing in the top two thirds.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
06:08
(Nature sounds)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข)
06:13
Coming up is the sound of a woodpecker.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืงืจ.
06:23
Well, I've returned to Lincoln Meadow 15 times
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืื—ื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ 15 ืคืขืžื™ื
06:25
in the last 25 years,
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ื‘ 25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:27
and I can tell you that the biophony,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื”,
06:30
the density and diversity of that biophony,
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ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:33
has not yet returned to anything like it was
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ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื”
06:36
before the operation.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:38
But here's a picture of Lincoln Meadow taken after,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
06:41
and you can see that from the perspective of the camera
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”
06:44
or the human eye,
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ืื• ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
06:46
hardly a stick or a tree appears to be out of place,
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื ื” ืื• ืขืฅ ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื,
06:48
which would confirm the logging company's contention
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื”.
06:51
that there's nothing of environmental impact.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ื–ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
06:54
However, our ears tell us a very different story.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
07:00
Young students are always asking me
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
07:02
what these animals are saying,
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ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
07:04
and really I've got no idea.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
07:08
But I can tell you that they do express themselves.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
07:14
Whether or not we understand it is a different story.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ืื• ืœื, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
07:17
I was walking along the shore in Alaska,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืœืกืงื”,
07:19
and I came across this tide pool
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ื•ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื–ื•
07:21
filled with a colony of sea anemones,
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื,
07:24
these wonderful eating machines,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ืืœื•,
07:27
relatives of coral and jellyfish.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื”.
07:29
And curious to see if any of them made any noise,
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ื•ื”ืกืชืงืจื ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืจืขืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
07:32
I dropped a hydrophone,
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ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ,
07:33
an underwater microphone covered in rubber,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื’ื•ืžื™,
07:36
down the mouth part,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคื”,
07:37
and immediately the critter began
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ
07:39
to absorb the microphone into its belly,
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
07:41
and the tentacles were searching out of the surface
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ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
07:44
for something of nutritional value.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™.
07:46
The static-like sounds that are very low,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
07:49
that you're going to hear right now.
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ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:51
(Static sounds)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื)
07:55
Yeah, but watch. When it didn't find anything to eat --
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ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ --.
07:58
(Honking sound)
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(ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคืจ)
07:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:02
I think that's an expression that can be understood
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
08:04
in any language.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืคื”.
08:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:11
At the end of its breeding cycle,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
08:12
the Great Basin Spadefoot toad
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ื”ืงืจืคื“ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื—ืคืจื™ืชื™ื™ื
08:15
digs itself down about a meter under
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ืžืชื—ืคืจืช ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ
08:17
the hard-panned desert soil of the American West,
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ืชื—ืช ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
08:20
where it can stay for many seasons
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
08:22
until conditions are just right for it to emerge again.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
08:25
And when there's enough moisture in the soil
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข
08:27
in the spring, frogs will dig themselves to the surface
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื™ื—ืคืจื• ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
08:30
and gather around these large, vernal pools
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ื•ื™ืชืืกืคื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•
08:34
in great numbers.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
08:36
And they vocalize in a chorus
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื”
08:40
that's absolutely in sync with one another.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•.
08:43
And they do that for two reasons.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:44
The first is competitive, because they're looking for mates,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’
08:48
and the second is cooperative,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช.
08:49
because if they're all vocalizing in sync together,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
08:52
it makes it really difficult for predators like coyotes,
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ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืื‘ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:56
foxes and owls to single out any individual for a meal.
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ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
09:00
This is a spectrogram of what the frog chorusing looks like
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ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื ืฉืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื ืฉืžืขืช
09:03
when it's in a very healthy pattern.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:06
(Frogs croaking)
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(ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžืงืจืงืจื•ืช)
09:16
Mono Lake is just to the east of Yosemite National Park
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ืื’ื ืžื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™
09:20
in California,
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
09:21
and it's a favorite habitat of these toads,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช ืืœื•,
09:24
and it's also favored by U.S. Navy jet pilots,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
09:27
who train in their fighters flying them at speeds
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ืฉืžืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ืกืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช
09:30
exceeding 1,100 kilometers an hour
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ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ 1,100 ืง"ืž ืœืฉืขื”
09:33
and altitudes only a couple hundred meters
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
09:35
above ground level of the Mono Basin,
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ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืขืช ืžื•ื ื•,
09:38
very fast, very low, and so loud
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง
09:42
that the anthrophony, the human noise,
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ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ืจืขืฉ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
09:45
even though it's six and a half kilometers
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืง"ืž
ืžื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืฉืžืขืชื,
09:47
from the frog pond you just heard a second ago,
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09:49
it masked the sound of the chorusing toads.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืกื” ืขืœ ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช.
09:53
You can see in this spectrogram that all of the energy
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:56
that was once in the first spectrogram is gone
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืขืœืžื”
09:59
from the top end of the spectrogram,
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ืžื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื,
10:01
and that there's breaks in the chorusing at two and a half,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™,
ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื•ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
10:04
four and a half, and six and a half seconds,
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10:06
and then the sound of the jet, the signature,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก, ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื”,
10:09
is in yellow at the very bottom of the page.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื“ืฃ.
10:11
(Frogs croaking)
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(ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžืงืจืงืจื•ืช)
10:21
Now at the end of that flyby,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื–ื”,
10:23
it took the frogs fully 45 minutes
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ืœืงื— ืœืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื 45 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
10:27
to regain their chorusing synchronicity,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืจื ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
10:29
during which time, and under a full moon,
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืชื—ืช ื™ืจื— ืžืœื,
10:32
we watched as two coyotes and a great horned owl
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื–ืื‘ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืงื•ืจื ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ
10:35
came in to pick off a few of their numbers.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ.
10:38
The good news is that, with a little bit of habitat restoration
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืขื ืงืฆืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
10:42
and fewer flights, the frog populations,
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื,
10:44
once diminishing during the 1980s and early '90s,
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90,
10:48
have pretty much returned to normal.
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ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื”.
10:52
I want to end with a story told by a beaver.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื”.
10:55
It's a very sad story,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฆื•ื‘,
10:56
but it really illustrates how animals
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช
11:00
can sometimes show emotion,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉ,
11:02
a very controversial subject among some older biologists.
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ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:07
A colleague of mine was recording in the American Midwest
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ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
11:10
around this pond that had been formed
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื–ืืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”
11:12
maybe 16,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ 16,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
11:16
It was also formed in part by a beaver dam
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื”
11:18
at one end that held that whole ecosystem together
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”.
11:21
in a very delicate balance.
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11:24
And one afternoon, while he was recording,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืงืœื™ื˜,
11:28
there suddenly appeared from out of nowhere
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืคืชืข ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
11:32
a couple of game wardens,
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ืฉื ื™ ืคืงื—ื™ ืฆื™ื“,
11:34
who for no apparent reason,
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ืืฉืจ ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ,
11:36
walked over to the beaver dam,
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืกื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”.
11:37
dropped a stick of dynamite down it, blowing it up,
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืงืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜, ื•ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืื•ืชื•,
11:41
killing the female and her young babies.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
11:45
Horrified, my colleagues remained behind
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืขืช, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ
11:47
to gather his thoughts
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•
11:50
and to record whatever he could the rest of the afternoon,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
11:53
and that evening, he captured a remarkable event:
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื“ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ:
11:58
the lone surviving male beaver swimming in slow circles
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืฉื—ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
12:02
crying out inconsolably for its lost mate and offspring.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ื™ื—ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื
12:08
This is probably the saddest sound
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘
12:11
I've ever heard coming from any organism,
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
12:14
human or other.
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ืื“ื, ืื• ืื—ืจ.
12:18
(Beaver crying)
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(ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื”)
12:34
Yeah. Well.
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ื›ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื‘...
12:35
There are many facets to soundscapes,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
12:38
among them the ways in which animals taught us to dance and sing,
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ.
12:41
which I'll save for another time.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืœืคืขื ืื—ืจืช.
12:44
But you have heard how biophonies
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืขืชื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช
12:47
help clarify our understanding of the natural world.
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
12:51
You've heard the impact of resource extraction,
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
12:53
human noise and habitat destruction.
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ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืจืก ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
12:56
And where environmental sciences have typically
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
12:59
tried to understand the world from what we see,
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13:02
a much fuller understanding can be got from what we hear.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
13:06
Biophonies and geophonies are the signature voices
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ื‘ื™ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช
13:10
of the natural world,
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
13:12
and as we hear them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื.
13:13
we're endowed with a sense of place,
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ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื,
13:16
the true story of the world we live in.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:19
In a matter of seconds,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช,
13:21
a soundscape reveals much more information
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ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
13:24
from many perspectives,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจื‘ื•ืช,
13:26
from quantifiable data to cultural inspiration.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
13:30
Visual capture implicitly frames
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ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื–
13:33
a limited frontal perspective of a given spatial context,
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ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ.
13:37
while soundscapes widen that scope
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืคื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”
13:39
to a full 360 degrees, completely enveloping us.
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ืœืžืœื•ื 360 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
13:45
And while a picture may be worth 1,000 words,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœ-1000 ืžื™ืœื™ื,
13:48
a soundscape is worth 1,000 pictures.
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ื ื•ืฃ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” 1,000 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
13:53
And our ears tell us
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ื•ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
13:55
that the whisper of every leaf and creature
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ืฉื”ืœื—ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจ
13:59
speaks to the natural sources of our lives,
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
14:02
which indeed may hold the secrets of love for all things,
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:07
especially our own humanity,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:09
and the last word goes to a jaguar from the Amazon.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื™ื’ื•ืืจ ืžื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก
14:15
(Growling)
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(ื ื•ื”ื)
14:29
Thank you for listening.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
14:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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