The neuroscience of restorative justice | Dan Reisel

223,084 views ใƒป 2014-03-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:12
I'd like to talk today
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜
00:14
about how we can change our brains
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€
00:16
and our society.
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๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
Meet Joe.
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์กฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ• ๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:21
Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.
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์กฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅธ๋‘ ์‚ด์ด๊ณ  ์‚ด์ธ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing
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์ €๋Š” 13๋…„์ „ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
00:28
at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.
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์›œ์šฐ๋“œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฝ์Šค ์ง‘์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ๊ต๋„์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
I'd like you to imagine this place.
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์ด ๊ณณ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
It looks and feels like it sounds:
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๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Wormwood Scrubs.
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์›œ์šฐ๋“œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฝ์Šค.
00:39
Built at the end of the Victorian Era
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๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ง
00:41
by the inmates themselves,
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€์€ ์ด ๊ต๋„์†Œ๋Š”
00:43
it is where England's most dangerous prisoners are kept.
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์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
These individuals have committed acts
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
00:48
of unspeakable evil.
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์ฐจ๋งˆ ๋ง ๋ชปํ• , ๊ทน์•…๋ฌด๋„ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋“ค์„ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
And I was there to study their brains.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
00:54
I was part of a team of researchers
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์ €๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œํ‹ฐ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜
00:56
from University College London,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
on a grant from the U.K. department of health.
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์˜๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜€์ง€์š”.
01:00
My task was to study a group of inmates
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์ œ ์ผ์€ ์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€
01:02
who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.
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์žฌ์†Œ์ž๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
That meant they were the most
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค์ด
01:07
callous and the most aggressive
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์žฌ์†Œ์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
01:08
of the entire prison population.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ƒ‰๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋ž€ ๋œป์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
What lay at the root of their behavior?
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ทผ์›์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:15
Was there a neurological cause for their condition?
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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:19
And if there was a neurological cause,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:22
could we find a cure?
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:25
So I'd like to speak about change, and especially about emotional change.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
Growing up, I was always intrigued
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์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋Š˜
01:31
by how people change.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ปด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,
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์ €ํฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์ด์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:37
would occasionally see patients at home
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์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ข…์ข…
01:39
in the evening.
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์ง‘์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
She would shut the door to the living room,
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด
01:42
and I imagined
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
01:44
magical things happened in that room.
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๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:47
At the age of five or six
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๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฏ์‚ด์˜ ์ €๋Š”
01:49
I would creep up in my pajamas
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์ž ์˜ท ์ฐจ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๊ธˆ ์‚ด๊ธˆ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€
01:51
and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.
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๊ฑฐ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฌธ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„ ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
On more than one occasion, I fell asleep
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ
01:55
and they had to push me out of the way
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์ƒ๋‹ด์ด ๋๋‚œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€
01:57
at the end of the session.
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์ ˆ ๋ฐ€์–ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:59
And I suppose that's how I found myself
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ 
02:02
walking into the secure interview room
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์›œ์šฐ๋“œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฝ์Šค์˜
02:04
on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.
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์•ˆ์ „ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์‹ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Joe sat across a steel table
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์กฐ๋Š” ์ฒ ์ œ ํƒ์ž ๊ฑด๋„ˆํŽธ์— ์•‰์•„
02:10
and greeted me with this blank expression.
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๊ณตํ—ˆํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,
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๊ต๋„์†Œ์žฅ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:17
said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,
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"๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ„์ €๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:20
and we'll be around as soon as we can."
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์˜ฌํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”."
02:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:25
I sat down.
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์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์ž
02:27
The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.
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์ œ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ฒ ์ œ๋ฌธ์ด ์พ… ๋‹ซํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
I looked up at the red buzzer
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ„์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
far behind Joe on the opposite wall.
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์กฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ ๋„ˆ๋จธ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ์—์š”.
02:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:37
I looked at Joe.
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์ €๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Perhaps detecting my concern,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ˜๋Š”์ง€
02:41
he leaned forward, and said,
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๋ชธ์„ ์ˆ™์ด๊ณ 
02:42
as reassuringly as he could,
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํˆฌ๋กœ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,
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"์•„, ๋ฒ„์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
02:46
it doesn't work anyway."
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์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ์ž‘๋™ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”."
02:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:55
Over the subsequent months,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„
02:57
we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
looking specifically at their ability
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ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์„
03:03
to categorize different images of emotion.
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๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And we looked at their physical response
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์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์—
03:10
to those emotions.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
So, for example, when most of us look
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ
03:13
at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,
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์Šฌํผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
03:16
we instantly have a slight,
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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
03:20
measurable physical response:
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์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
03:22
increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋•€์ด ๋‚˜์ง€์š”.
03:25
Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค๋“ค์€
03:27
to describe the pictures accurately,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:29
they failed to show the emotions required.
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
They failed to show a physical response.
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์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฐ˜์‘๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€์š”.
03:36
It was as though they knew the words
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๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๋˜
03:38
but not the music of empathy.
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๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
So we wanted to look closer at this
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:43
to use MRI to image their brains.
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MRI๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:47
That turned out to be not such an easy task.
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Imagine transporting a collection
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
03:51
of clinical psychopaths across central London
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์กฑ์‡„์™€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ‘์„ ์ฑ„์›Œ์„œ
03:54
in shackles and handcuffs
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
03:56
in rush hour,
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์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
03:58
and in order to place each of them in an MRI scanner,
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MRI ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
04:02
you have to remove all metal objects,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:04
including shackles and handcuffs,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์กฑ์‡„์™€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ‘๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
and, as I learned, all body piercings.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”ผ์–ด์‹ฑ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
After some time, however, we had a tentative answer.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž ์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
These individuals were not just the victims
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ถˆ์šฐํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜
04:16
of a troubled childhood.
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ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
There was something else.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:21
People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area
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์กฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
04:25
called the amygdala.
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ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ
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ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ
04:29
deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.
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๋‡Œ ์–‘์ธก ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.
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ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ์ • ์ด์ž…์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Normally, the more empathic a person is,
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๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก
04:39
the larger and more active their amygdala is.
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๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Our population of inmates
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์žฌ์†Œ์ž๋“ค์€
04:44
had a deficient amygdala,
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๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
which likely led to their lack of empathy
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ
04:47
and to their immoral behavior.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„๋„๋•์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
So let's take a step back.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
Normally, acquiring moral behavior
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๋„๋•์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:56
is simply part of growing up,
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
like learning to speak.
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๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
05:01
At the age of six months, virtually every one of us
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์ƒํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ฏค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
05:04
is able to differentiate between animate and inanimate objects.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
At the age of 12 months,
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12๊ฐœ์›” ์ฏค์—๋Š”
05:11
most children are able to imitate
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š”
05:14
the purposeful actions of others.
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ํŠน์ • ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
So for example, your mother raises her hands
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€
05:18
to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.
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๊ธฐ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํŒ”์„ ๋ป—์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
At first, this isn't perfect.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
05:24
I remember my cousin Sasha,
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์ œ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ ์‚ฌ์ƒค๋Š”
05:26
two years old at the time,
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๋‘ ์‚ด ๋•Œ
05:28
looking through a picture book
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
05:30
and licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand,
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ํ•œ์ชฝ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์— ์นจ์„ ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ณ 
05:33
licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…์žฅ์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
05:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:37
Bit by bit, we build the foundations of the social brain
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
so that by the time we're three, four years old,
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์„œ๋„ˆ์‚ด์ด ๋ฌ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š”
05:46
most children, not all,
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๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
05:47
have acquired the ability to understand
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:49
the intentions of others,
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
another prerequisite for empathy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ์˜ ์ „์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
The fact that this developmental progression
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด
05:57
is universal,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
05:58
irrespective of where you live in the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์— ์‚ด๋“  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์™”๋“ 
06:00
or which culture you inhabit,
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
06:03
strongly suggests that the foundations
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๋„๋•์  ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด
06:05
of moral behavior are inborn.
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์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
If you doubt this,
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์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šฐ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:11
try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ดค๋˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„ค์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ
06:14
to a four-year-old.
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์•ฝ์†์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์–ด๊ฒจ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:16
You will find that the mind of a four-year old
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋„ค ์‚ด ์•„์ด์˜ ์ •์‹  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
06:18
is not naรฏve in the slightest.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
It is more akin to a Swiss army knife
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค 4๋…„์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:23
with fixed mental modules
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๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ง„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ตฐ์šฉ ๋‚˜์ดํ”„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:25
finely honed during development
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์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ •์‹  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
06:27
and a sharp sense of fairness.
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์˜ˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
The early years are crucial.
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์˜์œ ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
There seems to be a window of opportunity,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
after which mastering moral questions
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋„๋•์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
06:38
becomes more difficult,
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๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
like adults learning a foreign language.
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์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋œ ํ›„์— ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด์š”.
06:43
That's not to say it's impossible.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
06:48
showed that people who have played
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๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ
06:51
a virtual reality game in which they took on
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์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š”
06:53
the role of a good and helpful superhero
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์ˆ˜ํผํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:56
actually became more caring and helpful
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์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋„ ๋” ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜๊ณ 
06:58
towards others afterwards.
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๋‚จ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
Now I'm not suggesting
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
07:02
we endow criminals with superpowers,
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์ฃผ์ž๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
but I am suggesting that we need to find ways
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์กฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:09
to get Joe and people like him
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:11
to change their brains and their behavior,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:13
for their benefit
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์Šต์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:15
and for the benefit of the rest of us.
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๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
So can brains change?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
07:22
For over 100 years,
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100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
07:24
neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists
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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ž๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
07:28
held the view that after initial development in childhood,
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์œ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ดํ›„
07:31
no new brain cells could grow
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์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
07:34
in the adult human brain.
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์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
The brain could only change
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์„ ์—์„œ
07:37
within certain set limits.
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๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
That was the dogma.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ์กฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
But then, in the 1990s,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1990๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:43
studies starting showing,
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ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด๋Œ€์˜
07:45
following the lead of Elizabeth Gould at Princeton and others,
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ๊ตด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋‘๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
07:47
studies started showing the evidence of neurogenesis,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
the birth of new brain cells
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์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ
07:53
in the adult mammalian brain,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
first in the olfactory bulb,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํ›„๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ
07:57
which is responsible for our sense of smell,
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ํ›„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
07:59
then in the hippocampus
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ
08:01
involving short-term memory,
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์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ,
08:04
and finally in the amygdala itself.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
In order to understand
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๋‡Œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด
08:09
how this process works,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
08:11
I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค๋“ค์„ ๋– ๋‚˜
08:13
specializing in learning and development.
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ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์˜ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:20
because the same pattern of brain responses
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋™๋ฌผ์€
08:23
appears across many different species of social animals.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,
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์ฅ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ฒ ์žฅ,
08:31
a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,
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ํ˜น์€ ํƒˆ์ง€๋ฉด ๋ช‡๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ ์ƒ์ž ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
08:34
alone and without much stimulation,
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ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๊ทน๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ‚ค์šด๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:35
not only does it not thrive,
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๊ทธ ์ฅ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:37
but it will often develop strange,
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๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ
08:39
repetitive behaviors.
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์ด์ƒ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
This naturally sociable animal
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์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์€
08:43
will lose its ability to bond with other mice,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ณ 
08:45
even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
However, mice reared in what we called
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€
08:52
an enriched environment,
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ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”,
08:53
a large habitation with other mice
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด, ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ,
08:55
with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,
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๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์ฅ๋“ค์€
08:59
demonstrate neurogenesis,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰
09:00
the birth of new brain cells,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
and as we showed, they also perform better
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์ด ์ฅ๋“ค์€ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ณผ์ œ๋„
09:05
on a range of learning and memory tasks.
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๋” ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:08
Now, they don't develop morality to the point of
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ์ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฅ๊ฐ€
09:10
carrying the shopping bags of little old mice
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๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ ๋•Œ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ฐฑ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์ค„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
09:12
across the street,
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๋„๋•์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
but their improved environment results in healthy,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด
09:17
sociable behavior.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์Šต์„ฑ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ์˜ฅ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋Š”
09:22
not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ฒ ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ‚ค์›Œ์ง„ ์ฅ๋“ค์€
09:24
have dramatically lower levels of new neurons
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๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
09:27
in the brain.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
09:32
including primates like us,
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์—์„œ
09:33
can show neurogenesis.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
In some areas of the brain,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š”
09:37
more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.
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20 ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
We're just beginning to understand
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
09:43
what exact function these cells have,
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์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ง€๋งŒ
09:45
but what it implies is that the brain is capable
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋œ ํ›„์—๋„
09:48
of extraordinary change way into adulthood.
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
However, our brains are also
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
09:55
exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ธ
10:01
released by the brain,
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๋‹น์งˆ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ๋Š”
10:03
suppress the growth of these new cells.
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์ƒˆ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
The more stress, the less brain development,
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
10:09
which in turn causes less adaptability
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์ด๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
10:13
and causes higher stress levels.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
This is the interplay between nature and nurture
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์ฒœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–‘์œก ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด
10:20
in real time in front of our eyes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์—์„œ ์‹ค์‚ฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:24
When you think about it,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
10:26
it is ironic that our current solution
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:28
for people with stressed amygdalae
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด
10:30
is to place them in an environment
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—
10:32
that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.
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๊ฐ๊ธˆํ•œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตฌ์†์€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ
10:39
of the criminal justice system
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์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์—
10:41
and of protecting society.
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Our research does not suggest
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
10:44
that criminals should submit their MRI scans
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ MRI ์˜์ƒ์„
10:47
as evidence in court
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์žฌํŒ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด
10:48
and get off the hook because they've got a faulty amygdala.
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ํŽธ๋„์ฒด ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
The evidence is actually the other way.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
Because our brains are capable of change,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:57
we need to take responsibility for our actions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:59
and they need to take responsibility
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต๊ท€์—
11:01
for their rehabilitation.
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
One way such rehabilitation might work
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๊ฐฑ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
11:06
is through restorative justice programs.
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ํšŒ๋ณต์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
Here victims, if they choose to participate,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:12
and perpetrators meet face to face
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋œ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:14
in safe, structured encounters,
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
and the perpetrator is encouraged
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์€
11:19
to take responsibility for their actions,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
and the victim plays an active role in the process.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์€
11:27
perhaps for the first time,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
11:29
the victim as a real person
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ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
11:31
with thoughts and feelings and a genuine
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง„์‹คํ•œ
11:33
emotional response.
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๊ฐ์ •์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
This stimulates the amygdala
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
11:37
and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค
11:40
than simple incarceration.
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๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฐฑ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
Such programs won't work for everyone,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
but for many, it could be a way
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
11:48
to break the frozen sea within.
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๋งˆ์Œ ์†์˜ ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋…น์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
So what can we do now?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:55
How can we apply this knowledge?
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์ด ์ง€์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:57
I'd like to leave you with
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๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜
12:00
three lessons that I learned.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
The first thing that I learned was that
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
12:04
we need to change our mindset.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,
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์›œ์šฐ๋“œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฝ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ํ›„ 130๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
12:08
society has advanced in virtually every aspect,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.
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ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋„์š”.
12:15
Yet the moment we speak about prisons,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต๋„์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
12:17
it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,
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๋””ํ‚จ์Šค์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
if not medieval times.
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์ค‘์„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์š”.
12:22
For too long, I believe,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
12:24
we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”
12:28
of the false notion that human nature cannot change,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์„ค๋“๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
12:31
and as a society, it's costing us dearly.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
We know that the brain is capable of extraordinary change,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
and the best way to achieve that,
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
12:42
even in adults, is to change and modulate
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์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ผ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ 
12:44
our environment.
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์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
The second thing I have learned
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
12:49
is that we need to create an alliance
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๊ณผํ•™์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—
12:51
of people who believe that science is integral
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:55
to bringing about social change.
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์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ์žฌ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ
13:00
a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.
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MRI ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๊นŒ์š”.
13:02
Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
but ultimately what we want to show
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
13:07
is whether we're able to reduce the reoffending rates.
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์žฌ๋ฒ”๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
In order to answer complex questions like that,
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
13:14
we need people of different backgrounds --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
lab-based scientists and clinicians,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค,
13:19
social workers and policy makers,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž,
13:21
philanthropists and human rights activists โ€”
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค,
13:24
to work together.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Finally, I believe we need
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
13:27
to change our own amygdalae,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
because this issue goes to the heart
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:32
not just of who Joe is,
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์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:34
but who we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
We need to change our view of Joe
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์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„
13:38
as someone wholly irredeemable,
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:46
how is he going to see himself as any different?
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์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:50
In another decade, Joe will be released
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๋‹ค์Œ ์–ด๋Š ์‹ญ๋…„์—, ์กฐ๋Š” ์›œ์šฐ๋“œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฝ์Šค์—์„œ
13:52
from Wormwood Scrubs.
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ํ’€๋ ค๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋Ÿฌ
13:57
who end up reoffending
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š”
13:59
and returning to the prison system?
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70 ํ”„๋กœ์˜ ์žฌ์†Œ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
14:02
Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
14:04
Joe was able to train his amygdala,
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๊ทธ์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
14:06
which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‡Œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ
14:09
and connections,
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
14:10
so that he will be able to face the world
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์ถœ์†Œ ํ›„ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:13
once he gets released?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:15
Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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