Alejandro Aravena: My architectural philosophy? Bring the community into the process

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Mile Živković

If there's any power in design,

Ako postoji bilo kakva snaga u dizajnu,

that's the power of synthesis.

onda je to snaga sinteze.

The more complex the problem,

Što je kompleksniji problem,

the more the need for simplicity.

više je neophodno jednostavnosti.

So allow me to share three cases

Stoga mi dozvolite da podelim tri slučaja

where we tried to apply

gde smo pokušali da primenimo

design's power of synthesis.

snagu sinteze dizajna.

Let's start with the global challenge of urbanization.

Počnimo sa globalnim izazovom urbanizacije.

It's a fact that people are moving towards cities.

Činjenica je da se ljudi kreću prema gradovima

and even if counterintuitive, it's good news.

i čak da je kontraintuitivno, to su dobre vesti.

Evidence shows that people are better off in cities.

Dokazi pokazuju da je ljudima bolje u gradovima.

But there's a problem that I would call

Ali postoji problem koji bih nazvao

the "3S" menace:

pretnjom "3S":

The scale, speed, and scarcity of means

nivo, brzina i oskudica sredstava

with which we will have to respond to this phenomenon

kojima ćemo morati da odgovorimo na ovu pojavu,

has no precedence in history.

jedinstveni su u istoriji.

Da biste imali pojam o ovome,

For you to have an idea,

out of the three billion people living in cities today,

od tri milijarde ljudi koji žive u gradovima danas,

one billion are under the line of poverty.

jedna milijarda je ispod granice siromaštva.

By 2030, out of the five billion people

Do 2030, od 5 milijardi ljudi

that will be living in cities,

koji će živeti u gradovima,

two billion are going to be under the line of poverty.

dve milijarde će biti ispod granice siromaštva.

That means that we will have to build

To znači da ćemo morati da gradimo

a one million-person city per week

jednomilionski grad nedeljno

with 10,000 dollars per family

sa 10 000 dolara po porodici

during the next 15 years.

tokom narednih 15 godina.

A one million-person city per week

Jednomilionski grad nedeljno

with 10,000 dollars per family.

sa 10 000 dolara po porodici.

If we don't solve this equation,

Ako ne rešimo ovu formulu,

it is not that people will stop coming to cities.

ljudi neće prestati da dolaze u gradove.

They will come anyhow,

Doći će bilo kako,

but they will live in slums, favelas

ali će živeti u straćarama, favelama

and informal settlements.

i neformalnim naseljima.

So what to do? Well, an answer may come

I šta mi da radimo?

Odgovor može doći iz samih favela i straćara.

from favelas and slums themselves.

A clue could be in this question we were asked

Nagoveštaj bi mogao biti u ovom pitanju koje nam je postavljeno

10 years ago.

pre 10 godina.

We were asked to accommodate 100 families

Upitani smo da ugostimo 100 porodica

that had been occupying illegally

koje su ilegalno zauzimale

half a hectare in the center

pola hektara u centru

of the city of Iquique in the north of Chile

grada Ikike na severu Čilea

using a $10,000 subsidy

koristeći subvenciju od 10 000 dolara

with which we had to buy the land,

sa kojom smo morali da platimo zemlju,

provide the infrastructure,

obezbedimo infrastrukturu,

and build the houses that, in the best of the cases,

i izgradimo kuće koje bi, u najboljim slučajevima,

would be of around 40 square meters.

bile oko 40 kvadratnih metara.

And by the way, they said,

I inače, kažu

the cost of the land,

da su troškovi zemljišta,

because it's in the center of the city,

jer je centar grada,

is three times more

tri puta veći

than what social housing can normally afford.

nego što društveno stanovanje uglavnom može da priušti.

Due to the difficulty of the question,

S obzirom na teškoću pitanja,

we decided to include the families

odlučili smo da uključimo porodice

in the process of understanding the constraints,

u proces shvatanja ograničenja

and we started a participatory design process,

i počeli smo proces učesničkog dizajna

and testing what was available there in the market.

i testiranja onog što je bilo dostupno na tržištu.

Detached houses,

Slobodnostojeće kuće,

30 families could be accommodated.

mogu da smeste oko 30 porodica.

Row houses, 60 families.

Kuće u nizu, 60 porodica.

["100 families"] The only way to accommodate all of them

["100 porodica"] Jedini način da se sve smeste

was by building in height,

bio je građenjem u visinu,

and they threatened us

i pretili su nam

to go on a hunger strike

da će ići na štrajk glađu

if we even dared to offer this

ako se čak i usudimo da ponudimo ovo

as a solution,

kao rešenje,

because they could not make the tiny apartments

jer ne bi mogli da prošire

expand.

malene stanove.

So the conclusion with the families —

Dakle, zaključak sa porodicama -

and this is important, not our conclusion —

a ovo je važno, ne naš zaključak -

with the families, was that we had a problem.

sa porodicama, je bio da smo imali problem.

We had to innovate.

Morali smo da uvodimo novine.

So what did we do?

I šta smo uradili?

Well, a middle-class family

Porodica srednje klase

lives reasonably well

živi prilično dobro

in around 80 square meters,

u oko 80 kvadratnih metara,

but when there's no money,

ali kada nema novca,

what the market does

onda tržište

is to reduce the size of the house

smanjuje veličinu kuće

to 40 square meters.

na 40 kvadratnih metara.

What we said was,

Mi smo rekli sledeće -

what if,

šta ako,

instead of thinking of 40 square meters

umesto razmišljanja o 40 kvadratnih metara,

as a small house,

kao maloj kući,

why don't we consider it

zašto je ne posmatramo

half of a good one?

kao polovinu dobre?

When you rephrase the problem

Kada preformulišete problem

as half of a good house

kao polovinu dobre kuće

instead of a small one,

umesto male,

the key question is, which half do we do?

ključno pitanje je, koju polovinu radimo?

And we thought we had to do with public money

Mislili smo da sa javnim novcem treba da radimo

the half that families won't be able to do individually.

polovinu koju porodice neće moći da naprave samostalno.

We identified five design conditions

Identifikovali smo 5 dizajnerskih uslova

that belonged to the hard half of a house,

koji su pripadali teškoj polovini kuće

and we went back to the families to do two things:

i vratili smo se porodicama da bismo uradili dve stvari:

join forces and split tasks.

udružili snage i podelili zadatke.

Our design was something in between

Naš dizajn je bio nešto između

a building and a house.

zgrade i kuće.

As a building, it could pay

Kao zgrada, moglo se isplatiti

for expensive, well-located land,

za skupu zemlju na dobroj lokaciji

and as a house, it could expand.

i kao kuća, mogla se proširiti.

If, in the process of not being expelled

Ako bi, u procesu zaustavljanja izbacivanja

to the periphery while getting a house,

na periferiju dok ne dobiju kuće,

families kept their network and their jobs,

porodice čuvale svoju mrežu i poslove,

we knew that the expansion would begin right away.

znali bismo da bi ekspanzija momentalo počela.

So we went from this initial social housing

Krenuli smo od ovog početnog socijalnog stanovanja

to a middle-class unit achieved by families themselves

do jedinice za srednju klasu koju su same porodice napravile

within a couple of weeks.

tokom nekoliko nedelja.

This was our first project

Ovo je bio prvi projekat

in Iquique 10 years ago.

u Ikikeu pre 10 godina.

This is our last project in Chile.

Ovo je naš poslednji projekat u Čileu.

Different designs, same principle:

Različiti projekti, isti princip:

You provide the frame,

vi omogućite okvir,

and from then on, families take over.

i odatle, porodice preuzimaju.

So the purpose of design,

Namena projekta,

trying to understand and trying to give an answer

pokušavanje da se shvati i pokušavanje da se odgovori

to the "3S" menace,

na opasnost "3S":

scale, speed, and scarcity,

veličina, brzina i nestašica,

is to channel people's own building capacity.

je da usmeri ljudski građevinski kapacitet.

We won't solve the one million people per week equation

Nećemo rešiti jednačinu jednog miliona ljudi nedeljno

unless we use people's own power for building.

ako ne koristimo ljudsku snagu za građenje.

So, with the right design,

Sa pravim projektom,

slums and favelas may not be the problem

straćare i favele ne moraju da budu problem,

but actually the only possible solution.

već zapravo jedino moguće rešenje.

The second case is how design can contribute

Drugi slučaj je kako dizajn može doprineti

to sustainability.

održivosti.

In 2012, we entered the competition

2012. godine učestvovali smo na takmičenju

for the Angelini Innovation Center,

za Inovacioni centar Andželini,

and the aim was to build

i cilj je bio da se izgradi

the right environment for knowledge creation.

pravo okruženje za stvaranje znanja.

It is accepted that for such an aim,

Prihvaćeno je da za takav cilj,

knowledge creation,

stvaranje znanja,

interaction among people, face-to-face contact,

interakcija među ljudima, kontakt licem u lice,

it's important, and we agreed on that.

da je važna stvar, i složili smo se oko toga.

But for us, the question of the right environment

Ali za nas, pitanje pravog okruženja

was a very literal question.

je bilo veoma doslovno pitanje.

We wanted to have a working space

Želeli smo da imamo radni prostor

with the right light, with the right temperature,

sa prikladnim osvetljenjem, sa prikladnom temperaturom

with the right air.

i prikladnim vazduhom.

So we asked ourselves:

Onda smo se zapitali:

Does the typical office building

da li nam tipična poslovna zgrada

help us in that sense?

pomaže u tom smislu?

Well, how does that building look, typically?

Pa, kako ta zgrada tipično izgleda?

It's a collection of floors,

To je spoj spratova,

one on top of each other,

jedan na vrhu drugog,

with a core in the center

sa jezgrom u centru,

with elevators, stairs, pipes, wires, everything,

sa liftovima, stepenicama, cevima, žicama, svačim,

and then a glass skin on the outside

i onda staklenom oblogom spolja,

that, due to direct sun radiation,

koja prilikom direktnog sunčevog zračenja

creates a huge greenhouse effect inside.

unutra stvara veliki efekat staklene bašte.

In addition to that, let's say a guy

Kao dodatak tome, recimo da čovek

working on the seventh floor

koji radi na sedmom spratu

goes every single day through the third floor,

prolazi svaki dan kroz treći sprat,

but has no idea what the guy on that floor

ali ne zna na čemu radi

is working on.

čovek na tom spratu.

So we thought, well, maybe we have to turn this scheme

Stoga smo mislili da bi možda morali da izokrenemo

inside out.

ovu šemu naopačke.

And what we did was,

Pomislili smo, hajde da imamo

let's have an open atrium,

otvoreni atrijum,

a hollowed core,

šuplje jezgro,

the same collection of floors,

istu grupu spratova,

but have the walls and the mass in the perimeter,

ali sa zidovima i masama unutar,

so that when the sun hits,

tako da kada sunce sija,

it's not impacting directly glass, but a wall.

ne utiče direktno na staklo, već na zid.

When you have an open atrium inside,

Kada unutra imate otvoreni atrijum,

you are able to see what others are doing

možete da vidite šta drugi rade

from within the building, and you have

iz unutrašnjosti zgrade i imate

a better way to control light,

bolji način da kontrolišete svetlo,

and when you place the mass and the walls

a kada smestite masu i zidove

in the perimeter,

u obim,

then you are preventing direct sun radiation.

onda sprečavate direktno sunčevo zračenje.

You may also open those windows

Mogli biste takođe da otvorite te prozore

and get cross-ventilation.

i dobijete ukrštenu ventilaciju.

We just made those openings

Ove otvore smo napravili

of such a scale that they could work

baš te veličine da bi mogli da funkcionišu

as elevated squares,

kao izdignuti trgovi,

outdoor spaces throughout

spoljašnji prostori

the entire height of the building.

kroz čitavu visinu zgrade.

None of this is rocket science.

Ništa od ovoga nije naučna fantastika.

You don't require sophisticated programming.

Ne trebaju vam sofisticirani programi.

It's not about technology.

Ne radi se o tehnologiji.

This is just archaic, primitive common sense,

Ovo je samo arhaičan, primitivan zdrav razum,

and by using common sense,

i korišćenjem zdravog razuma,

we went from 120 kilowatts

prešli smo sa 120 kilovata

per square meter per year,

po kvadratnom metru godišnje,

which is the typical energy consumption

što je tipično korišćenje energije

for cooling a glass tower,

za hlađenje staklenog tornja,

to 40 kilowatts per square meter per year.

na 40 kilovata po kvadratnom metru godišnje.

So with the right design,

Sa pravim dizajnom,

sustainability is nothing but the rigorous use

održivost nije ništa drugo sem rigoroznog korišćenja

of common sense.

zdravog razuma.

Poslednji slučaj koji bih želeo da podelim sa vama je kako dizajn

Last case I would like to share is how design

can provide more comprehensive answers

može da obezbedi razumljivije odgovore

against natural disasters.

protiv prirodnih katastrofa.

You may know that Chile, in 2010,

Možda se sećate da je Čile 2010.

was hit by an 8.8 Richter scale

pogođen zemljotresom od 8,8 stepeni

earthquake and tsunami,

Rihterove skale i cunamijem,

and we were called to work

i pozvani smo da radimo

in the reconstruction of the Constitución,

na rekonstrukciji Konstitusiona,

in the southern part of the country.

u južnom delu zemlje.

We were given 100 days, three months,

Dali su nam 100 dana, tri meseca,

to design almost everything,

da isprojektujemo skoro sve,

from public buildings to public space,

od javnih objekata do javnih prostora,

street grid, transportation, housing,

mreže ulica, prevoza, zgrada

and mainly how to protect the city

i najvažnije, kako zaštititi grad

against future tsunamis.

od budućih cunamija.

This was new in Chilean urban design,

Ovo je novi čileanski urbani dizajn

and there were in the air a couple of alternatives.

i u vazduhu je ostalo nekoliko alternativa.

First one:

Prva:

Forbid installation on ground zero.

zabraniti instalacije na prizemlju.

Thirty million dollars spent mainly

30 miliona dolara potrošenih uglavnom

in land expropriation.

na eksprorpijaciju zemljišta.

This is exactly what's being discussed in Japan nowadays,

Ovo je upravo ono o čemu se priča u Japanu danas

and if you have a disciplined population

i ako imate disciplinovanu populaciju

like the Japanese, this may work,

poput Japanaca, ovo može da funkcioniše,

but we know that in Chile,

ali znamo da će u Čileu,

this land is going to be occupied illegally anyhow,

ova zemlja biti na bilo koji način ilegalno zauzeta

so this alternative was unrealistic and undesirable.

tako da je ova alternativa bila nerealna i nepoželjna.

Second alternative: build a big wall,

Druga alternativa: izgraditi veliki zid,

heavy infrastructure to resist

tešku infrastrukturu da izdrži

the energy of the waves.

energiju talasa.

This alternative was conveniently lobbied

Ovu alternativu su ne baš slučajno lobirale

by big building companies,

velike građevinske kompanije,

because it meant 42 million dollars in contracts,

jer je to značilo 42 miliona dolara u ugovorima,

and was also politically preferred,

a to je bila i politički poželjnija opcija,

because it required no land expropriation.

jer eksprorijacija zemljišta nije bila potrebna.

But Japan proved that trying to resist

Ipak, Japan je dokazao da je pokušavanje odolevanja

the force of nature is useless.

silama prirode uzaludno.

So this alternative was irresponsible.

Stoga je ova alternativa bila neodgovorna.

As in the housing process,

Mi u stambenom procesu,

we had to include the community

morali smo da uključimo zajednicu

in the way of finding a solution for this,

u način traženja rešenja za ovo,

and we started a participatory design process.

i počeli smo proces učesničkog dizajna.

(Video) [In Spanish] Loudspeaker: What kind of city do you want?

(Video) [na španskom] Zvučnik: Kakav grad želite?

Vote for Constitución.

Glasajte za Konstitusion.

Go to the Open House and express your options.

Dođite do Otvorenog doma i izrazite svoje opcije.

Participate!

Učestvujte!

Fisherman: I am a fisherman.

Pecaroš: Ja sam pecaroš.

Twenty-five fishermen work for me.

25 pecaroša radi za mene.

Where should I take them? To the forest?

Gde treba da ih vodim? U šumu?

Man: So why can't we have a concrete defense?

Čovek: Zašto onda ne možemo da imamo betonsku odbranu?

Done well, of course.

Dobro odrađenu, naravno.

Man 2: I am the history of Constitución.

Čovek 2: Ja sam istorija Konstitusiona.

And you come here to tell me that I cannot keep on living here?

I dolazite ovde da mi kažete da ne mogu da nastavim da živim ovde?

My whole family has lived here,

Moja čitava porodica je živela ovde,

I raised my children here,

odgajio sam svoju decu ovde,

and my children will also raise their children here.

i moja deca će takođe odgajiti svoju decu ovde.

and my grandchildren and everyone else will.

I moji unuci i svi ostali.

But why are you imposing this on me?

Zašto mi onda namećete to?

You! You are imposing this on me!

Vi! Vi mi ovo namećete!

In danger zone I am not authorized to build.

U opasnoj zoni nemam pravo da gradim.

He himself is saying that.

On to sebi govori.

Man 3: No, no, no, Nieves...

Čovek br.3: Ne, ne, ne. Nieves...

Alejandro Aravena: I don't know if you were able

Alehandro Aravena: Ne znam da li ste uspeli

to read the subtitles, but you can tell

da pročitate prevod, ali možete da zaključite

from the body language

iz govora tela

that participatory design

da učesnički dizajn

is not a hippie, romantic,

nije hipi, romantična,

let's-all-dream-together-about- the-future-of-the-city

stvar koja okuplja ljude da bi sanjarili

kind of thing.

o budućnosti grada.

It is actually — (Applause)

Zapravo je - (Aplauz)

It is actually not even with the families

Zapravo se ne radi ni o porodicama

trying to find the right answer.

koje pokušavaju da nađu pravi odgovor.

It is mainly trying to identify with precision

Uglavnom se radi o pokušavanju preciznog identifikovanja

what is the right question.

šta je pravo pitanje.

There is nothing worse than answering well

Nema ničeg goreg od dobrog odgovaranja

the wrong question.

na pogrešna pitanja.

So it was pretty obvious after this process

Bilo je prilično očigledno nakon ovog procesa

that, well, we chicken out here

da ćemo se ovde uplašiti

and go away because it's too tense,

i otići jer je previše napeto,

or we go even further in asking,

ili ćemo ići čak dalje u pitanju -

what else is bothering you?

šta vas još muči?

What other problems do you have

Koje ostale probleme imate

and you want us to take care of now that the city

i o kojima želite da se sada pobrinemo da bi grad

will have to be rethought from scratch?

morao da bude isprojektovan iz temelja?

And what they said was,

Ono što su rekli je bilo,

look, fine to protect the city against future tsunamis,

vidite, lepo je što čuvate grad od budućih cunamija,

we really appreciate, but the next one is going to come in, what, 20 years?

zaista cenimo to, ali će sledeći naići tek za oko 20 godina?

But every single year, we have problems

Svake godine, imamo probleme

of flooding due to rain.

poplava zbog kiše.

In addition, we are in the middle

Štaviše, u sred smo

of the forest region of the country,

šumovite regije zemlje,

and our public space sucks.

i naš javni prostor je očajan.

It's poor and it's scarce.

Siromašan je i ograničen.

And the origin of the city, our identity,

A poreklo grada, naš identitet,

is not really connected to the buildings that fell,

nije zapravo povezan sa zgradama koje su pale,

it is connected to the river,

povezan je sa rekom,

but the river cannot be accessed publicly,

ali reci se ne može pristupiti javno,

because its shores are privately owned.

jer su obale pod privatnim vlasništvom.

So we thought that we had to produce a third alternative,

Stoga smo razmišljali da moramo da stvorimo treću alternativu,

and our approach was against geographical threats,

i naš pristup je bio protiv geografskih pretnji,

have geographical answers.

imao je geografski odgovor.

What if, in between the city

Šta ako, između grada

and the sea

i mora

we have a forest,

imamo šumu,

a forest that doesn't try to resist

šumu koja ne pokušava da odoli

the energy of nature,

energiji prirode,

but dissipates it by introducing friction?

već je rasipa uvodeći trenje?

A forest that may be able to laminate the water

Šuma koja može da smanji vodu

and prevent the flooding?

i spreči poplavu?

That may pay the historical debt of public space,

Koja može da plati istorijski dug javnog prostora,

and that may provide, finally,

a potom može da obezbedi, konačno,

democratic access to the river.

demokratski pristup reci.

So as a conclusion of the participatory design,

Kao zaključak učesničkog dizajna,

the alternative was validated politically and socially,

alternativa je bila uvažena politički i socijalno,

but there was still the problem of the cost:

ali je i dalje bio problem troška:

48 million dollars.

48 miliona dolara.

So what we did was a survey

Stoga smo napravili anketu,

in the public investment system,

u javnom investicionom sistemu,

and found out that there were three ministries

i otkrili smo da je tamo bilo tri ministarstva

with three projects in the exact same place,

sa tri projekta u istom mestu,

not knowing of the existence of the other projects.

ne znajući za postojanje drugih projekata.

The sum of them: 52 million dollars.

Njihova suma: 52 miliona dolara.

So design's power of synthesis

Snaga sinteze dizajna

is trying to make a more efficient use

je pokušavanje stvaranja efikasnijeg korišćenja

of the scarcest resource in cities,

najoskudnijih izvora u gradovima,

which is not money but coordination.

što nije novac već koordinacija.

By doing so, we were able to save

Radom na tome, možemo da sačuvamo

four million dollars, and that is why the forest

4 miliona dolara i zato se

is today under construction.

šuma danas izgrađuje.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So be it the force of self construction,

Bez obzira da li je to snaga samoizgrađivanja,

the force of common sense,

snaga zdravog razuma,

or the force of nature, all these forces

ili snaga prirode, sve te snage

need to be translated into form,

treba da budu prevedene u formu,

and what that form is modeling and shaping

i ta forma je modelovanje i oblikovanje

is not cement, bricks, or wood.

a ne cement, cigle ili drvo.

It is life itself.

To je sam život.

Design's power of synthesis

Snaga sinteze dizajna

is just an attempt to put

je samo pokušaj stavljanja

at the innermost core of architecture

u najskrivenije jezgro arhitekture

the force of life.

snagu života.

Thank you so much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)