The neuroscience of restorative justice | Dan Reisel

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'd like to talk today

Danas ću pričati

about how we can change our brains

o tome kako možemo promijeniti naš mozak

and our society.

i društvo.

Meet Joe.

Upoznajte Joa.

Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.

Joe ima 32 godine i ubojica je.

I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing

Upoznao sam ga prije 13 godina kao doživotnog osuđenika

at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.

u strogo čuvanom zatvoru Wormwood Scrubs u Londonu.

I'd like you to imagine this place.

Želio bih da zamislite to mjesto.

It looks and feels like it sounds:

Izgleda kao što zvuči:

Wormwood Scrubs.

Wormwood Scrubs.

Built at the end of the Victorian Era

Sagrađen je krajem viktorijanskog doba

by the inmates themselves,

od strane samih zatvorenika,

it is where England's most dangerous prisoners are kept.

mjesto je gdje se nalaze najopasniji zatvorenici Engleske.

These individuals have committed acts

Oni su počinili

of unspeakable evil.

neopisiva zlodjela.

And I was there to study their brains.

Tamo sam proučavao njihov mozak.

I was part of a team of researchers

Bio sam dio tima istraživača

from University College London,

sa Sveučilišta u Londonu,

on a grant from the U.K. department of health.

pod potporom britanskog Odjela za zdravstvo.

My task was to study a group of inmates

Moj zadatak je bio proučiti grupu zatvorenika

who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.

koji su klinički dijagnosticirani kao psihopati.

That meant they were the most

Što znači da su bili

callous and the most aggressive

najbešćutniji i najagresivniji

of the entire prison population.

od cijele zatvorske populacije.

What lay at the root of their behavior?

Što leži u korijenu njihova ponašanja?

Was there a neurological cause for their condition?

Postoji li neurološki razlog njihova stanja?

And if there was a neurological cause,

Ako i postoji neurološki razlog,

could we find a cure?

možemo li pronaći lijek?

So I'd like to speak about change, and especially about emotional change.

Zato ću pričati o promjeni, posebice emocionalnoj.

Growing up, I was always intrigued

Odrastajući, uvijek me zanimalo

by how people change.

kako se ljudi mijenjaju.

My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,

Moja majka, klinički psihoterapeut,

would occasionally see patients at home

bi ponekad primala pacijente kući

in the evening.

navečer.

She would shut the door to the living room,

Zatvorila bi vrata dnevne sobe,

and I imagined

a ja sam zamišljao

magical things happened in that room.

da se tamo događaju čarobne stvari.

At the age of five or six

Kad sam imao pet-šest godina

I would creep up in my pajamas

prišuljao bih se u pidžami,

and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.

sjeo ispred vrata i prisluškivao.

On more than one occasion, I fell asleep

U više navrata, zaspao bih

and they had to push me out of the way

i morali su me odgurati s puta

at the end of the session.

na kraju seanse.

And I suppose that's how I found myself

Tako sam se našao

walking into the secure interview room

kako hodam u sobu za ispitivanje

on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.

prvog dana u Wormwood Scrubsu.

Joe sat across a steel table

Joe je sjedio preko puta čeličnog stola

and greeted me with this blank expression.

i pozdravio me bezizražajno.

The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,

Zatvorski nadzornik, jednako ravnodušno,

said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,

rekao je “U slučaju nevolje pritisnite crveni prekidač

and we'll be around as soon as we can."

i doći ćemo što je prije moguće.”

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I sat down.

Sjeo sam.

The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.

Teška metalna vrata su zalupila.

I looked up at the red buzzer

Pogledao sam u crveni prekidač

far behind Joe on the opposite wall.

daleko iza Joa na suprotnom zidu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I looked at Joe.

Pogledao sam ga.

Perhaps detecting my concern,

Uočio je moju zabrinutost,

he leaned forward, and said,

nagnuo se naprijed i rekao,

as reassuringly as he could,

što je uvjerljivije mogao

"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,

“Ne brini se za prekidač,

it doesn't work anyway."

jer ionako ne radi. “

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Over the subsequent months,

Tijekom narednih mjeseci,

we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,

ispitali smo Joa i ostale zatvorenike,

looking specifically at their ability

posebice njihovu sposobnost

to categorize different images of emotion.

da kategoriziraju različite slike emocija.

And we looked at their physical response

i pratili smo njihov fizički odgovor

to those emotions.

na te emocije.

So, for example, when most of us look

Na primjer, kada mnogi vide

at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,

tužnu osobu na slici

we instantly have a slight,

primjeti se lagani

measurable physical response:

mjerljivi fizički odgovor:

increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.

ubrzan rad srca, znojenje.

Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able

Iako su psihopati u našoj studiji mogli

to describe the pictures accurately,

točno opisati slike,

they failed to show the emotions required.

nisu pokazali emocije.

They failed to show a physical response.

Kao ni fizički odgovor.

It was as though they knew the words

Znali su riječi,

but not the music of empathy.

ali ne i glazbu empatije.

So we wanted to look closer at this

Htjeli smo pogledati ovo pobliže

to use MRI to image their brains.

koristeći MRI za sliku njihova mozga.

That turned out to be not such an easy task.

To nije bio tako lagan zadatak.

Imagine transporting a collection

Zamislite prijevoz grupe

of clinical psychopaths across central London

kliničkih psihopata Londonom

in shackles and handcuffs

u okovima i lisicama

in rush hour,

kroz gužvu,

and in order to place each of them in an MRI scanner,

kako bi svakog od njih stavili u MRI skener

you have to remove all metal objects,

prije toga treba ukloniti sve metalne objekte

including shackles and handcuffs,

uključujući okove i lisice,

and, as I learned, all body piercings.

te piercinge s tijela.

After some time, however, we had a tentative answer.

Nakon nekog vremena dobili smo odgovor.

These individuals were not just the victims

Ovi pojedinci nisu bili samo žrtve

of a troubled childhood.

problematičnog djetinjstva.

There was something else.

Bilo je tu još nešto.

People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area

Ljudi kao Joe imaju deficit u moždanom području

called the amygdala.

koje se zove amigdala.

The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ

Amigdala je organ nalik bademu

deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.

duboko u svakoj moždanoj hemisferi.

It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.

Smatra se da je ključna je za iskustvo empatije.

Normally, the more empathic a person is,

Što osoba pokazuje više empatije,

the larger and more active their amygdala is.

veća je aktivnost amigdale.

Our population of inmates

Ova populacija zatvorenika

had a deficient amygdala,

imala je deficit u amigdali

which likely led to their lack of empathy

koji je doveo do manjka empatije

and to their immoral behavior.

i nemoralnog ponašanja.

So let's take a step back.

Vratimo se korak natrag.

Normally, acquiring moral behavior

Stjecanje moralnog ponašanja

is simply part of growing up,

dio je odrastanja,

like learning to speak.

kao što je učiti govoriti.

At the age of six months, virtually every one of us

Sa šest mjeseci, gotovo je svatko

is able to differentiate between animate and inanimate objects.

sposoban razlikovati žive od neživih stvari.

At the age of 12 months,

U dobi od 12 mjeseci,

most children are able to imitate

većina djece može oponašati

the purposeful actions of others.

usmjerene akcije drugih.

So for example, your mother raises her hands

Primjerice, majka podigne ruke

to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.

da se istegne i vi imitirate njeno ponašanje.

At first, this isn't perfect.

Ispočetka nije savršeno.

I remember my cousin Sasha,

Sjećam se kako je sestrična Saša,

two years old at the time,

tada dvije godine stara,

looking through a picture book

listala slikovnicu

and licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand,

i polizala bi prst jedne, a okretala stranicu drugom rukom,

licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand.

polizala prst i okretala stranicu drugom rukom.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Bit by bit, we build the foundations of the social brain

Malo po malo, gradimo osnove društvenog mozga

so that by the time we're three, four years old,

te u dobi od tri ili četiri godine

most children, not all,

većina djece

have acquired the ability to understand

stekne sposobnost razumijevanja

the intentions of others,

tuđih namjera,

another prerequisite for empathy.

jedan od preduvjeta za empatiju.

The fact that this developmental progression

Činjenica da je ovaj razvojni napredak

is universal,

univerzalan

irrespective of where you live in the world

bez obzira gdje na svijetu živite

or which culture you inhabit,

ili u kojoj kulturi živite,

strongly suggests that the foundations

snažno upućuje da su temelji

of moral behavior are inborn.

moralnog ponašanja urođeni.

If you doubt this,

Ako sumnjate u ovo

try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made

probajte prekršiti obećanje koje ste dali

to a four-year-old.

četverogodišnjaku.

You will find that the mind of a four-year old

Vidjet ćete da mozak četverogodišnjaka

is not naïve in the slightest.

nije naivan ni najmanje.

It is more akin to a Swiss army knife

Mnogo je srodniji švicarskom nožiću

with fixed mental modules

sa utvrđenim mentalnim modulima

finely honed during development

fino brušenim tijekom razvoja

and a sharp sense of fairness.

i s oštrim osjećajem za pravednost.

The early years are crucial.

Rane godine su ključne.

There seems to be a window of opportunity,

Čini se da postoji pregršt mogućnosti,

after which mastering moral questions

nakon kojih svladavanje moralnih pitanja

becomes more difficult,

postaje sve teže,

like adults learning a foreign language.

kao kad odrasli uče strani jezik.

That's not to say it's impossible.

Ali nije nemoguće.

A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University

Nedavno istraživanje Sveučilišta Stanford

showed that people who have played

pokazalo je da ljudi koji su igrali

a virtual reality game in which they took on

virtualnu igru u kojoj su bili

the role of a good and helpful superhero

u ulozi dobroćudnog superheroja

actually became more caring and helpful

su zapravo postali brižniji i bolji

towards others afterwards.

prema drugima.

Now I'm not suggesting

Ne predlažem da

we endow criminals with superpowers,

podarimo kriminalce supermoćima

but I am suggesting that we need to find ways

nego predlažem da pronađemo način

to get Joe and people like him

da Joe i ostali poput njega

to change their brains and their behavior,

promijene svoje ponašanje,

for their benefit

za svoje dobro

and for the benefit of the rest of us.

i dobro svih nas.

So can brains change?

Može li se mozak mijenjati?

For over 100 years,

Preko stotinu godina

neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists

neuroanatomi i kasnije neuroznanstvenici

held the view that after initial development in childhood,

smatrali su da nakon početnog razvoja u djetinjstvu

no new brain cells could grow

ne mogu nastati nove moždane stanice

in the adult human brain.

u odraslom ljudskom mozgu.

The brain could only change

Mozak se može mijenjati

within certain set limits.

unutar određenih granica.

That was the dogma.

To je bila dogma.

But then, in the 1990s,

Ali 1990.-ih

studies starting showing,

istraživanja su pokazala,

following the lead of Elizabeth Gould at Princeton and others,

na čelu s Elizabeth Gould sa Princetona

studies started showing the evidence of neurogenesis,

istraživanja su pokazala dokaze o neurogoenezi,

the birth of new brain cells

stvaranju novih neurona

in the adult mammalian brain,

u odraslom mozgu sisavca,

first in the olfactory bulb,

prvo u olfaktornom bulbusu,

which is responsible for our sense of smell,

odgovornom za njuh,

then in the hippocampus

zatim u hipokampusu

involving short-term memory,

uključenom u kratkotrajno pamćenje,

and finally in the amygdala itself.

i naposljetku u amigdali.

In order to understand

Kako bih razumio

how this process works,

ove procese,

I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford

napustio sam psihopate i pridružio se laboratoriju na Oxfordu

specializing in learning and development.

specijaliziranom za učenje i razvoj.

Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,

Proučavao sam miševe

because the same pattern of brain responses

jer se isti obrasci moždanog odgovora

appears across many different species of social animals.

pojavljuju u različitim vrstama društvenih životinja.

So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,

Ako se miš uzgoji u kavezu,

a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,

kutiji za cipele s vatom,

alone and without much stimulation,

sam i bez stimulacije

not only does it not thrive,

ne samo da ne napreduje,

but it will often develop strange,

već često razvija čudna

repetitive behaviors.

ponavljajuća ponašanja.

This naturally sociable animal

Ove prirodno društvene životinje

will lose its ability to bond with other mice,

izgubit će sposobnost povezivanja s drugim miševima,

even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.

te postati agresivni kod upoznavanja.

However, mice reared in what we called

Miševi uzgajani u, kako to zovemo,

an enriched environment,

obogaćenom okolišu,

a large habitation with other mice

velikom staništu sa drugim miševima

with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,

s kotačima i ljestvama te područjima za istraživanje,

demonstrate neurogenesis,

pokazuju neurogenezu,

the birth of new brain cells,

nastanak novih neurona,

and as we showed, they also perform better

i također se pokazuju boljima

on a range of learning and memory tasks.

u učenju i zadatcima pamćenja.

Now, they don't develop morality to the point of

Ne razvijaju moralnost do te mjere

carrying the shopping bags of little old mice

da nose vrećice za kupovinu starijim miševima

across the street,

preko ulice,

but their improved environment results in healthy,

nego imaju bolje rezultate u zdravom,

sociable behavior.

društvenom ponašanju.

Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,

Miševi uzgajani u običnom kavezu,

not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,

ne puno različitima od zatvorske ćelije

have dramatically lower levels of new neurons

imaju dramatično manje novih neurona

in the brain.

u mozgu.

It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,

Sada je jasno da amigdala sisavaca,

including primates like us,

uključujući i primate,

can show neurogenesis.

pokazuje neurogenezu.

In some areas of the brain,

U nekim moždanim područjima,

more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.

više od 20 posto stanica su novorođene.

We're just beginning to understand

Tek počinjemo shvaćati

what exact function these cells have,

kakvu funkciju ove stanice imaju,

but what it implies is that the brain is capable

ali upućuju na to da je mozak sposoban

of extraordinary change way into adulthood.

za iznimne promjene u odrasloj dobi.

However, our brains are also

Naš mozak je također

exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.

izuzetno osjetljiv na stres u okolini.

Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,

Hormoni stresa, glukokortikoidi,

released by the brain,

oslobođeni iz mozga

suppress the growth of these new cells.

potiskuju rast novih neurona.

The more stress, the less brain development,

Više stresa znači manji razvoj mozga,

which in turn causes less adaptability

što uzrokuje manju prilagodljivost

and causes higher stress levels.

i veću razinu stresa.

This is the interplay between nature and nurture

To je interakcija prirode i odgoja

in real time in front of our eyes.

u stvarnom vremenu pred nama.

When you think about it,

Kada bolje razmislite,

it is ironic that our current solution

ironično je da je trenutno rješenje

for people with stressed amygdalae

za ljude s oštećenom amigdalom

is to place them in an environment

staviti ih u okruženje

that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.

koje onemogućuje njezin daljnji rast.

Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part

Zatvorska kazna je nužan dio

of the criminal justice system

kaznenog pravosudnog sustava

and of protecting society.

te zaštite društva.

Our research does not suggest

Istraživanja ne upućuju

that criminals should submit their MRI scans

da kriminalci trebaju podnijeti MRI

as evidence in court

kao dokaz na sudu

and get off the hook because they've got a faulty amygdala.

i biti pušteni zbog neispravne amigdale.

The evidence is actually the other way.

Dokaz upućuje na suprotno.

Because our brains are capable of change,

Budući da je mozak promjenjiv,

we need to take responsibility for our actions,

treba preuzeti odgovornost za vlastita djela

and they need to take responsibility

a oni trebaju preuzeti odgovornost

for their rehabilitation.

za svoju rehabilitaciju.

One way such rehabilitation might work

Jedan način na koji bi rehabilitacija djelovala je

is through restorative justice programs.

kroz program popravne pravde.

Here victims, if they choose to participate,

Žrtve koje odluče sudjelovati

and perpetrators meet face to face

i počinitelji susreću se

in safe, structured encounters,

u sigurnim, osmišljenim susretima

and the perpetrator is encouraged

i počinitelj je potaknut

to take responsibility for their actions,

da preuzme odgovornost za svoja djela

and the victim plays an active role in the process.

te žrtva ima aktivnu ulogu u tom procesu.

In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,

U takvom okruženju počinitelj može vidjeti,

perhaps for the first time,

po prvi put,

the victim as a real person

žrtvu kao stvarnu osobu

with thoughts and feelings and a genuine

s mislima i osjećajima i istinskim

emotional response.

emocionalnim reakcijam.

This stimulates the amygdala

To stimulira amigdalu

and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice

i možda je učinkovitiji rehabilitacijski postupak

than simple incarceration.

od obične zatvorske kazne.

Such programs won't work for everyone,

Takvi programi neće pomoći svakome,

but for many, it could be a way

ali mnogima može pomoći

to break the frozen sea within.

osloboditi emocije kojih nisu svjesni.

So what can we do now?

Što možemo učiniti?

How can we apply this knowledge?

Kako primjeniti stečeno znanje?

I'd like to leave you with

Želio bih vam prenijeti

three lessons that I learned.

tri lekcije koje sam naučio.

The first thing that I learned was that

Prvo što sam naučio je

we need to change our mindset.

da moramo promijeniti način razmišljanja.

Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,

Otkad je prije 130 godina sagrađen Wormwood Scrubs,

society has advanced in virtually every aspect,

društvo je napredovalo u gotovo svakom pogledu,

in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.

u načinu kojim vodimo škole i bolnice.

Yet the moment we speak about prisons,

Ali kada spomenemo zatvore,

it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,

kao da se vratimo u Dickensova vremena

if not medieval times.

ili čak srednji vijek.

For too long, I believe,

Predugo, vjerujem,

we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded

smo si dopustili biti uvjereni

of the false notion that human nature cannot change,

u lažnu ideju da se ljudska priroda ne može promijeniti,

and as a society, it's costing us dearly.

što nas je, kao društvo, skupo koštalo.

We know that the brain is capable of extraordinary change,

Znamo da je mozak sposoban za iznimne promjene,

and the best way to achieve that,

a najbolji način za postignuće toga,

even in adults, is to change and modulate

čak i u odrasloj dobi, je da promjenimo

our environment.

našu okolinu.

The second thing I have learned

Druga stvar koju sam naučio

is that we need to create an alliance

je da trebamo stvoriti zajednicu

of people who believe that science is integral

ljudi koji vjeruju da je znanost sastavni dio

to bringing about social change.

za uspostavljanje društvene promjene.

It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place

Jednostavno je neuroznanstvenicima postaviti

a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.

visokoosiguranog zatvorenika u MRI skener.

Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,

Iako se ispostavilo da nije tako lako,

but ultimately what we want to show

ali u konačnici želimo pokazati

is whether we're able to reduce the reoffending rates.

Jesmo li u stanju smanjiti stopu ponavljanja kaznenih djela.

In order to answer complex questions like that,

Kako bi odgovorili na to složeno pitanje,

we need people of different backgrounds --

potrebno je da ljudi različitih kadrova --

lab-based scientists and clinicians,

laboranti i kliničari,

social workers and policy makers,

socijalni radnici i političari,

philanthropists and human rights activists —

filantropisti i borci za ljudska prava

to work together.

rade zajedno.

Finally, I believe we need

Smatram da trebamo

to change our own amygdalae,

promijeniti vlastite amigdale,

because this issue goes to the heart

jer problem je u srži

not just of who Joe is,

ne samo Joa,

but who we are.

nego i nas samih.

We need to change our view of Joe

Trebamo promijeniti pogleda na Joa

as someone wholly irredeemable,

kao beznadne osobe,

because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,

jer ako ga vidimo beznadnim

how is he going to see himself as any different?

kako će on sebe vidjeti drugačijim?

In another decade, Joe will be released

Za deset godina Joe će biti pušten

from Wormwood Scrubs.

iz Wormwood Scrubsa.

Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates

Hoće li biti među 70 posto zatvorenika

who end up reoffending

koji su ponovno počinili zlodjela

and returning to the prison system?

i vratiti se u zatvor?

Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,

Ne bi li bilo bolje da, dok služi svoju kaznu,

Joe was able to train his amygdala,

bude u mogućnosti osposobiti svoju amigdalu

which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells

što će stimulirati rast novih neurona

and connections,

i neuronskih veza,

so that he will be able to face the world

kako bi se mogao suočiti sa svijetom

once he gets released?

nakon što ga oslobode?

Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.

To bi bilo u interesu svih nas.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala lijepa. (Pljesak)