The neuroscience of restorative justice | Dan Reisel

225,500 views ใƒป 2014-03-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'd like to talk today
0
12815
1635
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:14
about how we can change our brains
1
14450
2472
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:16
and our society.
2
16922
2593
ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:19
Meet Joe.
3
19515
2175
ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื’'ื•.
00:21
Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.
4
21690
3718
ื’'ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 32 ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื—.
00:25
I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing
5
25408
2742
ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื• ืœืคื ื™ 13 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื’ืฃ 'ืœื™ื™ืคืจ',
00:28
at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.
6
28150
3820
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— "ื•ื•ืจืžื•ื•ื“ ืกืงืจื‘ืก" ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
00:31
I'd like you to imagine this place.
7
31970
2001
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
00:33
It looks and feels like it sounds:
8
33971
3098
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข:
00:37
Wormwood Scrubs.
9
37069
2382
"ื•ื•ืจืžื•ื•ื“ ืกืงืจื‘ืก".
00:39
Built at the end of the Victorian Era
10
39451
2224
ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช
00:41
by the inmates themselves,
11
41675
1512
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
00:43
it is where England's most dangerous prisoners are kept.
12
43187
3200
ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื.
00:46
These individuals have committed acts
13
46387
2206
ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ื
00:48
of unspeakable evil.
14
48593
2170
ืฉืœ ืจืฉืข ืฉืœื ื™ืชื•ืืจ.
00:50
And I was there to study their brains.
15
50763
3711
ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
00:54
I was part of a team of researchers
16
54474
1752
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
00:56
from University College London,
17
56226
1677
ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’' ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:57
on a grant from the U.K. department of health.
18
57903
2755
ื“ืจืš ืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:00
My task was to study a group of inmates
19
60658
2048
ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื
01:02
who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.
20
62706
2744
ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื.
01:05
That meant they were the most
21
65450
1725
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™
01:07
callous and the most aggressive
22
67175
1713
ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
01:08
of the entire prison population.
23
68888
3124
ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื.
01:12
What lay at the root of their behavior?
24
72012
3577
ืžื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื?
01:15
Was there a neurological cause for their condition?
25
75589
4326
ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื?
01:19
And if there was a neurological cause,
26
79915
2843
ื•ืื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:22
could we find a cure?
27
82758
3055
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืจืคื?
01:25
So I'd like to speak about change, and especially about emotional change.
28
85813
3945
ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™.
01:29
Growing up, I was always intrigued
29
89758
1980
ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืกืชืงืจื ืชื™
01:31
by how people change.
30
91738
3064
ื‘ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
01:34
My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,
31
94802
2523
ืื™ืžื™, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช,
01:37
would occasionally see patients at home
32
97325
2640
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
01:39
in the evening.
33
99965
1420
ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื.
01:41
She would shut the door to the living room,
34
101385
1534
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ,
01:42
and I imagined
35
102919
2005
ื•ืื ื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™
01:44
magical things happened in that room.
36
104924
2512
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
01:47
At the age of five or six
37
107436
1681
ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ,
01:49
I would creep up in my pajamas
38
109117
2442
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื’ื ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ื’'ืžื” ืฉืœื™
01:51
and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.
39
111559
2809
ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ืงื” ืœื“ืœืช.
01:54
On more than one occasion, I fell asleep
40
114368
1447
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช ืงืจื” ืฉื ืจื“ืžืชื™
01:55
and they had to push me out of the way
41
115815
1460
ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื“ืจืš
01:57
at the end of the session.
42
117275
2161
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”.
01:59
And I suppose that's how I found myself
43
119436
2899
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืš ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™
02:02
walking into the secure interview room
44
122335
2075
ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
02:04
on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.
45
124410
4009
ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘"ื•ื•ืจืžื•ื•ื“ ืกืงืจืื‘ืก".
02:08
Joe sat across a steel table
46
128419
2336
ื’'ื• ื™ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคืœื“ื”
02:10
and greeted me with this blank expression.
47
130755
4226
ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื‘ืขื”.
02:14
The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,
48
134981
2878
ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ, ืื“ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื,
02:17
said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,
49
137859
2647
ืืžืจ: "ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
02:20
and we'll be around as soon as we can."
50
140506
2439
ื•ื ื’ื™ืข ืžืชื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ."
02:22
(Laughter)
51
142945
2958
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:25
I sat down.
52
145903
1770
ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™.
02:27
The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.
53
147673
2977
ื“ืœืช ื”ืคืœื“ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื ื˜ืจืงื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™.
02:30
I looked up at the red buzzer
54
150650
2094
ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื
02:32
far behind Joe on the opposite wall.
55
152744
2099
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’'ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœื™.
02:34
(Laughter)
56
154843
2646
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:37
I looked at Joe.
57
157489
1762
ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื’'ื•.
02:39
Perhaps detecting my concern,
58
159251
2077
ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื“ืื’ืชื™,
02:41
he leaned forward, and said,
59
161328
1356
ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืืžืจ,
02:42
as reassuringly as he could,
60
162684
2227
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืข ืฉื™ื›ืœ,
02:44
"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,
61
164911
1380
"ืื”, ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืคืชื•ืจ,
02:46
it doesn't work anyway."
62
166291
2253
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”."
02:48
(Laughter)
63
168544
5447
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:55
Over the subsequent months,
64
175472
1889
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:57
we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,
65
177361
4085
ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื’'ื• ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื,
03:01
looking specifically at their ability
66
181446
2051
ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:03
to categorize different images of emotion.
67
183497
4984
ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
03:08
And we looked at their physical response
68
188481
1786
ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช
03:10
to those emotions.
69
190267
1742
ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:12
So, for example, when most of us look
70
192009
1581
ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
03:13
at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,
71
193590
2925
ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืขืฆื•ื‘,
03:16
we instantly have a slight,
72
196515
3551
ืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžื“ื“:
03:20
measurable physical response:
73
200066
1934
03:22
increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.
74
202000
3298
ื”ืืฆื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘, ื–ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
03:25
Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able
75
205298
1784
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
03:27
to describe the pictures accurately,
76
207082
2014
ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช,
03:29
they failed to show the emotions required.
77
209096
3733
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช.
03:32
They failed to show a physical response.
78
212829
3553
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืจืื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืช.
03:36
It was as though they knew the words
79
216382
2051
ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
03:38
but not the music of empathy.
80
218433
3393
ืืš ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
03:41
So we wanted to look closer at this
81
221826
1784
ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:43
to use MRI to image their brains.
82
223610
3449
ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- MRI ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:47
That turned out to be not such an easy task.
83
227059
3107
ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
03:50
Imagine transporting a collection
84
230166
1829
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช
03:51
of clinical psychopaths across central London
85
231995
2695
ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
03:54
in shackles and handcuffs
86
234690
2139
ื‘ืฉืœืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืื–ื™ืงื™ื
03:56
in rush hour,
87
236829
2126
ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื,
03:58
and in order to place each of them in an MRI scanner,
88
238955
3174
ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœืกื•ืจืง MRI
04:02
you have to remove all metal objects,
89
242129
1981
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ืช,
04:04
including shackles and handcuffs,
90
244110
1334
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืื–ื™ืงื™ื,
04:05
and, as I learned, all body piercings.
91
245444
4355
ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™, ื›ืœ ืขื’ื™ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื.
04:09
After some time, however, we had a tentative answer.
92
249799
4237
ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
04:14
These individuals were not just the victims
93
254036
2818
ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ื ืคื’ืขื™
04:16
of a troubled childhood.
94
256854
2052
ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื“ื”.
04:18
There was something else.
95
258906
2521
ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
04:21
People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area
96
261427
3620
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื•ื—
04:25
called the amygdala.
97
265047
2061
ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”.
04:27
The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ
98
267108
2024
ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืงื“
04:29
deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.
99
269132
3323
ื”ื ืžืฆื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:32
It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.
100
272455
4485
ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
04:36
Normally, the more empathic a person is,
101
276940
2906
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืคืชื™,
04:39
the larger and more active their amygdala is.
102
279846
3045
ื›ืš ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื”.
04:42
Our population of inmates
103
282891
1480
ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:44
had a deficient amygdala,
104
284371
1327
ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”,
04:45
which likely led to their lack of empathy
105
285698
2295
ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
04:47
and to their immoral behavior.
106
287993
2934
ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
04:50
So let's take a step back.
107
290927
3142
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
04:54
Normally, acquiring moral behavior
108
294069
2623
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
04:56
is simply part of growing up,
109
296692
2390
ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
04:59
like learning to speak.
110
299082
2201
ื›ืžื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
05:01
At the age of six months, virtually every one of us
111
301283
3291
ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
05:04
is able to differentiate between animate and inanimate objects.
112
304574
3957
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ืœื“ื•ืžื.
05:08
At the age of 12 months,
113
308531
2474
ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
05:11
most children are able to imitate
114
311005
3224
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช
05:14
the purposeful actions of others.
115
314229
1885
ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:16
So for example, your mother raises her hands
116
316114
2535
ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืžื ืฉืœืš ืžืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื™ื“ื”
05:18
to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.
117
318649
2739
ืœื”ืชืžืชื—, ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื”.
05:21
At first, this isn't perfect.
118
321388
3201
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื.
05:24
I remember my cousin Sasha,
119
324589
1947
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื™ ืกืฉื”,
05:26
two years old at the time,
120
326536
2163
ื‘ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื“ืื–,
05:28
looking through a picture book
121
328699
1660
ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ
05:30
and licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand,
122
330359
3183
ื•ืžืœืงืงืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื“ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
05:33
licking one finger and flicking the page with the other hand.
123
333542
2105
ืžืœืงืงืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื“ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
05:35
(Laughter)
124
335647
2314
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:37
Bit by bit, we build the foundations of the social brain
125
337961
3926
ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
05:41
so that by the time we're three, four years old,
126
341887
4632
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข
05:46
most children, not all,
127
346519
1292
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื,
05:47
have acquired the ability to understand
128
347811
1773
ืจื›ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
05:49
the intentions of others,
129
349584
1603
ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจ,
05:51
another prerequisite for empathy.
130
351187
3326
ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืงื“ื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืืžืคืชื™ื”.
05:54
The fact that this developmental progression
131
354513
2612
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
05:57
is universal,
132
357125
1502
ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
05:58
irrespective of where you live in the world
133
358627
1976
ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื’ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:00
or which culture you inhabit,
134
360603
2626
ืื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ืืชื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš,
06:03
strongly suggests that the foundations
135
363229
2213
ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
06:05
of moral behavior are inborn.
136
365442
3124
ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœื“.
06:08
If you doubt this,
137
368566
2477
ืื ืืชื ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
06:11
try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made
138
371043
3776
ืชื ืกื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™, ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื
06:14
to a four-year-old.
139
374819
2077
ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข.
06:16
You will find that the mind of a four-year old
140
376896
1788
ืืชื ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข
06:18
is not naรฏve in the slightest.
141
378684
1504
ืื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ.
06:20
It is more akin to a Swiss army knife
142
380188
3025
ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืœืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™,
06:23
with fixed mental modules
143
383213
2031
ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื
06:25
finely honed during development
144
385244
2474
ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
06:27
and a sharp sense of fairness.
145
387718
3117
ื•ื—ื•ืฉ ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช.
06:30
The early years are crucial.
146
390835
2658
ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช.
06:33
There seems to be a window of opportunity,
147
393493
2244
ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
06:35
after which mastering moral questions
148
395737
2466
ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช
06:38
becomes more difficult,
149
398203
1482
ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:39
like adults learning a foreign language.
150
399685
4134
ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
06:43
That's not to say it's impossible.
151
403819
2034
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
06:45
A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University
152
405853
3109
ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ืคืœื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
06:48
showed that people who have played
153
408962
2241
ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื•
06:51
a virtual reality game in which they took on
154
411203
2409
ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืœืžื•
06:53
the role of a good and helpful superhero
155
413612
2461
ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ
06:56
actually became more caring and helpful
156
416073
2116
ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื›ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื
06:58
towards others afterwards.
157
418189
2503
ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
07:00
Now I'm not suggesting
158
420692
2209
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข
07:02
we endow criminals with superpowers,
159
422901
3055
ืฉื ืขื ื™ืง ืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ,
07:05
but I am suggesting that we need to find ways
160
425956
3413
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื
07:09
to get Joe and people like him
161
429369
1878
ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’'ื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•
07:11
to change their brains and their behavior,
162
431247
2645
ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื,
07:13
for their benefit
163
433892
1775
ืœืžืขื ื
07:15
and for the benefit of the rest of us.
164
435667
3135
ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
07:18
So can brains change?
165
438802
3535
ืื– ื”ืื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช?
07:22
For over 100 years,
166
442337
2584
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
07:24
neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists
167
444921
3114
ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื—
07:28
held the view that after initial development in childhood,
168
448035
3820
ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื“ืขื” ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช
07:31
no new brain cells could grow
169
451855
2424
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:34
in the adult human brain.
170
454279
1301
ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
07:35
The brain could only change
171
455580
1487
ื”ืžื•ื— ืจืง ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
07:37
within certain set limits.
172
457067
1982
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
07:39
That was the dogma.
173
459049
2098
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
07:41
But then, in the 1990s,
174
461147
2239
ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื,
07:43
studies starting showing,
175
463386
1696
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช,
07:45
following the lead of Elizabeth Gould at Princeton and others,
176
465082
2737
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื’ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:47
studies started showing the evidence of neurogenesis,
177
467819
3335
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’'ื ืกื™ืก,
07:51
the birth of new brain cells
178
471154
2058
ืœื™ื“ืช ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:53
in the adult mammalian brain,
179
473212
3069
ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
07:56
first in the olfactory bulb,
180
476281
1584
ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคืงืขืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—,
07:57
which is responsible for our sense of smell,
181
477865
2081
ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
07:59
then in the hippocampus
182
479946
2039
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก
08:01
involving short-term memory,
183
481985
2044
ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ,
08:04
and finally in the amygdala itself.
184
484029
3283
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”.
08:07
In order to understand
185
487312
1776
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
08:09
how this process works,
186
489088
1959
ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
08:11
I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford
187
491047
2889
ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
08:13
specializing in learning and development.
188
493936
3262
ืฉืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
08:17
Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,
189
497198
3770
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื, ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:20
because the same pattern of brain responses
190
500968
2341
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
08:23
appears across many different species of social animals.
191
503309
3730
ื ืจืื• ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
08:27
So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,
192
507039
4582
ืื– ืื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™,
08:31
a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,
193
511621
2688
ืงื•ืคืกืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื ืฆืžืจ ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
08:34
alone and without much stimulation,
194
514309
1567
ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืจืฆื”,
08:35
not only does it not thrive,
195
515876
1611
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื’ืฉื’
08:37
but it will often develop strange,
196
517487
1757
ืืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื—
08:39
repetitive behaviors.
197
519244
1574
ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
08:40
This naturally sociable animal
198
520818
2619
ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื”,
08:43
will lose its ability to bond with other mice,
199
523437
2443
ืชืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:45
even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.
200
525880
4195
ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืชื.
08:50
However, mice reared in what we called
201
530075
2062
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื
08:52
an enriched environment,
202
532137
1506
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืฉืจืช,
08:53
a large habitation with other mice
203
533643
2211
ืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
08:55
with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,
204
535854
3430
ืขื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ,
08:59
demonstrate neurogenesis,
205
539284
1585
ืžืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ืกื™ืก,
09:00
the birth of new brain cells,
206
540869
2300
ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
09:03
and as we showed, they also perform better
207
543169
2314
ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจืื ื•, ื”ื ื’ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:05
on a range of learning and memory tasks.
208
545483
2717
ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
09:08
Now, they don't develop morality to the point of
209
548200
2430
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ืœื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ
09:10
carrying the shopping bags of little old mice
210
550630
1760
ืกื—ื™ื‘ืช ืกืœื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
09:12
across the street,
211
552390
2221
ื‘ืขืช ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
09:14
but their improved environment results in healthy,
212
554611
2743
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
09:17
sociable behavior.
213
557354
1913
ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช.
09:19
Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,
214
559267
2943
ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
09:22
not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,
215
562210
2465
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืื™ ื›ืœื,
09:24
have dramatically lower levels of new neurons
216
564675
3301
ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:27
in the brain.
217
567976
1627
ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:29
It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,
218
569603
2816
ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
09:32
including primates like us,
219
572419
1506
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
09:33
can show neurogenesis.
220
573925
2512
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’'ื ืกื™ืก.
09:36
In some areas of the brain,
221
576437
1286
ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
09:37
more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.
222
577723
3695
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:41
We're just beginning to understand
223
581418
2259
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:43
what exact function these cells have,
224
583677
2094
ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:45
but what it implies is that the brain is capable
225
585771
2926
ืืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจืžื– ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ืœ
09:48
of extraordinary change way into adulthood.
226
588697
5193
ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืขืžื•ืง ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
09:53
However, our brains are also
227
593890
1734
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื
09:55
exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.
228
595624
3640
ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:59
Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,
229
599264
2550
ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ, ื’ืœื•ืงื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
10:01
released by the brain,
230
601814
1550
ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
10:03
suppress the growth of these new cells.
231
603364
3561
ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
10:06
The more stress, the less brain development,
232
606925
2548
ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ, ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืคืชื— ืคื—ื•ืช,
10:09
which in turn causes less adaptability
233
609473
4468
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืืžื”
10:13
and causes higher stress levels.
234
613941
2743
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:16
This is the interplay between nature and nurture
235
616684
3785
ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—
10:20
in real time in front of our eyes.
236
620469
3705
ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:24
When you think about it,
237
624174
2067
ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:26
it is ironic that our current solution
238
626241
2375
ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
10:28
for people with stressed amygdalae
239
628616
1926
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื—ืฅ
10:30
is to place them in an environment
240
630542
1792
ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
10:32
that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.
241
632334
4329
ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.
10:36
Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part
242
636663
2487
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
10:39
of the criminal justice system
243
639150
2420
ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช
10:41
and of protecting society.
244
641570
1765
ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:43
Our research does not suggest
245
643335
1637
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืข
10:44
that criminals should submit their MRI scans
246
644972
2217
ืฉืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”- MRI ืฉืœื”ื
10:47
as evidence in court
247
647189
1422
ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
10:48
and get off the hook because they've got a faulty amygdala.
248
648611
3658
ื•ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืงืœื•ืงืœืช.
10:52
The evidence is actually the other way.
249
652269
2073
ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขืฆื.
10:54
Because our brains are capable of change,
250
654342
2851
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
10:57
we need to take responsibility for our actions,
251
657193
2498
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•,
10:59
and they need to take responsibility
252
659691
1852
ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
11:01
for their rehabilitation.
253
661543
3428
ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื.
11:04
One way such rehabilitation might work
254
664971
1804
ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
11:06
is through restorative justice programs.
255
666775
3293
ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
11:10
Here victims, if they choose to participate,
256
670068
2329
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื ื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ,
11:12
and perpetrators meet face to face
257
672397
2241
ื•ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื
11:14
in safe, structured encounters,
258
674638
2700
ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
11:17
and the perpetrator is encouraged
259
677338
1830
ื•ื”ืคื•ืฉืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“
11:19
to take responsibility for their actions,
260
679168
1969
ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•,
11:21
and the victim plays an active role in the process.
261
681137
3229
ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
11:24
In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,
262
684366
2871
ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ื–ื•, ื”ืคื•ืฉืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช,
11:27
perhaps for the first time,
263
687237
2335
ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
11:29
the victim as a real person
264
689572
2404
ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืื“ื ืืžื™ืชื™
11:31
with thoughts and feelings and a genuine
265
691976
1669
ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
11:33
emotional response.
266
693645
1838
ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
11:35
This stimulates the amygdala
267
695483
1891
ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
11:37
and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice
268
697374
3551
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:40
than simple incarceration.
269
700925
3066
ืžืืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœื™ืื”.
11:43
Such programs won't work for everyone,
270
703991
1585
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
11:45
but for many, it could be a way
271
705576
2689
ืืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš
11:48
to break the frozen sea within.
272
708265
4361
ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ื ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื.
11:52
So what can we do now?
273
712626
2759
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
11:55
How can we apply this knowledge?
274
715385
2512
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”?
11:57
I'd like to leave you with
275
717897
2321
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื
12:00
three lessons that I learned.
276
720218
1745
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™.
12:01
The first thing that I learned was that
277
721963
2170
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ื•ื
12:04
we need to change our mindset.
278
724133
1526
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื•.
12:05
Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,
279
725659
3149
ืžืื– ืฉ"ื•ื•ืจืžื•ื•ื“ ืกืงืจื‘ืก" ื ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ 130 ืฉื ื”,
12:08
society has advanced in virtually every aspect,
280
728808
3115
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜,
12:11
in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.
281
731923
3414
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจื ื•, ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
12:15
Yet the moment we speak about prisons,
282
735337
2083
ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกื•ื”ืจ,
12:17
it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,
283
737420
2896
ืžืฉื•ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื™ื ืก,
12:20
if not medieval times.
284
740316
2224
ืื ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
12:22
For too long, I believe,
285
742540
2234
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ,
12:24
we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded
286
744774
3665
ื ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข
12:28
of the false notion that human nature cannot change,
287
748439
3042
ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
12:31
and as a society, it's costing us dearly.
288
751481
3663
ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ.
12:35
We know that the brain is capable of extraordinary change,
289
755144
3876
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื“ื™ืจ,
12:39
and the best way to achieve that,
290
759020
3039
ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช,
12:42
even in adults, is to change and modulate
291
762059
2412
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฆื‘
12:44
our environment.
292
764471
1795
ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื•.
12:46
The second thing I have learned
293
766266
2885
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™
12:49
is that we need to create an alliance
294
769151
2626
ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช
12:51
of people who believe that science is integral
295
771777
3501
ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™
12:55
to bringing about social change.
296
775278
2282
ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
12:57
It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place
297
777560
2973
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืฉื
13:00
a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.
298
780533
2179
ืืกื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ MRI
13:02
Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,
299
782712
2508
ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ.
13:05
but ultimately what we want to show
300
785220
2659
ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
13:07
is whether we're able to reduce the reoffending rates.
301
787879
3768
ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
13:11
In order to answer complex questions like that,
302
791647
2721
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื•,
13:14
we need people of different backgrounds --
303
794368
2651
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื--
13:17
lab-based scientists and clinicians,
304
797019
2204
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
13:19
social workers and policy makers,
305
799223
2390
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
13:21
philanthropists and human rights activists โ€”
306
801613
2623
ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื --
13:24
to work together.
307
804236
1926
ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:26
Finally, I believe we need
308
806162
1687
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
13:27
to change our own amygdalae,
309
807849
1638
ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•
13:29
because this issue goes to the heart
310
809487
2781
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื”
13:32
not just of who Joe is,
311
812268
1771
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื”ื• ื’'ื•,
13:34
but who we are.
312
814039
1912
ืืœื ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•.
13:35
We need to change our view of Joe
313
815951
2980
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื’'ื•
13:38
as someone wholly irredeemable,
314
818931
3802
ื›ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื ื”,
13:42
because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,
315
822733
3510
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื ื”,
13:46
how is he going to see himself as any different?
316
826243
4280
ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืš?
13:50
In another decade, Joe will be released
317
830523
1871
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื’'ื• ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ
13:52
from Wormwood Scrubs.
318
832394
2669
ืž"ื•ื•ืจืžื•ื•ื“ ืกืงืจื‘ืก".
13:55
Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates
319
835063
2917
ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื
13:57
who end up reoffending
320
837980
1494
ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืขืฆืžื ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืฉื•ื‘
13:59
and returning to the prison system?
321
839474
2782
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ?
14:02
Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,
322
842256
2636
ืœื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉื•,
14:04
Joe was able to train his amygdala,
323
844892
1926
ื’'ื• ื™ื›ืœ ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื•,
14:06
which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells
324
846818
2354
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื’ืจื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
14:09
and connections,
325
849172
1281
ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
14:10
so that he will be able to face the world
326
850453
2596
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:13
once he gets released?
327
853049
2120
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจ?
14:15
Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.
328
855169
4464
ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
14:21
(Applause)
329
861549
3251
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:24
Thank you. (Applause)
330
864800
4002
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7