Alejandro Aravena: My architectural philosophy? Bring the community into the process

Prevoditelj: Marin Holi Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

If there's any power in design,

Ako dizajn ima kakav utjecaj,

that's the power of synthesis.

onda je to moć sinteze.

The more complex the problem,

Što je kompleksniji problem,

the more the need for simplicity.

to je potreba za jednostavnošću veća.

So allow me to share three cases

Zato dopustite da podjelim tri slučaja

where we tried to apply

u kojima smo pokušali primjeniti

design's power of synthesis.

dizajnersku moć sinteze.

Let's start with the global challenge of urbanization.

Počnimo s globalnim izazovom urbanizacije.

It's a fact that people are moving towards cities.

Činjenica je da se ljudi sele u gradove

and even if counterintuitive, it's good news.

i čak iako protiv intuicije, to je dobra vijest.

Evidence shows that people are better off in cities.

Dokazi pokazuju da je ljudima bolje u gradovima.

But there's a problem that I would call

Ali postoji problem kojeg bi nazvao

the "3S" menace:

problem "3S" opasnost:

The scale, speed, and scarcity of means

mjera (scale), brzina (speed) i nedostatak sredstava (scarcity)

with which we will have to respond to this phenomenon

s kojima ćemo morati odgovoriti na taj fenomen

has no precedence in history.

nije zabilježen u povijesti.

For you to have an idea,

Za vas da bi imali ideju,

out of the three billion people living in cities today,

od tri miljarde ljudi koji danas žive u gradovima,

one billion are under the line of poverty.

jedna miljarda su ispod linije siromaštva.

By 2030, out of the five billion people

Do 2030, od pet miljardi ljudi

that will be living in cities,

koji će živjeti u gradovima,

two billion are going to be under the line of poverty.

dvije miljarde će biti ispod linije siromaštva.

That means that we will have to build

To znači da ćemo morati izgraditi

a one million-person city per week

jedan milijunski grad tjedno

with 10,000 dollars per family

s 10,000 dolara po obitelji

during the next 15 years.

sljedećih 15 godina.

A one million-person city per week

Jedno-milijunski grad tjedno

with 10,000 dollars per family.

s 10,000 dolara po obitelji.

If we don't solve this equation,

Ako ne riješimo tu jednadžbu,

it is not that people will stop coming to cities.

nije da će ljudi prestati dolaziti u gradove.

They will come anyhow,

Dolaziti će svejedno,

but they will live in slums, favelas

ali živjeti će u slamovima, favelama

and informal settlements.

i nepropisnim nastambama.

So what to do? Well, an answer may come

Što učiniti? Dakle, odgovor bi mogao doći

from favelas and slums themselves.

iz samih favela i slamova.

A clue could be in this question we were asked

Trag bi mogao biti u pitanju koje nam je bilo postavljeno

10 years ago.

prije 10 godina.

We were asked to accommodate 100 families

Pitali su nas da smjestimo 100 obitelji

that had been occupying illegally

koje su ilegalno nastanjivale

half a hectare in the center

pola hektra u centru

of the city of Iquique in the north of Chile

grada Iquique u sjevernom Čileu

using a $10,000 subsidy

koristeći 10,000 dolara subvencije

with which we had to buy the land,

s kojima smo morali kupiti zemljište,

provide the infrastructure,

pobrinuti se oko infrastrukture,

and build the houses that, in the best of the cases,

i izgraditi kuće koje će, u najboljem slučaju,

would be of around 40 square meters.

biti oko 40 kvadratnih metara.

And by the way, they said,

A usput su nam rekli

the cost of the land,

da je cijena zemljišta,

because it's in the center of the city,

jer je u centru grada,

is three times more

tri puta veća

than what social housing can normally afford.

nego što si socijalno stanovanje može priuštiti.

Due to the difficulty of the question,

Zbog težine pitanja,

we decided to include the families

odlučili smo se da uključimo obitelji

in the process of understanding the constraints,

u proces shvaćanja ograničenja,

and we started a participatory design process,

i počeli smo proces participarnog dizajna,

and testing what was available there in the market.

te testiranja onog što je bilo ponuđeno na tržištu.

Detached houses,

Samostojeće kuće,

30 families could be accommodated.

30 obitelji bi moglo biti smješteno.

Row houses, 60 families.

Kuće u nizu, 60 obitelji.

["100 families"] The only way to accommodate all of them

["100 obitelji"] Jedini način da se svi smjeste

was by building in height,

je bila gradnja u visinu,

and they threatened us

i prijetili su nam

to go on a hunger strike

štrajkom glađu

if we even dared to offer this

ako se usudimo to ponuditi

as a solution,

kao rješenje,

because they could not make the tiny apartments

jer nisu mogli te male stanove

expand.

proširiti.

So the conclusion with the families —

Dakle zaključak s obiteljima --

and this is important, not our conclusion —

i to je važno, ne naš zaključak --

with the families, was that we had a problem.

s obiteljima, je da imamo problem.

We had to innovate.

Morali smo inovirati.

So what did we do?

Što smo učinili?

Well, a middle-class family

Dakle, obitelj srednje klase

lives reasonably well

živi razumno dobro

in around 80 square meters,

u oko 80 kvadratnih metara,

but when there's no money,

ali kad nema novca,

what the market does

što tržište učini

is to reduce the size of the house

je da se veličina kuće smanji

to 40 square meters.

na 40 kvadrata.

What we said was,

Ono što smo mi rekli,

what if,

što ako,

instead of thinking of 40 square meters

umjesto razmišljanja o 40 kvadrata

as a small house,

kao maloj kući,

why don't we consider it

zašto ju ne bi smatrali

half of a good one?

kao pola dobre kuće?

When you rephrase the problem

Kad preformuliramo problem

as half of a good house

kao pola dobre kuće

instead of a small one,

umjesto male kuće,

the key question is, which half do we do?

ključno pitanje je, koju polovicu ćemo izgraditi?

And we thought we had to do with public money

I smatrali smo da moramo učiniti s javnim novcem

the half that families won't be able to do individually.

onu polovicu koju obitelji neće moći napravit individualno.

We identified five design conditions

Odredili smo pet konstrukcijskih uvjeta

that belonged to the hard half of a house,

koji su pripadali teškom dijelu kuće,

and we went back to the families to do two things:

i vratili se obiteljima s dvije stvari:

join forces and split tasks.

ujediniti snage i podjeliti poslove.

Our design was something in between

Naš plan je bio nešto između

a building and a house.

zgrade i kuće.

As a building, it could pay

Kao zgrada, mogla bi pokrit troškove

for expensive, well-located land,

skupog, dobro lociranog zemljišta,

and as a house, it could expand.

a kao kuća, mogla bi se širiti.

If, in the process of not being expelled

Ako, u procesu u kojem neće biti potisnute

to the periphery while getting a house,

na periferiju za vrijeme dobivanja kuće,

families kept their network and their jobs,

obitelji zadrže svoju mrežu i posao,

we knew that the expansion would begin right away.

znali smo da će proširenje početi odmah.

So we went from this initial social housing

Znači, došli smo s inicijalnog socijalnog smještaja

to a middle-class unit achieved by families themselves

na jedinicu srednje klase postignuto samim obiteljima

within a couple of weeks.

unutar nekoliko tjedana.

This was our first project

To je bio naš prvi projekt

in Iquique 10 years ago.

u Iquique prije 10 godina.

This is our last project in Chile.

Ovo je naš zadnji projekt u Čileu.

Different designs, same principle:

Različiti dizjni, isti princip:

You provide the frame,

Pripremite okvir,

and from then on, families take over.

i od tad pa na dalje, preuzmu obitelji.

So the purpose of design,

Svrha dizajna,

trying to understand and trying to give an answer

pokušati razumjeti i dati odgovor

to the "3S" menace,

na "3S" opasnost,

scale, speed, and scarcity,

mjera, brzina, i nedostatak sredstava,

is to channel people's own building capacity.

je kanaliziranje ljudskog vlastitog gradbenog kapaciteta.

We won't solve the one million people per week equation

Nećemo riješiti jedan milijun ljudi tjedno jednadžbu

unless we use people's own power for building.

ako ne iskoristimo vlastitu moć ljudi za izgradnjom.

So, with the right design,

Dakle, s pravilnim dizajnom,

slums and favelas may not be the problem

slamovi i favele možda nisu problem

but actually the only possible solution.

već jedino moguće rješenje.

The second case is how design can contribute

Drugi slučaj je kako dizajn može doprinjeti

to sustainability.

održivosti.

In 2012, we entered the competition

U 2012., uključili smo se u natječaj

for the Angelini Innovation Center,

za Centar Inovativnosti Angelini,

and the aim was to build

i cilj je bio izgraditi

the right environment for knowledge creation.

pogodnu okolinu za stvaranje znanja.

It is accepted that for such an aim,

Prihvaćeno je da za takvu svrhu,

knowledge creation,

stvaranje znanja,

interaction among people, face-to-face contact,

interakcija između ljudi, kontakt lice u lice,

it's important, and we agreed on that.

je važan, i tu smo se složili.

But for us, the question of the right environment

Ali za nas, pitanje odgovarajuće okoline

was a very literal question.

je bilo doslovno pitanje.

We wanted to have a working space

Htjeli smo imati radni prostor

with the right light, with the right temperature,

s odgovarajučom rasvjetom, temperaturom

with the right air.

i odgovarajučim zrakom.

So we asked ourselves:

Pitali smo se:

Does the typical office building

Da li nam tipična poslovna zgrada

help us in that sense?

pomaže u tom smislu?

Well, how does that building look, typically?

Dakle, kako ta zgrada tipično izgleda?

It's a collection of floors,

To je kolekcija katova,

one on top of each other,

jedan na drugome,

with a core in the center

s jezgrom u centru

with elevators, stairs, pipes, wires, everything,

s dizalima, stepenicama, cjevima, žicama, svime,

and then a glass skin on the outside

i onda staklena "koža" izvana

that, due to direct sun radiation,

koja, zbog direktne radijacije sunca,

creates a huge greenhouse effect inside.

stvara ogroman efekt staklenika iznutra.

In addition to that, let's say a guy

Uz to, recimo čovjek

working on the seventh floor

koji radi na sedmom katu

goes every single day through the third floor,

prolazi svaki dan trećim katom,

but has no idea what the guy on that floor

ali nezna što čovjek na tom katu

is working on.

radi.

So we thought, well, maybe we have to turn this scheme

Mislil smo, dakle, možda moramo tu shemu izokrenuti

inside out.

naglavačke.

And what we did was,

I ono što smo učinili je,

let's have an open atrium,

imat ćemo otvoren atrij,

a hollowed core,

šuplju jezgru,

the same collection of floors,

istu kolekciju katova,

but have the walls and the mass in the perimeter,

ali imat ćemo zidove i masu na vanjskom rubu,

so that when the sun hits,

da kada sunce udari,

it's not impacting directly glass, but a wall.

ne utječe direktno na staklo nego na zid.

When you have an open atrium inside,

Kada imate otvoren atrij iznutra,

you are able to see what others are doing

u mogućnosti ste vidjeti što ostali rade

from within the building, and you have

iz unutrašnjosti zgrade, i imate

a better way to control light,

bolji način kontrole svjetlosti,

and when you place the mass and the walls

te kad su zidovi i masa

in the perimeter,

na vanjskom rubu,

then you are preventing direct sun radiation.

tada spriječavate direktnu sunčevu radijaciju.

You may also open those windows

Isto taka možete otvoriti te prozore

and get cross-ventilation.

i dobiti unakrsnu ventilaciju.

We just made those openings

Napravili smo te otvore

of such a scale that they could work

u takvim razmjerima da mogu služiti

as elevated squares,

kao povišeni trgovi,

outdoor spaces throughout

vanjski prostori kroz

the entire height of the building.

cjelu visinu zgrade.

None of this is rocket science.

Ništa od toga nije raketna znanost.

You don't require sophisticated programming.

Ne trebate sofisticirano programiranje.

It's not about technology.

Nije stvar tehnologije.

This is just archaic, primitive common sense,

To je samo arhaičan, primitivan zdrav razum,

and by using common sense,

i koristeći zdrav razum,

we went from 120 kilowatts

stigli smo s 120 kilowatta

per square meter per year,

po metru kvadratnom godišnje,

which is the typical energy consumption

što je tipična potrošnja energije

for cooling a glass tower,

za hlađenje staklenog tornja,

to 40 kilowatts per square meter per year.

na 40 kilowatta po metru kvadratnom godišnje.

So with the right design,

Stoga s odgovarajučim dizajnom,

sustainability is nothing but the rigorous use

održivost je ništa doli rigorozno korištenje

of common sense.

zdravog razuma.

Last case I would like to share is how design

Zadnji slučaj koji bi htio podjeliti je kako dizajn

can provide more comprehensive answers

može dati najopsežnije odgovore

against natural disasters.

protiv prirodnih katastrofa.

You may know that Chile, in 2010,

Znate da je Čile, u 2010,

was hit by an 8.8 Richter scale

bio pogođen s 8.8 po Richterovoj skali jakim

earthquake and tsunami,

potresom i tsunamijem,

and we were called to work

i mi smo bili pozvani da radimo

in the reconstruction of the Constitución,

u rekonstrukciji Constituciona,

in the southern part of the country.

u južnom dijelu zemlje.

We were given 100 days, three months,

Dobili smo 100 dana, tri mjeseca,

to design almost everything,

da napravimo plan za gotovo sve,

from public buildings to public space,

od javnih zgrada do javnog prostora,

street grid, transportation, housing,

cestovnih mreža, prijevoza, stanovanja,

and mainly how to protect the city

i uglavnom kako zaštiti grad

against future tsunamis.

od budućih tsunamija.

This was new in Chilean urban design,

To je bilo novo u čilenskom urabanom planiranju,

and there were in the air a couple of alternatives.

i bilo je u zraku nekoliko alternativa.

First one:

Prva:

Forbid installation on ground zero.

Zabraniti radove na nultoj točki.

Thirty million dollars spent mainly

Trideset milijuna dolara potrošeno pretežno

in land expropriation.

na izvlaštenje zemljišta.

This is exactly what's being discussed in Japan nowadays,

To je točno o čemu se ovih dana raspravlja u Japanu,

and if you have a disciplined population

i ako imate discipliniranu populaciju

like the Japanese, this may work,

kao u Japanu, to može funkcionirati,

but we know that in Chile,

ali znamo da će u Čileu,

this land is going to be occupied illegally anyhow,

ta zemlja svejedno biti okupirana ilegalno,

so this alternative was unrealistic and undesirable.

dakle ta alternativa je bila nerealna i nepoželjna.

Second alternative: build a big wall,

Druga alternativa: izgraditi veliki zid,

heavy infrastructure to resist

teška infrastruktura za opiranje

the energy of the waves.

energije valova.

This alternative was conveniently lobbied

Ova alternativa je bila lobirana od strane

by big building companies,

velikih građevinskih tvrtki,

because it meant 42 million dollars in contracts,

jer je to značilo 42 milijuna dolara ugovora,

and was also politically preferred,

i bila je isto tako politički preferirana,

because it required no land expropriation.

jer nije trebalo izvlašćivanje zemljišta.

But Japan proved that trying to resist

Ali Japan je dokazao da pokušaj opiranja

the force of nature is useless.

snagama prirode je beskoristan.

So this alternative was irresponsible.

Stoga je ova alternativa bila neodgovorna.

As in the housing process,

Kao i kod procesa smještaja,

we had to include the community

morali smo uključiti zajednicu

in the way of finding a solution for this,

u način traženja rješenja za to,

and we started a participatory design process.

i počeli smo proces participarnog dizajniranja.

(Video) [In Spanish] Loudspeaker: What kind of city do you want?

(Video)[Na španjolskom] Razglas: Kakav grad želite?

Vote for Constitución.

Glasajte za Constitucion.

Go to the Open House and express your options.

Idite u Otvorenu Kuću i izrazite svoje mišljenje.

Participate!

Sudjelujte!

Fisherman: I am a fisherman.

Ribar: Ja sam ribar.

Twenty-five fishermen work for me.

Dvadeset pet ribara radi za mene.

Where should I take them? To the forest?

Gdje da ih povedem? U Šumu?

Man: So why can't we have a concrete defense?

Muškarac: Zašto ne možemo imati betonsku zaštitu?

Done well, of course.

Napravljenu kako treba, naravno.

Man 2: I am the history of Constitución.

Muškarac 2: Ja sam povijest Constituciona.

And you come here to tell me that I cannot keep on living here?

I vi ste došli ovdje da bi mi rekli da ne mogu ovdje nastaviti živjeti?

My whole family has lived here,

Moja cjela obitelj je živjela ovdje,

I raised my children here,

ovdje sam odgojio svoju djecu,

and my children will also raise their children here.

i moja djeca će isto tako podići svoju djecu ovdje,

and my grandchildren and everyone else will.

i moji unuci i svi ostali tako.

But why are you imposing this on me?

Zašto to namećete meni?

You! You are imposing this on me!

Vi! Vi to namećete meni!

In danger zone I am not authorized to build.

U opasnoj zoni nisam ovlašten da gradim.

He himself is saying that.

On sam to govori.

Man 3: No, no, no, Nieves...

Muškarac 3: Ne, ne, ne, Nieves...

Alejandro Aravena: I don't know if you were able

Alejandro Aravena: Neznam ako ste mogli

to read the subtitles, but you can tell

pročitati podnaslove, ali možete reći

from the body language

po govoru tijela

that participatory design

da participirajući dizajn

is not a hippie, romantic,

nije hippie, romantična,

let's-all-dream-together-about- the-future-of-the-city

idemo svi sanjati zajedno o budućnosti grada

kind of thing.

vrsta stvari.

It is actually — (Applause)

To je zapravo -- (Pljesak)

It is actually not even with the families

To zapravo nije ni s obiteljima

trying to find the right answer.

pokušaj pronalaženja pravog odgovora.

It is mainly trying to identify with precision

To je uglavnom pokušaj preciznog identificiranja

what is the right question.

pravog pitanja.

There is nothing worse than answering well

Nema ništa gore od dobrog odgovora

the wrong question.

na krivo pitanje.

So it was pretty obvious after this process

Dakle bilo je prilično jasno nakon ovog procesa

that, well, we chicken out here

ili se moramo povući

and go away because it's too tense,

i otići jer je prenapeto,

or we go even further in asking,

ili ići korak dalje i pitati,

what else is bothering you?

što ih još smeta?

What other problems do you have

Koje još probleme imate

and you want us to take care of now that the city

i želite da se srede sad kad će grad

will have to be rethought from scratch?

biti osmišljen ispočetka?

And what they said was,

I ono što su rekli bilo je,

look, fine to protect the city against future tsunamis,

gledajte, dobro je zaštiti grad od budućih tsunamija,

we really appreciate, but the next one is going to come in, what, 20 years?

stvarno smo zahvalni, ali sljedeći će doći za, koliko, 20 godina?

But every single year, we have problems

Ali svake godine, mi imamo problema

of flooding due to rain.

s poplavama zbog kiša.

In addition, we are in the middle

Uz to, mi smo usred

of the forest region of the country,

šumske regije zemlje,

and our public space sucks.

a naši javni prostori su jadni.

It's poor and it's scarce.

Siromašno je i oskudno.

And the origin of the city, our identity,

I porijeklo grada, naš identitet,

is not really connected to the buildings that fell,

nije zapravo povezan sa srušenim zgradama,

it is connected to the river,

povezan je s rijekom,

but the river cannot be accessed publicly,

ali rijeka je javno nedostupna,

because its shores are privately owned.

jer je obala u privatnom vlasništvu

So we thought that we had to produce a third alternative,

Stoga smo razmišljali da moramo stvoriti treću alternativu,

and our approach was against geographical threats,

i naš pristup bio je protiv geografskih prijetnji,

have geographical answers.

imati geografske odgovore.

What if, in between the city

Što ako, između grada

and the sea

i mora

we have a forest,

imamo šumu,

a forest that doesn't try to resist

šumu koja se ne pokušava oduprijeti

the energy of nature,

snazi prirode,

but dissipates it by introducing friction?

već ju troši uvođenjem trenja?

A forest that may be able to laminate the water

Šuma koja bi mogla upijati vodu

and prevent the flooding?

i spriječiti poplave?

That may pay the historical debt of public space,

To bi moglo platiti povijesne dugove javnih prostora,

and that may provide, finally,

i na kraju osigurati

democratic access to the river.

demokratski pristup rijeci.

So as a conclusion of the participatory design,

Dakle kao zaključak participativnom dizajnu,

the alternative was validated politically and socially,

alternativa je bila potvrđena politički i društveno,

but there was still the problem of the cost:

ali bilo je još pitanje cijene:

48 million dollars.

48 milijuna dolara.

So what we did was a survey

Stoga smo učinili pregled

in the public investment system,

u javnom investicijskom sustavu,

and found out that there were three ministries

i pronašli smo da ima tri mistarstva

with three projects in the exact same place,

s tri projekta na točno istoj lokaciji,

not knowing of the existence of the other projects.

ne znajući o postojanju drugog projekta.

The sum of them: 52 million dollars.

Njihov zbroj: 52 milijuna dolara.

So design's power of synthesis

Dakle dizajnerska moć sinteze

is trying to make a more efficient use

je pokušaj da se učini efikasnija uporaba

of the scarcest resource in cities,

deficitarnih sirovina u gradovima,

which is not money but coordination.

koje nisu novac već koordinacija.

By doing so, we were able to save

Radeći tako, uspjeli smo uštedjeti

four million dollars, and that is why the forest

4 milijuna dolara, Ž i zbog toga je šuma

is today under construction.

danas u izgradnji.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So be it the force of self construction,

Dakle bila to snaga vlastite gradnje,

the force of common sense,

snaga zdravog razuma,

or the force of nature, all these forces

ili snaga prirode, sve te snage

need to be translated into form,

trebaju biti prevedene u formu,

and what that form is modeling and shaping

i što ta forma modelira i oblikuje

is not cement, bricks, or wood.

nije cement, cigle, ili drvo.

It is life itself.

To je sam život.

Design's power of synthesis

Dizajnerska moć sinteze

is just an attempt to put

je samo pokušaj da se stavi

at the innermost core of architecture

u nutarnju jezgru arhitekture

the force of life.

snagu samog života.

Thank you so much.

Puno hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)