How Quantum Biology Might Explain Life’s Biggest Questions | Jim Al-Khalili | TED Talks

Prevodilac: Milica Radenkovic Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

I'd like to introduce you to an emerging area of science,

Želeo bih da vas upoznam sa jednim poljem nauke u nastajanju,

one that is still speculative but hugely exciting,

poljem koje je još uvek u domenu nagađanja,

ali koje je veoma uzbudljivo

and certainly one that's growing very rapidly.

i koje se svakako brzo razvija.

Quantum biology asks a very simple question:

Kvantna biologija postavlja veoma jednostavno pitanje:

Does quantum mechanics --

da li kvantna mehanika -

that weird and wonderful and powerful theory

ta čudna i prelepa i moćna teorija

of the subatomic world of atoms and molecules

subatomskog sveta atoma i molekula

that underpins so much of modern physics and chemistry --

koja leži u osnovi moderne fizike i hemije -

also play a role inside the living cell?

takođe igra ulogu u živim ćelijama?

In other words: Are there processes, mechanisms, phenomena

Drugim rečima, da li postoje procesi, mehanizmi, pojave

in living organisms that can only be explained

u živim organizmima koji jedino mogu biti objašnjeni

with a helping hand from quantum mechanics?

uz pomoć kvantne mehanike?

Now, quantum biology isn't new;

Sad, kvantna biologija nije nova;

it's been around since the early 1930s.

postoji od ranih 1930-ih godina.

But it's only in the last decade or so that careful experiments --

Međutim, tek tokom poslednje decenije pažljivi eksperimenti -

in biochemistry labs, using spectroscopy --

u biohemijskim laboratorijama koristeći spektroskopiju -

have shown very clear, firm evidence that there are certain specific mechanisms

pokazali su veoma jasne, čvrste dokaze da postoje određeni specifični mehanizmi

that require quantum mechanics to explain them.

kojima je potrebna kvantna mehanika da ih objasni.

Quantum biology brings together quantum physicists, biochemists,

Kvantna biologija povezuje kvantne fizičare, biohemičare

molecular biologists -- it's a very interdisciplinary field.

molekularne biologe - to je veoma interdisciplinarno polje.

I come from quantum physics, so I'm a nuclear physicist.

Ja se bavim kvantnom fizikom, te sam nuklearni fizičar.

I've spent more than three decades

Proveo sam više od tri decenije

trying to get my head around quantum mechanics.

pokušavajući da razumem kvantnu mehaniku.

One of the founders of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr,

Jedan od osnivača kvantne mehanike, Nils Bor, rekao je:

said, If you're not astonished by it, then you haven't understood it.

„Ako nisi zadivljen njome, onda je ne razumeš."

So I sort of feel happy that I'm still astonished by it.

Tako sam na neki način srećan što sam još uvek zadivljen njome.

That's a good thing.

To je dobra stvar.

But it means I study the very smallest structures in the universe --

To znači da proučavam najmanje strukture u univerzumu -

the building blocks of reality.

ono od čega je sagrađena realnost.

If we think about the scale of size,

Ako razmišljamo o lestvici, veličini,

start with an everyday object like the tennis ball,

počnite od običnog predmeta kao što je teniska loptica

and just go down orders of magnitude in size --

i samo krenite naniže ka manjim veličinama -

from the eye of a needle down to a cell, down to a bacterium, down to an enzyme --

od iglenih ušiju do ćelije, pa do bakterije, pa do enzima -

you eventually reach the nano-world.

na kraju dolazite do nanosveta.

Now, nanotechnology may be a term you've heard of.

Sad, možda ste čuli za nanotehnologiju.

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.

Nanometar je milijarditi deo metra.

My area is the atomic nucleus, which is the tiny dot inside an atom.

Moja oblast je jezgro atoma, koje je malecna tačka unutar atoma.

It's even smaller in scale.

Čak je manja po veličini.

This is the domain of quantum mechanics,

Ovo je oblast kvantne mehanike,

and physicists and chemists have had a long time

a fizičari i hemičari su imali dosta vremena

to try and get used to it.

da pokušaju da se naviknu na nju.

Biologists, on the other hand, have got off lightly, in my view.

Biolozi, na drugoj strani, lako su se izvukli, po mom mišljenju.

They are very happy with their balls-and-sticks models of molecules.

Oni su veoma srećni sa svojim modelima molekula od lopti i štapova.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

The balls are the atoms, the sticks are the bonds between the atoms.

Lopte su atomi, a štapovi su veze između atoma.

And when they can't build them physically in the lab,

Kada ne mogu da ih naprave fizički u svojim laboratorijama,

nowadays, they have very powerful computers

sada imaju veoma moćne kompjutere

that will simulate a huge molecule.

koji će simulirati veliki molekul.

This is a protein made up of 100,000 atoms.

Ovo je protein sastavljen od 100 000 atoma.

It doesn't really require much in the way of quantum mechanics to explain it.

Zapravo i nije potrebna kvantna mehanika da bi bio objašnjen.

Quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s.

Kvantna mehanika je razvijena 1920-ih godina.

It is a set of beautiful and powerful mathematical rules and ideas

Ona je skup prelepih i moćnih matematičkih pravila i ideja

that explain the world of the very small.

koje objašnjavaju tako mali svet.

And it's a world that's very different from our everyday world,

I to je svet koji se veoma razlikuje od našeg svakodnevnog sveta,

made up of trillions of atoms.

sačinjenog od triliona atoma.

It's a world built on probability and chance.

To je svet izgrađen na mogućnosti i slučajnosti.

It's a fuzzy world.

To je nejasan svet.

It's a world of phantoms,

To je svet fantoma

where particles can also behave like spread-out waves.

u kome čestice mogu da se ponašaju kao talas koji se širi.

If we imagine quantum mechanics or quantum physics, then,

Ako zamislimo kvantnu mehaniku ili kvantnu fiziku

as the fundamental foundation of reality itself,

kao fundamentalnu osnovu same realnosti,

then it's not surprising that we say

onda nije iznenađujuće što kažemo

quantum physics underpins organic chemistry.

da je kvantna fizika u osnovi organske hemije.

After all, it gives us the rules that tell us

Ipak nam ona pruža pravila koja nam govore

how the atoms fit together to make organic molecules.

kako se atomi spajaju da bi napravili molekul.

Organic chemistry, scaled up in complexity,

Organska hemija, koja je složenija,

gives us molecular biology, which of course leads to life itself.

daje nam molekularnu biologiju, koja naravno dovodi do samog života.

So in a way, it's sort of not surprising.

Tako, na neki način nije iznenađujuća.

It's almost trivial.

Skoro da je obična.

You say, "Well, of course life ultimately must depend of quantum mechanics."

Kažete: „Pa, naravno, život na kraju mora da zavisi od kvantne mehanike",

But so does everything else.

ali mora i sve ostalo.

So does all inanimate matter, made up of trillions of atoms.

Mora i sva neživa materija napravljena od triliona atoma.

Ultimately, there's a quantum level

Na kraju, postoji kvantni nivo

where we have to delve into this weirdness.

gde moramo da uronimo u ovu čudnovatost,

But in everyday life, we can forget about it.

ali u svakodnevnom životu možemo da zaboravimo na nju

Because once you put together trillions of atoms,

zato što se, kada jednom sastavite trilione atoma,

that quantum weirdness just dissolves away.

ta kvantna čudnovatost prosto rasprši.

Quantum biology isn't about this.

Kvantna biologija nije o tome.

Quantum biology isn't this obvious.

Kvantna biologija nije toliko očigledna.

Of course quantum mechanics underpins life at some molecular level.

Naravno, kvantna mehanika je u osnovi života na molekularnom nivou.

Quantum biology is about looking for the non-trivial --

Kvantna biologija bavi se traženjem netrivijalnog -

the counterintuitive ideas in quantum mechanics --

neočekivanih ideja u kvantnoj mehanici -

and to see if they do, indeed, play an important role

i proverom da li one stvarno igraju bitnu ulogu

in describing the processes of life.

u opisivanju životnih procesa.

Here is my perfect example of the counterintuitiveness

Ovo je moj savršeni primer neočekivanosti kvantnog sveta.

of the quantum world.

This is the quantum skier.

Ovo je kvantni skijaš.

He seems to be intact, he seems to be perfectly healthy,

Izgleda kao da je netaknut, izgleda kao da je savršeno zdrav,

and yet, he seems to have gone around both sides of that tree at the same time.

pa ipak, izgleda kao da je skijao sa obe strane drveta istovremeno.

Well, if you saw tracks like that

Pa, ako biste videli takve tragove

you'd guess it was some sort of stunt, of course.

pretpostavili biste da se radi o nekakvoj akrobaciji, naravno,

But in the quantum world, this happens all the time.

ali u kvantnom svetu ovo se stalno dešava.

Particles can multitask, they can be in two places at once.

Čestice mogu da multitaskuju, mogu da budu na dva mesta istovremeno.

They can do more than one thing at the same time.

One mogu da rade više od jedne stvari istovremeno.

Particles can behave like spread-out waves.

Čestice mogu da se ponašaju kao talasi koji se šire.

It's almost like magic.

To je skoro kao magija.

Physicists and chemists have had nearly a century

Skoro vek fizičari i hemičari

of trying to get used to this weirdness.

pokušavali su da se naviknu na ovu čudnovatost.

I don't blame the biologists

Ne krivim biologe

for not having to or wanting to learn quantum mechanics.

što nisu morali ili želeli da nauče kvantnu mehaniku.

You see, this weirdness is very delicate;

Vidite, ova čudnovatost veoma je delikatna,

and we physicists work very hard to maintain it in our labs.

a mi, fizičari, radimo veoma naporno da bismo je održali

u svojim laboratorijama.

We cool our system down to near absolute zero,

Hladimo naš sistem skoro do apsolutne nule,

we carry out our experiments in vacuums,

vršimo eksperimente u vakuumima

we try and isolate it from any external disturbance.

i pokušavamo da je izolujemo od bilo kakvih spoljašnjih smetnji.

That's very different from the warm, messy, noisy environment of a living cell.

To se veoma razlikuje od toplog, zbrkanog, bučnog ambijenta žive ćelije.

Biology itself, if you think of molecular biology,

Biologija sama po sebi, ako mislite na molekularnu biologiju,

seems to have done very well in describing all the processes of life

čini se da je dosta dobro opisala sve životne procese

in terms of chemistry -- chemical reactions.

u kontekstu hemije - hemijskih reakcija

And these are reductionist, deterministic chemical reactions,

i ovu su redukcionističke, determinističke hemijske reakcije,

showing that, essentially, life is made of the same stuff as everything else,

koje pokazuju da je u suštini život sačinjen od istih stvari kao i sve ostalo

and if we can forget about quantum mechanics in the macro world,

i ako možemo da zaboravimo na kvantnu mehaniku u makrosvetu,

then we should be able to forget about it in biology, as well.

onda bi trebalo da možemo da zaboravimo na nju u biologiji takođe.

Well, one man begged to differ with this idea.

Pa, jedan čovek se nije slagao sa ovom idejom.

Erwin Schrödinger, of Schrödinger's Cat fame,

Ervin Šredinger, iz poznate Šredingerove mačke,

was an Austrian physicist.

bio je austrijski fizičar.

He was one of the founders of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.

Bio je jedan od osnivača kvantne mehanike 1920-ih.

In 1944, he wrote a book called "What is Life?"

Godine 1944. napisao je knjigu „Šta je život?”.

It was tremendously influential.

Bila je neverovatno uticajna.

It influenced Francis Crick and James Watson,

Uticala je na Fransisa Krika i Džejmsa Votsona,

the discoverers of the double-helix structure of DNA.

koji su otkrili dvostruko spiralnu strukturu DNK.

To paraphrase a description in the book, he says:

Da parafraziram opis u knjizi,

on kaže da na molekularnom nivou, živi organizmi imaju određeni red,

At the molecular level, living organisms have a certain order,

a structure to them that's very different

strukturu koja je veoma različita

from the random thermodynamic jostling of atoms and molecules

od nasumičnog termodinamičnog guranja između atoma i molekula

in inanimate matter of the same complexity.

u neživoj materiji iste složenosti.

In fact, living matter seems to behave in this order, in a structure,

Zapravo, čini se da se živa materija ponaša u ovom redu, strukturi,

just like inanimate matter cooled down to near absolute zero,

kao neživa materija koja je ohlađena do skoro apsolutne nule,

where quantum effects play a very important role.

gde kvantni efekti igraju veoma bitnu ulogu.

There's something special about the structure -- the order --

Postoji nešto posebno u vezi sa ovom strukturom - redom -

inside a living cell.

u živoj ćeliji,

So, Schrödinger speculated that maybe quantum mechanics plays a role in life.

te je Šredinger spekulisao da možda kvantna mehanika igra neku ulogu u životu.

It's a very speculative, far-reaching idea,

To je veoma spekulativna, raširena ideja

and it didn't really go very far.

i nije zapravo daleko odmakla.

But as I mentioned at the start,

Međutim, kao što sam pomenuo na početku,

in the last 10 years, there have been experiments emerging,

u poslednjih 10 godina pojavljuju se eksperimenti

showing where some of these certain phenomena in biology

koji pokazuju da određene pojave u biologiji

do seem to require quantum mechanics.

izgleda zahtevaju kvantnu mehaniku.

I want to share with you just a few of the exciting ones.

Želim da podelim sa vama samo nekoliko uzbudljivih.

This is one of the best-known phenomena in the quantum world,

Ovo je jedna od najpoznatijih pojava u kvantnom svetu,

quantum tunneling.

kvantno tunelovanje.

The box on the left shows the wavelike, spread-out distribution

Kutija levo pokazuje talasastu, šireću distribuciju

of a quantum entity -- a particle, like an electron,

kvantnog entiteta - čestice poput elektrona,

which is not a little ball bouncing off a wall.

koji nije loptica koja odskače od zida.

It's a wave that has a certain probability of being able to permeate

To je talas za koji postoji određena verovatnoća

da može da prodre kroz čvrsti zid

through a solid wall, like a phantom leaping through to the other side.

kao fantom koji iskače na drugoj strani.

You can see a faint smudge of light in the right-hand box.

Možete videti bledu svetlosnu mrlju u kutiji na desnoj strani.

Quantum tunneling suggests that a particle can hit an impenetrable barrier,

Kvantno tunelovanje sugeriše da čestica može udariti u neprobojnu prepreku

and yet somehow, as though by magic,

i ipak nekako, kao magijom,

disappear from one side and reappear on the other.

iščeznuti na jednoj strani i pojaviti se na drugoj.

The nicest way of explaining it is if you want to throw a ball over a wall,

Najbolji način da se to objasni je ako hoćete da bacite loptu preko zida,

you have to give it enough energy to get over the top of the wall.

morate da joj date dovoljno energije da pređe preko vrha zida.

In the quantum world, you don't have to throw it over the wall,

U kvantnom svetu ne morate da je bacate preko zida;

you can throw it at the wall, and there's a certain non-zero probability

možete da je bacite ka zidu

i postoji određena verovatnoća veća od nule

that it'll disappear on your side, and reappear on the other.

da će nestati s vaše strane i pojaviti se na suprotnoj strani.

This isn't speculation, by the way.

Ovo inače nije spekulacija.

We're happy -- well, "happy" is not the right word --

Mi smo srećni - pa, „srećni” i nije prava reč -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

we are familiar with this.

mi smo upoznati sa ovim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Quantum tunneling takes place all the time;

Kvantno tunelovanje se dešava stalno;

in fact, it's the reason our Sun shines.

zapravo, ono je razlog što Sunce sija.

The particles fuse together,

Čestice se združuju

and the Sun turns hydrogen into helium through quantum tunneling.

i Sunce pretvara vodonik u helijum preko kvantnog tunelovanja.

Back in the 70s and 80s, it was discovered that quantum tunneling also takes place

Tokom '70-ih i '80-ih otkriveno je da se kvantno tunelovanje takođe dešava

inside living cells.

unutar živih ćelija.

Enzymes, those workhorses of life, the catalysts of chemical reactions --

Enzimi, ovi pokretači života, katalizatori hemijskih reakcija -

enzymes are biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions in living cells,

enzimi su biomolekuli koji ubrzavaju hemijske reakcije u živim ćelijama

by many, many orders of magnitude.

mnogo, mnogo desetina puta

And it's always been a mystery how they do this.

i uvek je bila misterija kako ovo čine.

Well, it was discovered

Pa, otkriveno je

that one of the tricks that enzymes have evolved to make use of,

da jedan od trikova koji enzimi koriste pošto su evoluirali

is by transferring subatomic particles, like electrons and indeed protons,

jeste transfer subatomskih čestica poput elektrona i protona

from one part of a molecule to another via quantum tunneling.

sa jednog kraja molekula na drugi, putem kvantnog tunelovanja.

It's efficient, it's fast, it can disappear --

To je efikasno, brzo, može nestati -

a proton can disappear from one place, and reappear on the other.

proton može nestati s jednog mesta i pojaviti se na drugom mestu.

Enzymes help this take place.

Enzimi pomažu da se ovo desi.

This is research that's been carried out back in the 80s,

Ovo je istraživanje koje je vršeno '80-ih

particularly by a group in Berkeley, Judith Klinman.

posebno od strane grupe na Berkliju, Džudit Klinman.

Other groups in the UK have now also confirmed

Druge grupe u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu takođe su sad potvrdile

that enzymes really do this.

da enzimi stvarno ovo rade.

Research carried out by my group --

Istraživanje koje je sprovela moja grupa -

so as I mentioned, I'm a nuclear physicist,

kao što sam pomenuo, ja sam nuklearni fizičar,

but I've realized I've got these tools of using quantum mechanics

ali sam shvatio da posedujem alate za upotrebu kvantne mehanike

in atomic nuclei, and so can apply those tools in other areas as well.

u atomskom jezgru i zato mogu da primenim te alate takođe u drugim oblastima.

One question we asked

Jedno pitanje koje smo postavili

is whether quantum tunneling plays a role in mutations in DNA.

jeste da li kvantno tunelovanje igra ulogu u mutaciji DNK.

Again, this is not a new idea; it goes all the way back to the early 60s.

Opet, ovo nije nova ideja; postoji od ranih '60-ih.

The two strands of DNA, the double-helix structure,

Dve niti DNK, dvospiralna struktura,

are held together by rungs; it's like a twisted ladder.

spojene su prečagama, kao uvrnute merdevine

And those rungs of the ladder are hydrogen bonds --

i te prečage merdevina jesu vodonične veze -

protons, that act as the glue between the two strands.

protoni koji se ponašaju kao lepak između dve niti.

So if you zoom in, what they're doing is holding these large molecules --

Dakle, ako uveličate, oni drže te velike molekule -

nucleotides -- together.

nukleotide - zajedno.

Zoom in a bit more.

Uveličajte još malo.

So, this a computer simulation.

Dakle, ovo je kompjuterska simulacija.

The two white balls in the middle are protons,

Dve bele lopte u sredini su protoni

and you can see that it's a double hydrogen bond.

i možete videti da je to dupla vodonična veza.

One prefers to sit on one side; the other, on the other side

Jedan više voli da sedi na jednoj strani, drugi na drugoj strani dveju niti,

of the two strands of the vertical lines going down, which you can't see.

na dve vertikalne linije koje se spuštaju nadole

koje ne možete videti.

It can happen that these two protons can hop over.

Može se desiti da ova dva protona mogu da preskoče preko.

Watch the two white balls.

Gledajte ove dve bele lopte.

They can jump over to the other side.

Mogu da preskoče na drugu stranu.

If the two strands of DNA then separate, leading to the process of replication,

Ako se dve niti DNK razdvoje dovodeći do procesa replikacije,

and the two protons are in the wrong positions,

a dva protona su na pogrešnim mestima,

this can lead to a mutation.

ovo može da dovede do mutacije.

This has been known for half a century.

Ovo je poznato poslednjih 50 godina.

The question is: How likely are they to do that,

Pitanje je - koliko je verovatno da oni to učine

and if they do, how do they do it?

i, ako učine, kako to rade?

Do they jump across, like the ball going over the wall?

Da li preskaču kao lopta koja ide preko zida

Or can they quantum-tunnel across, even if they don't have enough energy?

ili prelaze preko putem kvantnog tunelovanja,

čak i ako nemaju dovoljno energije?

Early indications suggest that quantum tunneling can play a role here.

Početne naznake sugerišu da kvantno tunelovanje ovde igra ulogu.

We still don't know yet how important it is;

Još uvek ne znamo koliko je bitno;

this is still an open question.

to je još uvek otvoreno pitanje.

It's speculative,

U domenu je nagađanja,

but it's one of those questions that is so important

ali je jedno od onih pitanja koje je toliko bitno,

that if quantum mechanics plays a role in mutations,

ako kvantna mehanika igra ulogu u mutacijama,

surely this must have big implications,

svakako ovo mora imati bitne implikacije

to understand certain types of mutations,

za razumevanje određenih tipova mutacija,

possibly even those that lead to turning a cell cancerous.

moguće čak i onih koji dovode do pretvaranja ćelija u kancerogene.

Another example of quantum mechanics in biology is quantum coherence,

Drugi primer kvantne mehanike u biologiji je kvantna koherencij

in one of the most important processes in biology,

u jednom od najvažnijih procesa u biologiji, fotosintezi -

photosynthesis: plants and bacteria taking sunlight,

biljke i bakterije uzimaju Sunčevu svetlost

and using that energy to create biomass.

i koriste tu energiju za stvaranje biomase.

Quantum coherence is the idea of quantum entities multitasking.

Kvantna koherencija je ideja da kvantni entiteti rade

više poslova istovremeno.

It's the quantum skier.

To je kvantni skijaš.

It's an object that behaves like a wave,

To je objekat koji se ponaša kao talas,

so that it doesn't just move in one direction or the other,

tako da se ne kreće samo u jednom ili drugom pravcu,

but can follow multiple pathways at the same time.

već može da prati više putanja istovremeno.

Some years ago, the world of science was shocked

Pre nekoliko godina svet nauke je bio šokiran

when a paper was published showing experimental evidence

kada je objavljen rad koji pokazuje eksperimentalne dokaze

that quantum coherence takes place inside bacteria,

da se kvantna koherencija odigrava unutar bakterija,

carrying out photosynthesis.

vršeći fotosintezu.

The idea is that the photon, the particle of light, the sunlight,

Ideja je da foton, čestica svetlosti, Sunčeve svetlosti,

the quantum of light captured by a chlorophyll molecule,

kvantum svetlosti koga je uhvatio molekul hlorofila

is then delivered to what's called the reaction center,

biva predat onome što se zove reakcioni centar,

where it can be turned into chemical energy.

gde može biti pretvoren u hemijsku energiju.

And in getting there, it doesn't just follow one route;

I dolazeći tamo, ne prati samo jednu putanju;

it follows multiple pathways at once,

prati više putanja istovremeno

to optimize the most efficient way of reaching the reaction center

da bi na najefikasniji način stigao do reakcionog centra

without dissipating as waste heat.

bez da nestane kao toplota koja je nus-proizvod.

Quantum coherence taking place inside a living cell.

Kvantna koherencija se dešava unutar živih ćelija.

A remarkable idea,

Izuzetna ideja,

and yet evidence is growing almost weekly, with new papers coming out,

pa ipak dokazi narastaju skoro nedeljno sa novim radovima koji se pojavljuju,

confirming that this does indeed take place.

potvrđujući da se ovo zaista odigrava.

My third and final example is the most beautiful, wonderful idea.

Moj treći i poslednji primer jeste najlepša, najdivnija ideja.

It's also still very speculative, but I have to share it with you.

Takođe je još uvek u domenu nagađanja, ali moram da je podelim sa vama.

The European robin migrates from Scandinavia

Evropski crvendaći migriraju

iz Skandinavije do Mediterana svake jeseni

down to the Mediterranean, every autumn,

and like a lot of other marine animals and even insects,

i kao dosta drugih morskih životinja, čak i insekata

they navigate by sensing the Earth's magnetic field.

nalaze put osećajući Zemljino magnetno polje.

Now, the Earth's magnetic field is very, very weak;

Sad, Zemljino magnetno polje je veoma, veoma slabo;

it's 100 times weaker than a fridge magnet,

ono je sto puta slabije od magneta frižidera,

and yet it affects the chemistry -- somehow -- within a living organism.

pa ipak utiče na hemiju - nekako - unutar živih organizama.

That's not in doubt -- a German couple of ornithologists,

Ovo ne podleže sumnji - nemački par orintologa,

Wolfgang and Roswitha Wiltschko, in the 1970s, confirmed that indeed,

Volfgan i Rosvita Vilčko, 1970-ih potvrdili su

the robin does find its way by somehow sensing the Earth's magnetic field,

da crvendać zaista nalazi svoj put osećajući nekako Zemljino magnetno polje

to give it directional information -- a built-in compass.

koje pruža informacije o pravcu, ugrađeni kompas.

The puzzle, the mystery was: How does it do it?

Zagonetka, misterija je - kako to radi?

Well, the only theory in town --

Pa, jedina postojeća teorija -

we don't know if it's the correct theory, but the only theory in town --

ne znamo da li je ispravna, ali je jedina postojeća teorija -

is that it does it via something called quantum entanglement.

jeste da to čini putem nečega što se zove kvantno uplitanje.

Inside the robin's retina --

Unutar crvendaćeve mrežnjače -

I kid you not -- inside the robin's retina is a protein called cryptochrome,

ne šalim se - u crvendaćevoj mrežnjači je protein nazvan kriptohrom,

which is light-sensitive.

koji je osetljiv na svetlost.

Within cryptochrome, a pair of electrons are quantum-entangled.

Sa kriptohromom par elektrona je kvantno isprepletan.

Now, quantum entanglement is when two particles are far apart,

Sad, kvantno uplitanje je kada su dve čestice razdvojene,

and yet somehow remain in contact with each other.

a ipak nekako ostaju u kontaktu jedna sa drugom.

Even Einstein hated this idea;

Čak je i Anštajn mrzeo ovu ideju;

he called it "spooky action at a distance."

nazvao ju je „sablasna radnja na distanci.”

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So if Einstein doesn't like it, then we can all be uncomfortable with it.

Dakle, ako je Anštajn ne voli, onda kod svih nas može stvarati nelagodu.

Two quantum-entangled electrons within a single molecule

Dva kvantno isprepletana elektrona unutar jednog molekula

dance a delicate dance

plešu delikatnim plesom

that is very sensitive to the direction the bird flies

koji je osetljiv na pravac kojim ptice lete

in the Earth's magnetic field.

u Zemljinom magnetnom polju.

We don't know if it's the correct explanation,

Ne znamo da li je ovo ispravno objašnjenje,

but wow, wouldn't it be exciting if quantum mechanics helps birds navigate?

ali opa, zar ne bi bilo uzbudljivo kada bi kvantna mehanika

pomagala pticama da nađu put?

Quantum biology is still in it infancy.

Kvantna biologija je još uvek u fazi razvoja.

It's still speculative.

Još uvek je u domenu nagađanja,

But I believe it's built on solid science.

ali verujem da je izgrađena na jakoj nauci.

I also think that in the coming decade or so,

Takođe mislim da ćemo u decenijama koje dolaze

we're going to start to see that actually, it pervades life --

početi da uviđamo da zapravo prožima život -

that life has evolved tricks that utilize the quantum world.

da život ima razvijene trikove koji koriste kvantni svet.

Watch this space.

Posmatrajte ovaj prostor.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)