A few ways to fix a government | Charity Wayua

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Ivana Korom

Growing up in Kenya,

Odrastajući u Keniji,

I knew I always wanted to study biochemistry.

oduvek sam znala da želim da studiram biohemiju.

See, I had seen the impact of the high prevalence of diseases like malaria,

Videla sam kakav uticaj imaju visoko rasprostranjene bolesti poput malarije

and I wanted to make medicines that would cure the sick.

i želela sam da stvorim lek koji bi izlečio obolele.

So I worked really hard,

Stoga sam vredno radila,

got a scholarship to the United States, where I became a cancer researcher,

dobila stipendiju za SAD gde sam počela da istražujem o raku,

and I loved it.

i zavolela to.

For someone who wants to cure diseases,

Za nekog ko želi da leči bolesti,

there is no higher calling.

nema drugog svetog poziva.

Ten years later, I returned to Kenya to do just that.

Posle deset godina sam se vratila u Keniju kako bih upravo to radila.

A freshly minted PhD,

Sa novopečenim doktorskim zvanjem,

ready to take on this horrific illness,

spremna da se suočim sa ovom užasnom bolešću,

which in Kenya was almost certainly a death sentence.

koja je u Keniji skoro sigurno značila smrtnu presudu.

But instead of landing a job in a pharmaceutical company

Ali umesto da dobijem posao u farmaceutskoj kompaniji

or a hospital,

ili bolnici,

I found myself drawn to a different kind of lab,

privukla me je jedna drugačija laboratorija,

working with a different kind of patient --

rad sa drugačijim pacijentom,

a patient whose illness was so serious

pacijentom čija je bolest tako teška

it impacted every single person in my country;

da utiče na svaku osobu u mojoj zemlji,

a patient who needed to get healthy fast.

pacijenta kom je bio potreban brz oporavak.

That patient was my government.

Taj pacijent je bila naša vlada.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

See, many of us will agree that lots of governments are unhealthy today.

Mnogi od nas bi se složili da je mnogo vlada danas nezdravo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And Kenya was no exception.

A Kenija nije bila izuzetak.

When I returned to Kenya in 2014,

Kada sam se vratila u Keniju 2014,

there was 17 percent youth unemployment.

stopa nezaposlenosti među mladima je bila 17%.

And Nairobi, the major business hub,

A Najrobi, glavno poslovno središte

was rated 177th on the quality of living index.

ocenjen je da je 177. na spisku indeksa kvaliteta života.

It was bad.

Bilo je loše.

Now, an economy is only as healthy as the entities that make it up.

Privreda je onoliko zdrava koliko su državna tela koja je sačinjavaju.

So when government --

Tako da kada je vlada,

one of its most vital entities --

kao jedno od najvažnijih tela

is weak or unhealthy,

slaba ili nezdrava,

everyone and everything suffers.

svi i sve pati zbog toga.

Sometimes you might put a Band-Aid in place

Nekad možete da stavite flaster na bolno mesto

to try and temporarily stop the pain.

i pokušate da time privremeno zaustavite bol.

Maybe some of you here have participated

Možda su neki među vama učestvovali

in a Band-Aid operation to an African country --

u operaciji izlečenja neke afričke zemlje -

setting up alternative schools, building hospitals, digging wells --

osnivanja alternativnih škola, izgradnje bolnica, kopanja bunara -

because governments there either weren't or couldn't provide

zbog toga što njihova vlada nije mogla da obezbedi

the services to their citizens.

ove usluge svojim građanima.

We all know this is a temporary solution.

Svi znamo da je ovo samo privremeno rešenje.

There are just some things Band-Aids can't fix,

Postoje stvari koje flasteri ne mogu da srede,

like providing an environment where businesses feel secure

kao što je bezbedno okruženje u kom preduzeća osećaju

that they'll have an equal opportunity

da će imati jednake mogućnosti

to be able to run and start their businesses successfully.

da uspešno pokrenu i vode svoj posao.

Or there are systems in place

Ili da postoje spremni sistemi

that would protect the private property that they create.

koji bi zaštitili privatni posed koji oni stvaraju.

I would argue,

Ja mislim da

only government is capable of creating these necessary conditions

samo vlada može da stvori ove neophodne uslove

for economies to thrive.

kako bi privreda napredovala.

Economies thrive when business are able to quickly and easily set up shop.

Privreda napreduje kada je moguće lako i brzo otvoriti preduzeća.

Business owners create new sources of income for themselves,

Njihovi vlasnici stvaraju novi izvor prihoda za sebe,

new jobs get added into the economy

nova radna mesta za privredu,

and then more taxes are paid to fund public projects.

a onda se plaća više taksi kojim se finansiraju javni projekti.

New business is good for everyone.

Nova preduzeća su dobra za sve.

And it's such an important measure of economic growth,

To je tako značajna mera ekonomskog razvoja

the World Bank has a ranking called the "Ease of Doing Business Ranking,"

da Svetska banka ima skalu pod nazivom "Skala lakoće poslovanja",

which measures how easy or difficult it is to start a business

koja meri koliko je jednostavno ili teško otvoriti preduzeće

in any given country.

u bilo kojoj državi.

And as you can imagine,

Kao što možete da pretpostavite,

starting or running a business in a country with an ailing government --

otvoriti ili voditi biznis u zemlji sa nezdravom vladom

almost impossible.

je skoro nemoguće.

The President of Kenya knew this, which is why in 2014,

Predsednik Kenije je ovo znao, pa je zbog toga 2014. godine

he came to our lab and asked us to partner with him

došao u našu laboratoriju i pitao nas da se udružimo

to be able to help Kenya to jump-start business growth.

kako bismo pomogli Keniji da podstakne razvoj biznisa.

He set an ambitious goal:

Postavio je ambiciozan cilj.

he wanted Kenya to be ranked top 50 in this World Bank ranking.

Želeo je da Kenija bude među prvih 50 na ovoj rang listi Svetske banke.

In 2014 when he came,

Kada je došao 2014,

Kenya was ranked 136 out of 189 countries.

Kenija je bila 136. na listi od 189 zemalja.

We had our work cut out for us.

Čekao nas je težak posao.

Fortunately, he came to the right place.

Srećom, on je došao na pravo mesto.

We're not just a Band-Aid kind of team.

Mi nismo samo tim za privremena rešenja.

We're a group of computer scientists, mathematicians, engineers

Mi smo grupa informatičara, matematičara, inženjera

and a cancer researcher,

sa jednom stručnjakinjom za rak,

who understood that in order to cure the sickness

koji su razumeli da kako bismo izlečili bolest

of a system as big as government,

sistema veličine vlade

we needed to examine the whole body,

moramo da pregledamo čitavo telo,

and then we needed to drill down all the way from the organs,

a onda moramo da bušimo od organa

into the tissues,

kroz tkiva,

all the way to single cells,

sve do pojedinačnih ćelija,

so that we could properly make a diagnosis.

kako bismo mogli da postavimo dijagnozu.

So with our marching orders from the President himself,

Tako smo uz naređenja samog predsednika

we embarked on the purest of the scientific method:

započeli najosnovniji naučni metod

collecting data --

sakupljanja podataka,

all the data we could get our hands on --

svih kojih smo mogli da se dočepamo,

making hypotheses,

onda postavljanja hipoteza

creating solutions,

stvaranja rešenja

one after the other.

jednog za drugim.

So we met with hundreds of individuals who worked at government agencies,

Sreli smo se sa stotinama ljudi koji rade u vladinim ustanovama,

from the tax agency, the lands office, utilities company,

od agencije za takse, katastra, kompanija za komunalije,

the agency that's responsible for registering companies,

privrednog registra,

and with each of them, we observed them as they served customers,

i sa svakim od njih, posmatrali smo ih kako uslužuju mušterije,

we documented their processes -- most of them were manual.

beležili smo njihov proces - koji je većinom bio ručni.

We also just went back and looked at a lot of their previous paperwork

Takođe smo se vratili i pogledali dosta njihove prethodne papirologije

to try and really understand;

da bismo pokušali da razumemo;

to try and diagnose what bodily malfunctions had occurred

da pokušamo da dijagnostikujemo i otkrijemo greške u telu

that lead to that 136th spot on the World Bank list.

koje su dovele do 136. mesta na spisku Svetske banke.

What did we find?

Šta smo otkrili?

Well, in Kenya it was taking 72 days

Pa, u Keniji je bilo potrebno 72 dana

for a business owner to register their property,

da vlasnik kompanije registruje svoje vlasništvo,

compared to just one day in New Zealand,

u poređenju sa jednim danom na Novom Zelandu,

which was ranked second on the World Bank list.

koji je bio drugi na spisku Svetske banke.

It took 158 days to get a new electric connection.

Bilo je potrebno 158 dana da se dobije priključak za struju.

In Korea it took 18 days.

U Koreji je bilo potrebno 18 dana.

If you wanted to get a construction permit

Ako vam je trebala građevinska dozvola

so you could put up a building,

da podignete zgradu,

in Kenya, it was going to take you 125 days.

u Keniji bi vam za to trebalo 125 dana.

In Singapore, which is ranked first, that would only take you 26 days.

U Singapuru, koji je prvi, za to bi vam trebalo 26 dana.

God forbid you had to go to court

Ako kojim slučajem morate na sud

to get help in being able to settle a dispute to enforce a contract,

da biste rešili konflikt i dobili ugovor,

because that process alone would take you 465 days.

samo taj proces trajaće 465 dana.

And if that wasn't bad enough,

Kao da to nije dovoljno,

you would lose 40 percent of your claim in just fees --

izgubili biste 40% sume koju potražujete samo na troškove -

legal fees, enforcement fees, court fees.

pravne troškove, sudske troškove, troškove raznih službi.

Now, I know what you're thinking:

Znam šta sada mislite:

for there to exist such inefficiencies in an African country,

kako bi postojala takva neefikasnost u nekoj afričkoj zemlji,

there must be corruption.

mora da postoji korupcija.

The very cells that run the show must be corrupt to the bone.

Same ćelije koje pokreću sistem mora da su potpuno korumpirane.

I thought so, too, actually.

I ja sam zapravo tako mislila.

When we started out,

Kada smo počeli,

I thought I was going to find so much corruption,

mislila sam da ćemo naći mnogo korupcije,

I was literally going to either die or get killed in the process.

da ću ili umreti ili poginuti u samom procesu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But when we dug deeper,

Ali kada smo krenuli dublje,

we didn't find corruption in the classic sense:

nismo naišli na klasične vidove korupcije:

slimy gangsters lurking in the darkness,

ljigave gangstere koji vrebaju iz tame,

waiting to grease the palms of their friends.

čekajući da podmažu dlanove svojih prijatelja.

What we found was an overwhelming sense of helplessness.

Pronašli smo prožimajući osećaj bespomoći.

Our government was sick,

Naša vlada bila je bolesna,

because government employees felt helpless.

jer su se njeni radnici osećali bespomoćno.

They felt that they were not empowered to drive change.

Osećali su se kao da nemaju moć da pokrenu promene.

And when people feel stuck and helpless,

A kada se ljudi osećaju zaglavljeno i bespomoćno,

they stop seeing their role in a bigger system.

prestaju da vide svoju ulogu u celom sistemu.

They start to think the work they do doesn't matter in driving change.

Počinju da misle da posao koji rade nije bitan za pokretanje promene.

And when that happens,

A kada se to desi,

things slow down,

stvari se uspore,

fall through the cracks

padaju kroz pukotine

and inefficiencies flourish.

i cveta neefikasnost.

Now imagine with me,

Sada zamislite,

if you had a process you had to go through --

da imate proces kroz koji morate proći -

had no other alternative --

nemate alternativu -

and this process was inefficient, complex

a ovaj proces je neefikasan, složen

and very, very slow.

i veoma, veoma spor.

What would you do?

Šta biste uradili?

I think you might start by trying to find somebody to outsource it to,

Mislim da biste počeli nalaženjem nekoga drugog da uradi posao,

so that they can just take care of that for you.

tako da urade to za vas.

If that doesn't work,

Ako to ne radi,

maybe you'd consider paying somebody

možda ćete razmisliti da platite nekog

to just "unofficially" take care of it on your behalf --

da "nezvanično" reši to u vaše ime -

especially if you thought nobody was going to catch you.

naročito ako mislite da vas niko neće uhvatiti.

Not out of malice or greed,

Ne iz zlobe ili pohlepe -

just trying to make sure that you get something to work for you

samo da se postarate da će nešto da funkcioniše

so you can move on.

kako biste nastavili dalje.

Unfortunately, that is the beginning of corruption.

Nažalost, to je početak korupcije.

And if left to thrive and grow,

Ako je ostavite da cveta i raste,

it seeps into the whole system,

ona se širi kroz sistem,

and before you know it,

i za tili čas,

the whole body is sick.

celo telo je bolesno.

Knowing this,

Znajući ovo,

we had to start by making sure

morali smo da počnemo tako što smo se postarali

that every single stakeholder we worked with had a shared vision

da svaki učesnik procesa sa kojim radimo sa nama deli viziju

for what we wanted to do.

o tome šta smo želeli.

So we met with everyone,

Sreli smo se sa svima,

from the clerk whose sole job is to remove staples

od službenika čiji je posao da vadi spajalice

from application packets,

iz hrpa prijava

to the legal drafters at the attorney general's office,

do zaduženih za nacrte zakona u kancelariji javnog tužioca,

to the clerks who are responsible for serving business owners

do službenika zaduženih za rad sa vlasnicima firmi

when they came to access government services.

kada dođu do pristupa vladinim uslugama.

And with them,

Zajedno sa njima,

we made sure that they understood

postarali smo se da razumeju

how their day-to-day actions were impacting our ability as a country

kako su njihove svakodnevne radnje uticale na našu sposobnost kao zemlje

to create new jobs and to attract investments.

da stvaramo nove poslove i privlačimo investicije.

No one's role was too small; everyone's role was vital.

Ničija uloga nije bila premala, svačija uloga bila je bitna.

Now, guess what we started to see?

Pogodite šta smo počeli da vidimo?

A coalition of government employees

Počela je da se stvara

who are excited and ready to drive change,

koalicija vladinih službenika

began to grow and form.

koji su uzbuđeni i spremni da pokreću promene.

And together we started to implement changes

Zajedno smo počeli da primenjujemo promene

that impacted the service delivery of our country.

koje su uticale na pružanje usluga u našoj zemlji.

The result?

Rezultat?

In just two years,

Za samo dve godine,

Kenya's ranking moved from 136 to 92.

Kenija se pomerila sa 136. na 92. mesto na listi.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And in recognition of the significant reforms we've been able to implement

Kako bi priznali značajne reforme koje smo uspeli da primenimo

in such a short time,

za tako kratko vreme,

Kenya was recognized

Kenija je dobila titulu

to be among the top three global reformers in the world

jednog od tri vrhunska reformatora na svetu

two years in a row.

dve godine zaredom.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Are we fully healthy?

Da li smo potpuno zdravi?

No.

Ne.

We have some serious work still to do.

Još ima ozbiljnog posla.

I like to think about these two years like a weight-loss program.

Ove dve godine smatram programom za mršavljenje.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's that time after months of hard, grueling work at the gym,

Kada nakon nekoliko meseci napornog rada u teretani

and then you get your first time to weigh yourself,

prvi put stanete na vagu

and you've lost 20 pounds.

i izgubili ste 10 kilograma.

You're feeling unstoppable.

Osećate se nezaustavljivo.

Now, some of you may think this doesn't apply to you.

Neki od vas možda misle da za vas to ne važi.

You're not from Kenya.

Niste iz Kenije.

You don't intend to be an entrepreneur.

Ne planirate da budete preduzetnik.

But think with me for just a moment.

Ali razmislite na sekund.

When is the last time you accessed a government service?

Kada ste poslednji put dobili neku uslugu od vlade?

Maybe applied for your driver's license,

Možda ste se prijavili za vozačk dozvolu,

tried to do your taxes on your own.

sami pokušali da prijavite porez.

It's easy in this political and global economy

U ovoj političkoj i svetskoj ekonomiji,

to want to give up when we think about transforming government.

lako je želeti da odustanete kad pomislite na transformisanje vlade.

We can easily resign to the fact or to the thinking

Lako možemo da odustanemo kod činjenice ili misli

that government is too inefficient,

da je vlada nedovoljno efikasna,

too corrupt,

previše korumpirana,

unfixable.

nepopravljiva.

We might even rarely get some key government responsibilities

Možda ponekad čak i dobijemo neke ključne vladine odgovornosti

to other sectors,

u drugim sektorima,

to Band-Aid solutions,

rešenja poput flastera,

or to just give up and feel helpless.

ili samo odustanemo i osećamo se bespomoćno.

But just because a system is sick doesn't mean it's dying.

Ali to što je sistem bolestan ne znači i da je na samrti.

We cannot afford to give up

Ne možemo da priuštimo da odustanemo

when it comes to the challenges of fixing our governments.

što se tiče izazova i popravljanja naših vlada.

In the end,

Na kraju,

what really makes a government healthy is when healthy cells --

vladu zdravom čini kad se zdrave ćelije -

that's you and I --

to smo vi i ja -

get to the ground,

spuste na tlo,

roll up our sleeves,

zasuču rukave,

refuse to be helpless

odbiju da budu bespomoćne

and believe that sometimes,

i veruju da ponekad,

all it takes is for us to create some space

sve što je potrebno je da se stvori prostor

for healthy cells to grow and thrive.

da zdrave ćelije rastu i uspeju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)