The neuroscience of restorative justice | Dan Reisel

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Mile Živković

I'd like to talk today

Želeo bih da govorim danas

about how we can change our brains

o tome kako možemo promeniti svoje mozgove

and our society.

i svoje društvo.

Meet Joe.

Upoznajte Džoa.

Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.

Džo ima 32 godine i ubica je.

I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing

Upoznao sam ga pre 13 godina u krilu za doživotne osuđenike

at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.

u veoma zaštićenom Vormvud Skrabs zatvoru u Londonu.

I'd like you to imagine this place.

Želeo bih da zamislite to mesto.

It looks and feels like it sounds:

Izgleda i deluje kao što zvuči:

Wormwood Scrubs.

Vormvud Skrabs.

Built at the end of the Victorian Era

Izgradili su ga pred kraj Viktorijanske ere

by the inmates themselves,

sami stanovnici,

it is where England's most dangerous prisoners are kept.

tamo su držani najozloglašeniji engleski zatvorenici.

These individuals have committed acts

Ove osobe su počinile dela

of unspeakable evil.

neizrecivog zla.

And I was there to study their brains.

Bio sam tamo da izučavam njihove mozgove.

I was part of a team of researchers

Bio sam deo istraživačkog tima

from University College London,

sa Londonskog univerzitetskog koledža

on a grant from the U.K. department of health.

uz podršku britanskog Ministarstva zdravlja.

My task was to study a group of inmates

Moj zadatak je bio da proučavam grupu stanovnika

who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.

koji su bili klinički dijagnostikovani kao psihopate.

That meant they were the most

To je značilo da su bili

callous and the most aggressive

najokoreliji i najagresivniji

of the entire prison population.

među celom zatvorskom populacijom.

What lay at the root of their behavior?

Šta leži u korenu njihovog ponašanja?

Was there a neurological cause for their condition?

Da li je postojao neurološki uzrok za njihovo stanje?

And if there was a neurological cause,

I ako je postojao neurološki uzrok,

could we find a cure?

da li bismo mogli naći lek?

So I'd like to speak about change, and especially about emotional change.

Voleo bih da pričam o promeni, a naročito o emocionalnoj promeni.

Growing up, I was always intrigued

Tokom odrastanja, uvek sam bio zaintrigiran

by how people change.

time kako se ljudi menjaju.

My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,

Moja majka, klinički psihoterapeut,

would occasionally see patients at home

povremeno bi primala pacijente

in the evening.

kod kuće uveče.

She would shut the door to the living room,

Zatvorila bi vrata dnevne sobe,

and I imagined

a ja sam zamišljao

magical things happened in that room.

da se magične stvari događaju u toj sobi.

At the age of five or six

Kad sam imao 5 ili 6 godina

I would creep up in my pajamas

došunjao bih se u pidžami

and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.

i seo napolju sa uvetom prilepljenim za vrata.

On more than one occasion, I fell asleep

U više navrata bih zaspao

and they had to push me out of the way

i morali su da me sklanjaju odatle

at the end of the session.

na kraju seanse.

And I suppose that's how I found myself

Pretpostavljam da sam se iz tog razloga zatekao

walking into the secure interview room

kako ulazim u osiguranu sobu za intervju

on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.

svog prvog dana u Vormvud Skrabsu.

Joe sat across a steel table

Džo je sedeo naspram čeličnog stola

and greeted me with this blank expression.

i pozdravio me je bezizražajno.

The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,

Zatvorski čuvar, koji je delovao podjednako nezainteresovano,

said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,

rekao je: "U slučaju nevolje, samo pritisnite crveno zvonce,

and we'll be around as soon as we can."

i stižemo što pre možemo."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I sat down.

Seo sam.

The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.

Teška metalna vrata zalupila su se za mnom.

I looked up at the red buzzer

Pogledao sam u crveno zvono

far behind Joe on the opposite wall.

daleko iza Džoa na suprotnom zidu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I looked at Joe.

Pogledao sam Džoa.

Perhaps detecting my concern,

Možda primetivši moju zabrinutost,

he leaned forward, and said,

nagnuo se napred i rekao,

as reassuringly as he could,

što je više ohrabrujuće mogao:

"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,

"Ah, ne brini za zvono,

it doesn't work anyway."

ionako ne radi."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Over the subsequent months,

Tokom narednih meseci,

we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,

testirali smo Džoa i njegove drugove zatvorenike,

looking specifically at their ability

posebno posmatrajući njihovu sposobnost

to categorize different images of emotion.

da kategorišu različite slike emocija.

And we looked at their physical response

Posmatrali smo njihovu fizičku reakciju

to those emotions.

na te emocije.

Tako na primer, kada većina nas gleda

So, for example, when most of us look

at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,

sliku poput ove gde neko deluje tužno,

we instantly have a slight,

mi momentalno imamo blagu,

measurable physical response:

merljivu fizičku reakciju:

increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.

ubrzani otkucaji srca, znojenje.

Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able

Dok su psihopate u našem istraživanju bile u stanju

to describe the pictures accurately,

da tačno opišu slike,

they failed to show the emotions required.

nisu umeli da pokažu tražene emocije.

They failed to show a physical response.

Nisu mogli da pokažu fizičku reakciju.

It was as though they knew the words

Kao da su znali reči

but not the music of empathy.

ali ne i muziku empatije.

So we wanted to look closer at this

Želeli smo da ovo posmatramo bliže

to use MRI to image their brains.

koristeći MRI da skeniramo njihove mozgove.

That turned out to be not such an easy task.

Ispostavilo se da to nije tako lak zadatak.

Imagine transporting a collection

Zamislite da prevozite grupu

of clinical psychopaths across central London

kliničkih psihopata kroz centralni London

in shackles and handcuffs

u lancima i lisicama

in rush hour,

u sred saobraćajne gužve,

and in order to place each of them in an MRI scanner,

a da biste stavili svakog od njih u MRI skener,

you have to remove all metal objects,

morate da uklonite sve metalne predmete,

including shackles and handcuffs,

uključujući lance i lisice,

and, as I learned, all body piercings.

i, kako sam saznao, sve pirsinge na telu.

After some time, however, we had a tentative answer.

Nakon izvesnog vremena smo imali privremeni odgovor.

These individuals were not just the victims

Ove osobe nisu bile samo žrtve

of a troubled childhood.

problematičnog detinjstva.

There was something else.

Postojalo je nešto drugo.

People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area

Ljudi kao što je Džo imaju deficit u oblasti mozga

called the amygdala.

po imenu amigdala.

The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ

Amigdala je organ u obliku badema

deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.

duboko unutar obe hemisfere mozga.

It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.

Smatra se ključnim za iskustvo empatije.

Normally, the more empathic a person is,

Obično, što je osoba više empatična,

the larger and more active their amygdala is.

amigdala je veća i aktivnija.

Our population of inmates

Naša populacija zatvorenika

had a deficient amygdala,

imala je defektnu amigdalu,

which likely led to their lack of empathy

što je verovatno dovelo do njihovog nedostatka empatije

and to their immoral behavior.

i nemoralnog ponašanja.

So let's take a step back.

Vratimo se korak unazad.

Normally, acquiring moral behavior

Obično, sticanje moralnog ponašanja

is simply part of growing up,

je jednostavno deo odrastanja,

like learning to speak.

kao što je učenje govora.

At the age of six months, virtually every one of us

Na uzrastu od šest meseci, praktično svi mi

is able to differentiate between animate and inanimate objects.

smo u stanju da razlikujemo žive i nežive objekte.

At the age of 12 months,

Na uzrastu od 12 meseci,

most children are able to imitate

većina dece je u stanju da imitira

the purposeful actions of others.

svrsishodne postupke drugih.

So for example, your mother raises her hands

Tako na primer, vaša majka podiže ruke

to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.

da se protegne i vi imitirate njeno ponašanje.

At first, this isn't perfect.

U početku, to nije savršeno.

I remember my cousin Sasha,

Sećam se moje rođake Saše,

two years old at the time,

koja je imala dve godine u to vreme,

looking through a picture book

kako razgleda slikovnicu

and licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand,

i liže jedan prst i prevrće stranicu drugom rukom,

licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand.

liže jedan prst i prevrće stranicu drugom rukom,

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Bit by bit, we build the foundations of the social brain

Malo po malo, gradimo osnove društvenog mozga

so that by the time we're three, four years old,

tako da dok napunimo tri-četiri godine,

most children, not all,

većina dece, ne sva,

have acquired the ability to understand

su stekla sposobnost da razumeju

the intentions of others,

namere drugih,

another prerequisite for empathy.

drugi preduslov za empatiju.

The fact that this developmental progression

Činjenica da je ovaj razvojni sled

is universal,

univerzalan,

irrespective of where you live in the world

nezavisno od toga gde živite

or which culture you inhabit,

ili u kojoj kulturi ste nastanjeni,

strongly suggests that the foundations

snažno ukazuje da su osnove

of moral behavior are inborn.

moralnog ponašanja urođene.

If you doubt this,

Ako sumnjate u ovo,

try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made

pokušajte, kao što sam ja probao, da ne održite obećanje koje ste dali

to a four-year-old.

četvorogodišnjaku.

You will find that the mind of a four-year old

Otkrićete da um četvorogodišnjaka

is not naïve in the slightest.

nije nimalo naivan.

It is more akin to a Swiss army knife

Sličan je švajcarskom nožu

with fixed mental modules

sa fiksiranim mentalnim modulima

finely honed during development

fino naštelovanim tokom razvoja

and a sharp sense of fairness.

i jakim osećajem za pravednost.

The early years are crucial.

Prve godine su ključne.

There seems to be a window of opportunity,

Kao da postoje vrata mogućnosti,

after which mastering moral questions

nakon kojih savladavanje moralnih pitanja

becomes more difficult,

postaje teže,

like adults learning a foreign language.

kao kada odrasli uče strani jezik.

That's not to say it's impossible.

Ne može se reći da je to nemoguće.

A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University

Skorašnje sjajno istraživanje sa Univerziteta Stenford

showed that people who have played

pokazalo je da su ljudi koji su igrali

a virtual reality game in which they took on

igricu virtuelne realnosti u kojoj su preuzeli

the role of a good and helpful superhero

ulogu dobrog i korisnog superheroja

actually became more caring and helpful

zapravo postali brižniji i uslužni

towards others afterwards.

prema drugima nakon toga.

Now I'm not suggesting

Ne predlažem

we endow criminals with superpowers,

da obezbedimo supermoći za kriminalce,

but I am suggesting that we need to find ways

ali predlažem da nađemo načine

to get Joe and people like him

da postignemo da Džo i njemu slični

to change their brains and their behavior,

promene svoj mozak i ponašanje,

for their benefit

za njihovo dobro

and for the benefit of the rest of us.

i dobro svih nas.

So can brains change?

Može li se mozak promeniti?

For over 100 years,

Preko 100 godina,

neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists

neuroanatomi i kasnije neurolozi

held the view that after initial development in childhood,

držali su se stanovišta da nakon početnog razvoja u detinjstvu,

no new brain cells could grow

nove moždane ćelije ne mogu nastati

in the adult human brain.

u odraslom ljudskom mozgu.

The brain could only change

Mozak se samo može izmeniti

within certain set limits.

u izvesnim postavljenim granicama.

That was the dogma.

To je bila dogma.

But then, in the 1990s,

Ali onda, '90-ih godina,

studies starting showing,

istraživanja su počela da pokazuju,

following the lead of Elizabeth Gould at Princeton and others,

sledivši Elizabet Guld na Prinstonu i druge,

studies started showing the evidence of neurogenesis,

studije su počele da pokazuju dokaze neurogeneze,

the birth of new brain cells

rođenja novih moždanih ćelija

in the adult mammalian brain,

u odraslom mozgu sisara,

first in the olfactory bulb,

najpre u olfaktornom delu,

which is responsible for our sense of smell,

koji je odgovoran za naše čulo mirisa,

then in the hippocampus

zatim u hipokampusu

involving short-term memory,

vezano za kratkoročno pamćenje,

and finally in the amygdala itself.

i najzad u samoj amigdali.

In order to understand

Da bih razumeo

how this process works,

kako ovaj proces funkcioniše,

I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford

ostavio sam psihopate i priključio se laboratoriji na Oksfordu

specializing in learning and development.

specijalizovanoj za učenje i razvoj.

Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,

Umesto psihopata, proučavao sam miševe,

because the same pattern of brain responses

jer se isti obrazac moždanih reakcija

appears across many different species of social animals.

javlja kod mnogih različitih vrsta društvenih životinja.

So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,

Ako uzgajate miša u standardnom kavezu,

a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,

kutiji za cipele, u suštini, sa pamučnom vunom,

alone and without much stimulation,

samog bez mnogo stimulacije,

not only does it not thrive,

ne samo da on neće napredovati,

but it will often develop strange,

već će često razviti čudna ponašanja

repetitive behaviors.

koja se ponavljaju.

This naturally sociable animal

Ova prirodno druželjubiva životinja

will lose its ability to bond with other mice,

će izgubiti svoju sposobnost da se povezuje sa drugim miševima,

even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.

postajući čak i agresivna kada se iznese pred njih.

Sa druge strane, miševi odgajani u onome što nazivamo

However, mice reared in what we called

an enriched environment,

obogaćujuća sredina,

a large habitation with other mice

u velikom staništu sa drugim miševima

with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,

sa točkovima i merdevinama i oblastima za istraživanje,

demonstrate neurogenesis,

pokazivaće neurogenezu,

the birth of new brain cells,

rođenje novih moždanih ćelija,

and as we showed, they also perform better

i kao što smo pokazali, takođe imaju bolja postignuća

on a range of learning and memory tasks.

na mnogim zadacima učenja i pamćenja.

Now, they don't develop morality to the point of

Oni ne razviju moralnost do tog nivoa

carrying the shopping bags of little old mice

da prenose kese iz kupovine starim miševima

across the street,

preko ulice,

but their improved environment results in healthy,

ali poboljšana sredina dovodi do zdravog,

sociable behavior.

društvenog ponašanja.

Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,

Miševi odgajani u standardnom kavezu, nasuprot tome,

not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,

nije daleko, može se reći, od zatvorske ćelije,

have dramatically lower levels of new neurons

imaju drastično niže nivoe neurona

in the brain.

u mozgu.

It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,

Sada je jasno da amigdala sisara,

including primates like us,

uključujući primate kao što smo mi,

can show neurogenesis.

može pokazati neurogenezu.

In some areas of the brain,

U nekim oblastima mozga,

more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.

više od 20 procenata ćelija su novoformirane.

We're just beginning to understand

Tek počinjemo da razumemo

what exact function these cells have,

kakve tačno funkcije ove ćelije imaju,

but what it implies is that the brain is capable

ali to nagoveštava da je mozak u stanju

of extraordinary change way into adulthood.

na izuzetnu promenu daleko u odraslom dobu.

However, our brains are also

Međutim, naš mozak je takođe

exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.

izuzetno osetljiv na stres u našoj okolini.

Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,

Hormoni stresa, glukokortikoidi,

released by the brain,

koje ispušta mozak,

suppress the growth of these new cells.

suzbijaju rast novih ćelija.

The more stress, the less brain development,

Što više stresa, to manje razvoja mozga,

which in turn causes less adaptability

što zauzvrat proizvodi manje prilagodljivosti

and causes higher stress levels.

i stvara više nivoe stresa.

This is the interplay between nature and nurture

Ovo je međuigra urođenog i stečenog

in real time in front of our eyes.

uživo pred našim očima.

When you think about it,

Kada razmislite o tome,

it is ironic that our current solution

ironično je da je naše trenutno rešenje

for people with stressed amygdalae

za ljude sa amigdalom pod stresom

is to place them in an environment

da ih smestimo u sredinu

that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.

koja zapravo sputava svaku šansu daljeg razvoja.

Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part

Naravno, stavljanje u zatvor je neophodan deo

of the criminal justice system

kriminalnog sistema pravde

and of protecting society.

i zaštite društva.

Our research does not suggest

Naše istraživanje ne ukazuje

that criminals should submit their MRI scans

da kriminalci treba da dostave svoje MRI snimke

as evidence in court

kao dokaz na sudu

and get off the hook because they've got a faulty amygdala.

i izvuku se jer imaju amigdalu sa greškom.

The evidence is actually the other way.

Dokaz je zapravo na drugoj strani.

Because our brains are capable of change,

Pošto je naš mozak u stanju da se promeni,

we need to take responsibility for our actions,

moramo da preuzmemo odgovornost za svoje postupke,

and they need to take responsibility

i oni treba da preuzmu odgovornost

for their rehabilitation.

za svoju rehabilitaciju.

One way such rehabilitation might work

Jedan način na koji bi takva rehabilitacija mogla delovati

is through restorative justice programs.

je kroz programe restorativne pravde.

Here victims, if they choose to participate,

Tu se žrtve, ako odluče da učestvuju,

and perpetrators meet face to face

i počinioci sreću licem u lice

in safe, structured encounters,

u bezbednim, strukturisanim susretima,

and the perpetrator is encouraged

i počinilac se podstiče

to take responsibility for their actions,

da preuzme odgovornost za svoje postupke,

and the victim plays an active role in the process.

a žrtva igra aktivnu ulogu u procesu.

In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,

U takvoj postavci, počinilac može videti,

perhaps for the first time,

možda po prvi put,

the victim as a real person

žrtvu kao stvarnu osobu

with thoughts and feelings and a genuine

sa mislima i osećanjima i istinskim

emotional response.

emotivnim reakcijama.

This stimulates the amygdala

Ovo stimuliše amigdalu

and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice

i može biti efektivnija rehabilitaciona praksa

than simple incarceration.

od jednostavnog zatočenja.

Such programs won't work for everyone,

Takvi programi neće delovati kod svih,

but for many, it could be a way

ali za mnoge, to bi mogao biti način

to break the frozen sea within.

da se otopi ledeno srce.

So what can we do now?

Pa šta možemo sada da učinimo?

How can we apply this knowledge?

Kako možemo da primenimo ovo znanje?

I'd like to leave you with

Želeo bih da vas ostavim sa

three lessons that I learned.

tri lekcije koje sam naučio.

The first thing that I learned was that

Prva stvar koju sam naučio je da

moramo da menjamo svoj način razmišljanja.

we need to change our mindset.

Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,

Otkad je Vormvud Skrabs izgrađen pre 130 godina,

society has advanced in virtually every aspect,

društvo je napredovalo u gotovo svakom aspektu,

in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.

u načinu na koji upravljamo školama, bolnicama.

Yet the moment we speak about prisons,

Ipak, čim progovorimo o zatvorima,

it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,

kao da smo se vratili u vreme Dikensa,

if not medieval times.

ako ne i srednji vek.

For too long, I believe,

Predugo smo, smatram,

we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded

dozvolili sebi da budemo ubeđeni

of the false notion that human nature cannot change,

u lažnu ideju da se ljudska priroda ne može promeniti,

and as a society, it's costing us dearly.

i kao društvo, to nas skupo košta.

We know that the brain is capable of extraordinary change,

Znamo da je mozak u stanju za izuzetne promene,

and the best way to achieve that,

i najbolji način za postizanje toga,

even in adults, is to change and modulate

čak i kod odraslih, jeste da promenimo i prilagodimo

our environment.

našu okolinu.

The second thing I have learned

Druga stvar koju sam naučio

is that we need to create an alliance

je da moramo da stvorimo savez

of people who believe that science is integral

sa ljudima koji veruju da je nauka ključna

to bringing about social change.

za izazivanje društvenih promena.

It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place

Lako je za neurologa da smesti

a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.

zatvorenika sa najvećim obezbeđenjem pod MRI skener.

Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,

Zapravo, ispostavilo se da to nije tako lako,

but ultimately what we want to show

ali u krajnjoj liniji ono što želimo da pokažemo

is whether we're able to reduce the reoffending rates.

je to da li smo u mogućnosti da smanjimo stope ponovnih prekršaja.

In order to answer complex questions like that,

Da bismo odgovorili na tako kompleksno pitanje,

we need people of different backgrounds --

potrebni su nam ljudi različitog obrazovanja -

lab-based scientists and clinicians,

laboratorijski naučnici i kliničari,

social workers and policy makers,

socijalni radnici i donosioci odluka,

philanthropists and human rights activists —

filantropi i aktivisti za ljudska prava -

to work together.

da rade zajedno.

Finally, I believe we need

Konačno, verujem da moramo

to change our own amygdalae,

da promenimo sopstvene amigdale,

because this issue goes to the heart

jer ovo pitanje ide u srž

not just of who Joe is,

ne samo toga ko je Džo,

but who we are.

već i ko smo mi.

We need to change our view of Joe

Moramo da promenimo naše sagledavanje Džoa

as someone wholly irredeemable,

kao nekog potpuno beznadežnog,

because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,

jer ako vidimo Džoa kao potpuno beznadežnog,

how is he going to see himself as any different?

kako će on sebe videti drugačije?

In another decade, Joe will be released

U sledećoj deceniji, Džo će biti pušten

from Wormwood Scrubs.

iz Vormvud Skrabsa.

Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates

Da li će on biti među 70 odsto zatvorenika

who end up reoffending

koji će završiti kao ponovni počinioci

and returning to the prison system?

i vratiti se u zatvor?

Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,

Zar ne bi bilo bolje kada bi, tokom služenja svoje kazne,

Joe was able to train his amygdala,

Džo mogao da vežba svoju amigdalu,

which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells

što bi stimulisalo rast novih moždanih ćelija

and connections,

i veza,

so that he will be able to face the world

tako da bi mogao da se suoči sa svetom

once he gets released?

kada bude pušten?

Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.

To bi sigurno bilo u interesu svih nas.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)