How Quantum Biology Might Explain Life’s Biggest Questions | Jim Al-Khalili | TED Talks
1,067,676 views ・ 2015-09-16
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翻译人员: Claire Yeh
校对人员: Jianan(Tiana) Zhao
00:13
I'd like to introduce you
to an emerging area of science,
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我想给大家介绍一个新兴的科学领域,
00:17
one that is still speculative
but hugely exciting,
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这个领域还处在理论阶段,但也很激动人心,
00:21
and certainly one
that's growing very rapidly.
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当然目前发展也很迅猛。
00:25
Quantum biology
asks a very simple question:
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量子生物学提出了一个非常简单的问题:
00:29
Does quantum mechanics --
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量子力学——
00:30
that weird and wonderful
and powerful theory
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这是个关于原子和分子的亚原子世界理论,
00:34
of the subatomic world
of atoms and molecules
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一个既神秘又奇妙还很强大的理论,
00:36
that underpins so much
of modern physics and chemistry --
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也是支撑着现代物理学和化学的理论——
00:40
also play a role inside the living cell?
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那它是否也在活体细胞里起着重要作用呢?
00:43
In other words: Are there processes,
mechanisms, phenomena
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换句话说:在生物体当中,
00:47
in living organisms
that can only be explained
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是否有一些过程、生理反应、现象,
00:51
with a helping hand
from quantum mechanics?
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是只能借助量子力学来解释的呢?
00:55
Now, quantum biology isn't new;
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其实量子生物学也不算新学科;
00:57
it's been around since the early 1930s.
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它的历史可追溯至20世纪30年代。
00:59
But it's only in the last decade or so
that careful experiments --
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但是直到十年前左右,才有了周密的实验——
01:03
in biochemistry labs,
using spectroscopy --
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就是在生化实验室,利用光谱仪来做的实验——
01:07
have shown very clear, firm evidence
that there are certain specific mechanisms
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结果给出了非常明确有力的证据,说明确实有某些生理反应
01:14
that require quantum mechanics
to explain them.
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需要通过量子力学来解释。
01:17
Quantum biology brings together
quantum physicists, biochemists,
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量子生物学集合了物理学家、生化学家
01:21
molecular biologists --
it's a very interdisciplinary field.
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和分子生物学家——是一个极其跨学科的领域。
01:24
I come from quantum physics,
so I'm a nuclear physicist.
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我来自量子物理学领域,是个核物理学家。
01:28
I've spent more than three decades
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我花了三十多年的时间
01:30
trying to get my head
around quantum mechanics.
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来试图理解量子力学。
01:33
One of the founders
of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr,
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Niels Bohr,量子力学之父之一,
01:36
said, If you're not astonished by it,
then you haven't understood it.
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说过,谁要是第一次听到量子理论时没有感到震惊,那他一定没听懂。
01:40
So I sort of feel happy
that I'm still astonished by it.
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我还蛮庆幸自己现在还挺震惊的。
01:43
That's a good thing.
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这是个好事。
01:44
But it means I study the very
smallest structures in the universe --
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这是个好但这也说明我研究的只是这个宇宙最小的结构,
01:51
the building blocks of reality.
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这个建立现实世界的一砖一瓦。
01:53
If we think about the scale of size,
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要想知道这个结构的大小,
01:57
start with an everyday object
like the tennis ball,
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那么我们从网球这种日常物品开始吧,
02:00
and just go down orders
of magnitude in size --
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然后将物体按大小将序排列——
02:03
from the eye of a needle down to a cell,
down to a bacterium, down to an enzyme --
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从针眼,到细胞,到细菌,再到酶——
02:08
you eventually reach the nano-world.
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最后才到纳米世界。
02:09
Now, nanotechnology may be
a term you've heard of.
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你们也许都听过纳米技术这个词。
02:12
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
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一纳米就是十亿分之一米。
02:16
My area is the atomic nucleus,
which is the tiny dot inside an atom.
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我的研究领域是原子核,也就是原子当中的那小个点。
02:20
It's even smaller in scale.
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它体积比这更小。
02:22
This is the domain of quantum mechanics,
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这就是量子力学的领域,
02:24
and physicists and chemists
have had a long time
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而物理学家和化学家花了很长的时间
02:27
to try and get used to it.
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来努力适应这个领域。
02:29
Biologists, on the other hand,
have got off lightly, in my view.
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而生物学家,在我看来,很轻松就避开了它。
02:34
They are very happy with their
balls-and-sticks models of molecules.
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他们很满足于这些分子球棍模型。
02:38
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:39
The balls are the atoms, the sticks
are the bonds between the atoms.
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这球指的是原子,棍负责把原子连在一起。
02:42
And when they can't build them
physically in the lab,
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如果在实验室里无法建立起实体的分子模型,
02:45
nowadays, they have
very powerful computers
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现在,他们也可以用强大的电脑
02:47
that will simulate a huge molecule.
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来建立模拟的巨大分子模型。
02:49
This is a protein made up
of 100,000 atoms.
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这个蛋白质由100,000个原子组成。
02:54
It doesn't really require much in the way
of quantum mechanics to explain it.
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这不怎么需要量子力学来解释。
02:59
Quantum mechanics
was developed in the 1920s.
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量子力学从上世纪20年代开始发展。
03:02
It is a set of beautiful and powerful
mathematical rules and ideas
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这是一套美丽而又强大的数学法则和理念,
03:09
that explain the world of the very small.
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帮人们理解这个世界最小的结构。
03:12
And it's a world that's very different
from our everyday world,
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这是个和我们日常生活很不一样的世界,
03:15
made up of trillions of atoms.
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它由数万亿个原子组成。
03:17
It's a world built
on probability and chance.
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这是个建立在机率和概率之上的世界。
03:21
It's a fuzzy world.
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是个模糊的世界。
03:23
It's a world of phantoms,
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是个幽灵的世界,
03:24
where particles can also behave
like spread-out waves.
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在这里,粒子们也可表现出散开的波状形态。
03:30
If we imagine quantum mechanics
or quantum physics, then,
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如果我们把量子力学或量子物理学想象成
03:33
as the fundamental
foundation of reality itself,
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现实世界的最根本基础,那么,
03:38
then it's not surprising that we say
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量子物理学支撑了有机化学,
03:40
quantum physics underpins
organic chemistry.
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这种说法就不足为奇了。
03:42
After all, it gives us
the rules that tell us
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毕竟,它有一套原则,
03:44
how the atoms fit together
to make organic molecules.
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解释了原子如何组合在一起,从而建立起一个有机分子。
03:47
Organic chemistry,
scaled up in complexity,
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有机化学,随着复杂度的增加,
03:50
gives us molecular biology,
which of course leads to life itself.
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又建立了分子生物学,而它又将我们带入生命科学。
03:54
So in a way, it's sort of not surprising.
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所以,从某个角度来说,这不足为奇。
03:56
It's almost trivial.
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这算是鸡毛蒜皮了。
03:57
You say, "Well, of course life ultimately
must depend of quantum mechanics."
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你会说,“嗯,生命当然最终要靠量子力学来解释。”
04:02
But so does everything else.
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但此外的一切也都是如此。
04:04
So does all inanimate matter,
made up of trillions of atoms.
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所有无机物,也都是由数万亿个原子组成的。
04:08
Ultimately, there's a quantum level
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最后,我们得在量子的层面上
04:13
where we have to delve into
this weirdness.
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来探究这领域的神秘之处。
04:15
But in everyday life,
we can forget about it.
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但在日常生活中,我们会忘记它的神秘感。
04:18
Because once you put together
trillions of atoms,
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因为,当数万亿个原子聚集在一起时,
04:21
that quantum weirdness
just dissolves away.
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量子的神秘感就消失了。
04:27
Quantum biology isn't about this.
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量子生物学说的不是这个。
04:29
Quantum biology isn't this obvious.
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量子生物学没这么浅显。
04:32
Of course quantum mechanics
underpins life at some molecular level.
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当然,量子力学在分子水平上支撑着生命。
04:37
Quantum biology is about looking
for the non-trivial --
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量子生物学旨在寻找重要的东西——
04:43
the counterintuitive ideas
in quantum mechanics --
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量子力学当中的反直觉观念——
04:47
and to see if they do, indeed,
play an important role
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然后了解它们是否会在
04:50
in describing the processes of life.
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描述生命进程中起到重要的作用。
04:54
Here is my perfect example
of the counterintuitiveness
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我有一个完美的例子来解释
04:59
of the quantum world.
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量子世界的反直觉观念。
05:01
This is the quantum skier.
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这是个量子滑雪者。
05:02
He seems to be intact,
he seems to be perfectly healthy,
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他看起来很完整,看起来很健康,
05:05
and yet, he seems to have gone around
both sides of that tree at the same time.
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但是,他也好像同时穿过了那棵树的两边。
05:09
Well, if you saw tracks like that
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嗯,当然,如果你看到这样的滑雪轨迹,
05:11
you'd guess it was some
sort of stunt, of course.
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你可能会觉得这是某种特技。
05:13
But in the quantum world,
this happens all the time.
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但在量子世界里,这无时不刻都会发生。
05:16
Particles can multitask,
they can be in two places at once.
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粒子是可以进行多任务处理的,它们可以同时出现在两个地方。
05:19
They can do more than one thing
at the same time.
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它们在同一时间能执行多项任务。
05:22
Particles can behave
like spread-out waves.
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它们好像散开的涟漪一样。
05:25
It's almost like magic.
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就好比魔术。
05:27
Physicists and chemists have had
nearly a century
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物理学家和化学家用了近一个世纪
05:30
of trying to get used to this weirdness.
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来适应这种神秘之物。
05:33
I don't blame the biologists
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我也不怪生物学家
05:34
for not having to or wanting
to learn quantum mechanics.
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不用或不想学习量子力学。
05:37
You see, this weirdness is very delicate;
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你们看,这种神秘是很微妙的;
05:40
and we physicists work very hard
to maintain it in our labs.
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我们物理学家在实验室里下了很大功夫来稳定它。
05:45
We cool our system down
to near absolute zero,
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我们把我们的系统冷却到接近绝对零度,
05:49
we carry out our experiments in vacuums,
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在真空中进行我们的实验,
05:51
we try and isolate it
from any external disturbance.
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我们努力将其从任何外界干扰中分离出来。
05:55
That's very different from the warm,
messy, noisy environment of a living cell.
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那和活体细胞里温暖、凌乱又嘈杂的环境大相径庭。
06:01
Biology itself, if you think of
molecular biology,
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生物学,就分子生物学而言
06:04
seems to have done very well
in describing all the processes of life
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,它似乎在化学——化学反应方面
06:08
in terms of chemistry --
chemical reactions.
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非常好地阐释了所有的生命进程。
06:10
And these are reductionist,
deterministic chemical reactions,
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而这都是还原论、确定性的化学反应,
06:15
showing that, essentially, life is made
of the same stuff as everything else,
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它们显示,生命的成分说到底和其他事物一样,
06:20
and if we can forget about quantum
mechanics in the macro world,
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而且我们要是可以在宏观世界里忘掉量子力学,
06:23
then we should be able to forget
about it in biology, as well.
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那我们也可以在生物学中忘掉它。
06:27
Well, one man begged
to differ with this idea.
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然而,有个人不同意这个观点。
06:32
Erwin Schrödinger,
of Schrödinger's Cat fame,
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那就是埃尔温·薛定谔,他有个著名的薛定谔猫实验,
06:35
was an Austrian physicist.
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是个奥地利物理学家。
06:36
He was one of the founders
of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.
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他是20世纪20年代量子力学创始人之一。
06:40
In 1944, he wrote a book
called "What is Life?"
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1944年,他写了本书叫做《生命是什么?》
06:43
It was tremendously influential.
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这本书影响巨大。
06:45
It influenced Francis Crick
and James Watson,
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它影响了弗朗西斯·克里克和詹姆斯·沃森,
06:48
the discoverers of the double-helix
structure of DNA.
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就是发现DNA双螺旋结构的那两个人。
06:51
To paraphrase a description
in the book, he says:
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在书中,他表达了这样的意思:
06:55
At the molecular level,
living organisms have a certain order,
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在分子水平上,生命体有着某种秩序,
07:00
a structure to them that's very different
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一种结构,使其和其他随机的热力学原子冲撞
07:04
from the random thermodynamic jostling
of atoms and molecules
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以及一样复杂的无机质分子
07:08
in inanimate matter
of the same complexity.
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有着天壤之别。
07:13
In fact, living matter seems to behave
in this order, in a structure,
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实际上,生命体似乎就是在一个结构中,以这种秩序运转着,
07:18
just like inanimate matter
cooled down to near absolute zero,
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就好像被冷却到近绝对零度的无机质一样,
07:22
where quantum effects
play a very important role.
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量子理论在这里起到了很重要的作用。
07:26
There's something special
about the structure -- the order --
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活体细胞中的这个结构——这个秩序——
07:30
inside a living cell.
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有着一些特别之处。
07:32
So, Schrödinger speculated that maybe
quantum mechanics plays a role in life.
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所以,薛定谔推测,也许量子力学在生命学当中起到了某些作用。
07:38
It's a very speculative,
far-reaching idea,
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这是个极具推测性的且影响深远的观点,
07:41
and it didn't really go very far.
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但也没怎么发展下去了。
07:45
But as I mentioned at the start,
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但正如我一开始说的,
07:47
in the last 10 years, there have been
experiments emerging,
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在过去10年做了些实验,
07:49
showing where some of these
certain phenomena in biology
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实验结果显示生物学中的某些现象
07:53
do seem to require quantum mechanics.
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确实需要量子力学来解释。
07:55
I want to share with you
just a few of the exciting ones.
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我想和大家分享几个最激动人心的实验。
08:00
This is one of the best-known
phenomena in the quantum world,
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这是量子世界里最有名的现象之一,
08:03
quantum tunneling.
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叫做量子隧穿。
08:05
The box on the left shows
the wavelike, spread-out distribution
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左边的框里有一个量子实体,它像波一样扩散开来——
08:10
of a quantum entity --
a particle, like an electron,
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这是个像电子一样的粒子,
08:12
which is not a little ball
bouncing off a wall.
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它和从墙上反弹回来的小球不一样。
08:16
It's a wave that has a certain probability
of being able to permeate
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它是一个波,可以穿过
08:21
through a solid wall, like a phantom
leaping through to the other side.
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一个实心墙,像个幽灵似地从一边穿透到另一边。
08:24
You can see a faint smudge of light
in the right-hand box.
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你在右手边的框里可以看到一些微弱的光斑。
08:29
Quantum tunneling suggests that a particle
can hit an impenetrable barrier,
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量子隧穿表明,一个粒子能够撞上一堵无法穿透的墙,
08:34
and yet somehow, as though by magic,
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然而却又能像魔术一样,
08:36
disappear from one side
and reappear on the other.
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从墙的一侧消失并出现在另一侧。
08:39
The nicest way of explaining it is
if you want to throw a ball over a wall,
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用最好的方法来解释的话,就是说如果你要把一个球扔到墙的另一侧,
08:43
you have to give it enough energy
to get over the top of the wall.
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那你要给它足够能量让它越过墙顶。
08:47
In the quantum world,
you don't have to throw it over the wall,
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但在量子世界里,你不需要将它从墙顶上扔过去,
08:50
you can throw it at the wall,
and there's a certain non-zero probability
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你只要往墙上扔就好了,然后这个球会在你这侧消失并出现在另一侧,
08:54
that it'll disappear on your side,
and reappear on the other.
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而这个概率为非零。
08:57
This isn't speculation, by the way.
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这不是推测,顺便提下。
08:59
We're happy -- well, "happy"
is not the right word --
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我们很高兴——额,“高兴”这个词用得不对——
09:02
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:04
we are familiar with this.
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我们是熟悉这个的。
09:06
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:08
Quantum tunneling
takes place all the time;
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量子隧穿随时随刻都在发生;
09:11
in fact, it's the reason our Sun shines.
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实际上,这也是太阳发光的原因。
09:14
The particles fuse together,
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粒子融合在一起,
09:16
and the Sun turns hydrogen
into helium through quantum tunneling.
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然后太阳通过量子隧穿将氢转化为氦。
09:21
Back in the 70s and 80s, it was discovered
that quantum tunneling also takes place
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七八十年代的时候,人们发现活细胞中
09:26
inside living cells.
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也有量子隧穿。
09:28
Enzymes, those workhorses of life,
the catalysts of chemical reactions --
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酶,为维持生命努力运作着,是化学反应的催化剂——
09:34
enzymes are biomolecules that speed up
chemical reactions in living cells,
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酶这种生物分子加快了活细胞中的化学反应,
09:38
by many, many orders of magnitude.
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规模大小不一。
09:40
And it's always been a mystery
how they do this.
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但它们是如何做到这点的,至今任是一个谜。
09:43
Well, it was discovered
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嗯,人们发现
09:44
that one of the tricks that enzymes
have evolved to make use of,
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酶发展出了一种方法,
09:49
is by transferring subatomic particles,
like electrons and indeed protons,
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就是通过传送亚原子粒子,例如电子和当然还有质子这种,
09:54
from one part of a molecule
to another via quantum tunneling.
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酶通过量子隧穿将它们从分子的一部分传输到另一部分。
10:00
It's efficient, it's fast,
it can disappear --
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这效率非常高,很快,它——
10:03
a proton can disappear from one place,
and reappear on the other.
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一个质子能从一个地方消失,然后在另一个地方再出现。
10:06
Enzymes help this take place.
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而酶使之成为可能。
10:08
This is research that's been
carried out back in the 80s,
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这个研究是在80年代进行的,
10:11
particularly by a group
in Berkeley, Judith Klinman.
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其中Judith Klinman带领的一个伯克利的团队作用尤其突出。
10:15
Other groups in the UK
have now also confirmed
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另一些英国的团队现在也已肯定
10:17
that enzymes really do this.
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酶有这种能力。
10:21
Research carried out by my group --
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我的团队做的研究——
10:23
so as I mentioned,
I'm a nuclear physicist,
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我之前说过,我是个核物理学家,
10:26
but I've realized I've got these tools
of using quantum mechanics
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但我也意识到,我已在原子核领域应用了量子力学,
10:29
in atomic nuclei, and so can apply
those tools in other areas as well.
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那么我也可以把它也应用到其他领域。
10:35
One question we asked
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我们提出的一个问题是
10:37
is whether quantum tunneling
plays a role in mutations in DNA.
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量子隧穿在DNA变异中是否也发挥着作用。
10:41
Again, this is not a new idea;
it goes all the way back to the early 60s.
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这仍然不是个新概念;它任然要追溯到60年代早期。
10:45
The two strands of DNA,
the double-helix structure,
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DNA分子链,即双螺旋结构,
10:48
are held together by rungs;
it's like a twisted ladder.
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是由像阶梯一样的东西连接在一起的;像是个扭曲的梯子一样。
10:51
And those rungs of the ladder
are hydrogen bonds --
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而这些梯子上的阶梯就是氢键——
10:54
protons, that act as the glue
between the two strands.
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质子,其作用是将两束分子链黏合在一起。
10:58
So if you zoom in, what they're doing
is holding these large molecules --
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那么放大来看,你就会发现它们将这些大分子——
11:03
nucleotides -- together.
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核苷酸——聚合在一起。
11:06
Zoom in a bit more.
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再放大一点看:
11:07
So, this a computer simulation.
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这是个电脑模拟。
11:09
The two white balls
in the middle are protons,
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中间的两个白色的球是质子,
11:13
and you can see that
it's a double hydrogen bond.
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你们看得到这是双氢键。
11:15
One prefers to sit on one side;
the other, on the other side
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其中一个喜欢待在这端;另一个,则待在双链的另一端,
11:19
of the two strands of the vertical lines
going down, which you can't see.
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这是纵向走向的,你们看不到。
11:24
It can happen that
these two protons can hop over.
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这两个质子也有可能跳到另一端。
11:27
Watch the two white balls.
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看着两个白球。
11:29
They can jump over to the other side.
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它们可以跳到另外一端。
11:32
If the two strands of DNA then separate,
leading to the process of replication,
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如果DNA双链分开了,引发复制过程,
11:37
and the two protons
are in the wrong positions,
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而恰好这两个质子的位置错了,
11:41
this can lead to a mutation.
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那么就会导致变异。
11:43
This has been known for half a century.
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这个现象已为人所知半个世纪了。
11:45
The question is: How likely
are they to do that,
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但问题来了:它们发生错误的概率是多大,
11:47
and if they do, how do they do it?
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如果它们出错了,又是怎么出错的呢?
11:49
Do they jump across,
like the ball going over the wall?
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它们就这样跳到另一端,就好像那个球越过那堵墙那样吗?
11:52
Or can they quantum-tunnel across,
even if they don't have enough energy?
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还是它们在没有足够能量的情况下,也能实现量子隧穿那样的穿越呢?
11:57
Early indications suggest that
quantum tunneling can play a role here.
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早期研究提出量子隧穿可能在这发挥了作用。
12:01
We still don't know yet
how important it is;
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我们还不知道其重要性有多大;
12:03
this is still an open question.
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目前还没有确切答案。
12:06
It's speculative,
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现在只有推测,
12:07
but it's one of those questions
that is so important
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但如果说量子力学会影响变异的话,
12:10
that if quantum mechanics
plays a role in mutations,
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这就是个非常重要的问题之一了,
12:12
surely this must have big implications,
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对于理解某些类型的变异,
12:14
to understand certain types of mutations,
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甚至是可能导致细胞癌变的变异,
12:17
possibly even those that lead
to turning a cell cancerous.
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这当然这有着非常重大的意义。
12:22
Another example of quantum mechanics
in biology is quantum coherence,
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生物学中另一个量子力学的例子是,
12:28
in one of the most
important processes in biology,
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生物学中最重要的一个过程之一,
12:30
photosynthesis: plants
and bacteria taking sunlight,
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光合作用里的量子相干性:植物和细菌吸收了光照,
12:34
and using that energy to create biomass.
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并利用其中的能量来制造生物质。
12:38
Quantum coherence is the idea
of quantum entities multitasking.
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量子相关性指的是量子实体同时执行多任务的现象。
12:42
It's the quantum skier.
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这是个量子滑雪者。
12:44
It's an object that behaves like a wave,
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这个物体表现得像波一样,
12:47
so that it doesn't just move
in one direction or the other,
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所以它的移动不是单一方向的,
12:50
but can follow multiple pathways
at the same time.
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而是同时能够走不同的路线。
12:54
Some years ago,
the world of science was shocked
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几年前,一篇论文的发布震惊了科学界,
12:58
when a paper was published
showing experimental evidence
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它提出实验证明量子相干性
13:02
that quantum coherence
takes place inside bacteria,
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存在于细菌中,
13:06
carrying out photosynthesis.
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执行着光合作用。
13:07
The idea is that the photon,
the particle of light, the sunlight,
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这个观点说的是,光子,即光粒子,阳光,
13:10
the quantum of light
captured by a chlorophyll molecule,
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光量子被叶绿素捕捉到后,
13:14
is then delivered to what's called
the reaction center,
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被传递到叫做反应中心的地方,
13:16
where it can be turned into
chemical energy.
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在这里它被转化成化学能量。
13:18
And in getting there,
it doesn't just follow one route;
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而到达反应中心的路线不止一个;
13:21
it follows multiple pathways at once,
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光量子会同时走多个路线,
13:23
to optimize the most efficient way
of reaching the reaction center
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最后找出最高效的路线达到反应中心,
13:28
without dissipating as waste heat.
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从而不会消耗成余热。
13:31
Quantum coherence taking place
inside a living cell.
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量子相干性效应也存在于活细胞里。
13:34
A remarkable idea,
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这是个卓越的观点,
13:36
and yet evidence is growing almost weekly,
with new papers coming out,
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而目前每周也都有新证据、新论文发表来证明这个观点,
13:42
confirming that this
does indeed take place.
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证明这个现象的确存在。
13:45
My third and final example
is the most beautiful, wonderful idea.
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我的第三个也是最后一个例子,是个非常美丽奇妙的观点。
13:50
It's also still very speculative,
but I have to share it with you.
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同样也极具推测性,但我要和你们分享一下。
13:54
The European robin
migrates from Scandinavia
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欧洲斯堪的纳维亚的知更鸟
13:59
down to the Mediterranean, every autumn,
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每个秋天都会迁徙到地中海,
14:01
and like a lot of other
marine animals and even insects,
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就和许多其它海洋动物甚至是昆虫一样,
14:05
they navigate by sensing
the Earth's magnetic field.
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它们都靠感应地球磁场来感知方向。
14:10
Now, the Earth's magnetic field
is very, very weak;
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地球磁场非常的弱;
14:13
it's 100 times weaker
than a fridge magnet,
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它比我们的冰箱贴还弱100倍,
14:15
and yet it affects the chemistry --
somehow -- within a living organism.
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然而它却影响着生物体中的化学反应。
14:21
That's not in doubt --
a German couple of ornithologists,
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毋庸置疑——德国的鸟类学家夫妇
14:25
Wolfgang and Roswitha Wiltschko,
in the 1970s, confirmed that indeed,
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Wolfgang和Roswitha Wiltschko在20世纪70年代确认,
14:30
the robin does find its way by somehow
sensing the Earth's magnetic field,
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知更鸟的确通过感应地球磁场来探路,
14:34
to give it directional information --
a built-in compass.
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从中获取方向信息——这是一种内置的指南针。
14:37
The puzzle, the mystery was:
How does it do it?
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令人不解的谜团是:它们是怎么做到的?
14:40
Well, the only theory in town --
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嗯,我们现在只有一个理论--
14:43
we don't know if it's the correct theory,
but the only theory in town --
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我们不确定这个理论是否正确,但目前只有这么一个理论--
14:46
is that it does it via something
called quantum entanglement.
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就是,它们是通过一个叫做量子纠缠的效应来实现导航的。
14:50
Inside the robin's retina --
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在知更鸟的视网膜里--
14:52
I kid you not -- inside the robin's retina
is a protein called cryptochrome,
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我可不是开玩笑啊--在知更鸟的视网膜上有一个蛋白质
14:57
which is light-sensitive.
264
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叫做隐花色素,它对光很敏感。
14:58
Within cryptochrome, a pair of electrons
are quantum-entangled.
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在印花色素里,有一对相互纠缠的电子。
15:02
Now, quantum entanglement
is when two particles are far apart,
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量子纠缠意味着两个粒子相距甚远,
15:05
and yet somehow remain
in contact with each other.
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却又能彼此保持联系。
15:08
Even Einstein hated this idea;
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连爱因斯坦都讨厌这个观点;
15:10
he called it "spooky action
at a distance."
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他把它叫做“鬼魅般的超距作用。”
15:12
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
15:14
So if Einstein doesn't like it,
then we can all be uncomfortable with it.
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那么如果爱因斯坦不喜欢这个观点,那么我们就有理由也不喜欢。
15:17
Two quantum-entangled electrons
within a single molecule
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单细胞当中的两个有着量子纠缠关系的电子
15:20
dance a delicate dance
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跳着非常微妙的舞蹈,
15:22
that is very sensitive
to the direction the bird flies
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并对鸟类在地球磁场里
15:24
in the Earth's magnetic field.
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飞翔的方向很敏感。
15:26
We don't know if it's
the correct explanation,
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我不知道这么说对不对,
15:29
but wow, wouldn't it be exciting
if quantum mechanics helps birds navigate?
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但是哇哦,如果量子力学能帮助鸟类感知方向,这不是很激动人心的事吗?
15:35
Quantum biology is still in it infancy.
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量子生物学还处在婴儿时期。
15:37
It's still speculative.
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还处在推测阶段。
15:41
But I believe it's built on solid science.
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不过我相信它是建立在严谨科学之上的。
15:45
I also think that
in the coming decade or so,
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我也认为在接下来十年左右,
15:49
we're going to start to see
that actually, it pervades life --
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我们会看到,其实它在生活中无处不在——
15:54
that life has evolved tricks
that utilize the quantum world.
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生活已经演变出了许多利用量子世界的技能。
16:00
Watch this space.
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请关注这个领域。
16:01
Thank you.
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谢谢。
16:02
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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