How Quantum Biology Might Explain Life’s Biggest Questions | Jim Al-Khalili | TED Talks

譯者: Winnie Zhang 審譯者: lin quan

I'd like to introduce you to an emerging area of science,

我想向你們介紹 一個新興的科學領域，

one that is still speculative but hugely exciting,

一個仍在推導中， 但十分激動人心的，

and certainly one that's growing very rapidly.

並且發展尤為迅速的領域。

Quantum biology asks a very simple question:

量子生物學 問了一個很簡單的問題：

Does quantum mechanics --

量子力學---

that weird and wonderful and powerful theory

這個怪誕奇妙而強大的理論，

of the subatomic world of atoms and molecules

存在於原子和分子的亞原子世界，

that underpins so much of modern physics and chemistry --

並為現代物理和化學 打下如此堅固的基礎---

also play a role inside the living cell?

是否也在活細胞中 扮演著一定角色？

In other words: Are there processes, mechanisms, phenomena

換句話說：是否某些進程， 機制和現象

in living organisms that can only be explained

在生物有機體中只能通過

with a helping hand from quantum mechanics?

量子力學的幫助得以解釋說明？

Now, quantum biology isn't new;

如今， 量子生物學並不是新事物；

it's been around since the early 1930s.

早在20世紀30年代 量子生物學就出現了。

But it's only in the last decade or so that careful experiments --

然而，直到大約過去十年內， 那些周密的實驗---

in biochemistry labs, using spectroscopy --

在生物化學實驗室中， 使用光譜儀---

have shown very clear, firm evidence that there are certain specific mechanisms

才得出非常確鑿的證據， 證明的確有某些特定的機制

that require quantum mechanics to explain them.

需要量子力學來解釋。

Quantum biology brings together quantum physicists, biochemists,

量子生物學領域聚集了 量子物理學家，生物化學家

molecular biologists -- it's a very interdisciplinary field.

和分子生物學家--- 一個極具交叉性的學科。

I come from quantum physics, so I'm a nuclear physicist.

我來自量子物理學領域， 然後我是一個核物理學家。

I've spent more than three decades

我花了三十多年的時間

trying to get my head around quantum mechanics.

來嘗試研究量子力學。

One of the founders of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr,

Niels Bohr， 量子力學的創始人之一

said, If you're not astonished by it, then you haven't understood it.

說過：如果你沒有為之震撼， 那麽你就沒有理解它。

So I sort of feel happy that I'm still astonished by it.

我現在仍然對它感到震驚， 所以我還挺高興的。

That's a good thing.

這是個好事。

But it means I study the very smallest structures in the universe --

但這意味著我研究的 是宇宙中最最細微的結構---

the building blocks of reality.

是現實的基石。

If we think about the scale of size,

如果我們想知道這個結構的大小

start with an everyday object like the tennis ball,

先從一個日常物品開始， 比如說一個網球，

and just go down orders of magnitude in size --

然後將物體的尺寸大小按降序排列---

from the eye of a needle down to a cell, down to a bacterium, down to an enzyme --

從一個針眼，到一個細胞， 到一個細菌，再到一個酶---

you eventually reach the nano-world.

最後你就來到了奈米的世界。

Now, nanotechnology may be a term you've heard of.

現在你可能聽說過 奈米科技這個名詞。

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.

一奈米是一米的十億分之一。

My area is the atomic nucleus, which is the tiny dot inside an atom.

我的研究領域是原子核， 相當於原子力的一個小點。

It's even smaller in scale.

它的尺寸規模甚至更小。

This is the domain of quantum mechanics,

這屬於量子力學的領域，

and physicists and chemists have had a long time

而且物理學家和化學家 已經花了很久的時間

to try and get used to it.

來做出嘗試並適應該領域。

Biologists, on the other hand, have got off lightly, in my view.

另一方面我認為， 生物學家已經輕易地離開了該領域。

They are very happy with their balls-and-sticks models of molecules.

他們對自己的分子球-棍模型 已經很滿意了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The balls are the atoms, the sticks are the bonds between the atoms.

球就是原子， 而棍是連接各個原子的紐帶。

And when they can't build them physically in the lab,

而且當他們不能在實驗室裏 用實物建造這種結構時，

nowadays, they have very powerful computers

他們現在可以使用 強大的計算機技術

that will simulate a huge molecule.

來模擬出一個巨大的分子結構。

This is a protein made up of 100,000 atoms.

這是一個由10萬原子構成的蛋白質。

It doesn't really require much in the way of quantum mechanics to explain it.

事實上它並不需要 用量子力學的理論來解釋。

Quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s.

量子力學發展於20世紀20年代。

It is a set of beautiful and powerful mathematical rules and ideas

它是一套美妙且強大的 數學規則和理念，

that explain the world of the very small.

用來解釋那些微小的世界。

And it's a world that's very different from our everyday world,

同時這個世界 於我們日常世界非常迥異，

made up of trillions of atoms.

這個世界包括幾萬億原子。

It's a world built on probability and chance.

它是一個建立在可能性和概率上的，

It's a fuzzy world.

比較模糊的世界。

It's a world of phantoms,

猶如一個幽靈居住的世界，

where particles can also behave like spread-out waves.

在這裏， 粒子也可以表現出散開的波狀形態。

If we imagine quantum mechanics or quantum physics, then,

如果我們把量子力學， 或量子物理學

as the fundamental foundation of reality itself,

想象為是現實本身的基礎，

then it's not surprising that we say

那麽我們會自然而然地說，

quantum physics underpins organic chemistry.

有機化學是基於量子物理學的。

After all, it gives us the rules that tell us

畢竟，量子物理學的規則向我們解釋了

how the atoms fit together to make organic molecules.

原子們是如何配合在一起 來組成有機分子的。

Organic chemistry, scaled up in complexity,

因複雜性而放大的有機化學，

gives us molecular biology, which of course leads to life itself.

產生出分子生物學， 當然就指向了生命本身。

So in a way, it's sort of not surprising.

因此在某種意義上說， 它並不令人驚訝。

It's almost trivial.

它幾乎是很細微的。

You say, "Well, of course life ultimately must depend of quantum mechanics."

你會說：“好吧， 那生命最終必然依賴於量子力學。”

But so does everything else.

但是其它所有的一切都是這樣。

So does all inanimate matter, made up of trillions of atoms.

所有由幾萬億原子構成的 無生命的物質都是如此。

Ultimately, there's a quantum level

最終，應該有一個量子水平

where we have to delve into this weirdness.

讓我們不得不 去深入探索這種怪異性。

But in everyday life, we can forget about it.

但在日常生活中， 我們又會經常忘記這點。

Because once you put together trillions of atoms,

因為一旦當你將幾萬億的原子 放在一起時，

that quantum weirdness just dissolves away.

量子的怪異性就消失了。

Quantum biology isn't about this.

量子生物學不是研究這個的。

Quantum biology isn't this obvious.

量子生物學並不是這樣明顯的。

Of course quantum mechanics underpins life at some molecular level.

當然在某個分子級上的生 是由量子力學來支撐的。

Quantum biology is about looking for the non-trivial --

量子生物學研究的是非細微的---

the counterintuitive ideas in quantum mechanics --

量子力學中反直覺的理念---

and to see if they do, indeed, play an important role

去研究它們是否確實

in describing the processes of life.

在描述諸多生命過程中起作用。

Here is my perfect example of the counterintuitiveness

這是我舉的一個很典型的例子來闡釋

of the quantum world.

量子世界中的反直覺性。

This is the quantum skier.

這是一位量子滑雪者。

He seems to be intact, he seems to be perfectly healthy,

他看上去是完整無缺的， 還是很健康的，

and yet, he seems to have gone around both sides of that tree at the same time.

然而， 他好像同時穿過了樹的兩邊。

Well, if you saw tracks like that

正如你們看到的軌跡一樣，

you'd guess it was some sort of stunt, of course.

你可能會覺得這是某種特技表演。

But in the quantum world, this happens all the time.

但是在量子世界中， 這卻是常事。

Particles can multitask, they can be in two places at once.

粒子們能夠完成多種任務， 它們可以同時在兩個不同的地點。

They can do more than one thing at the same time.

它們可以同時做不止一件事。

Particles can behave like spread-out waves.

粒子們可以呈現出散開的波狀。

It's almost like magic.

這就是像是魔法一樣。

Physicists and chemists have had nearly a century

物理學家和化學家 已經用了一個世紀的時間

of trying to get used to this weirdness.

來適應這件怪事。

I don't blame the biologists

我不會責怪生物學家們，

for not having to or wanting to learn quantum mechanics.

責怪他們沒有 或者不想去了解量子力學。

You see, this weirdness is very delicate;

你們看， 這種怪異是很微妙易損的；

and we physicists work very hard to maintain it in our labs.

所以我們物理學家在實驗室裏 很努力的在維持這種怪異。

We cool our system down to near absolute zero,

我們將系統冷卻至接近絕對零度，

we carry out our experiments in vacuums,

我們在真空的環境中進行實驗，

we try and isolate it from any external disturbance.

我們還努力將它 隔絕於一切外部的干擾。

That's very different from the warm, messy, noisy environment of a living cell.

這些與一個活細胞中溫暖， 混亂和吵鬧的環境截然不同。

Biology itself, if you think of molecular biology,

如果你思考一下分子生物學的話， 生物學本身

seems to have done very well in describing all the processes of life

似乎將所有的生命進程，

in terms of chemistry -- chemical reactions.

從化學---化學反應--- 的角度已經描述得很好了。

And these are reductionist, deterministic chemical reactions,

而且這些還原論者， 或這些確定性的化學反應，

showing that, essentially, life is made of the same stuff as everything else,

告訴我們：基本而言， 生命的構成材質與其他物質相同，

and if we can forget about quantum mechanics in the macro world,

所以如果我們能夠忘記 宏觀世界裡的量子力學，

then we should be able to forget about it in biology, as well.

那麽我們就也能夠忘記生物學。

Well, one man begged to differ with this idea.

但是，有人很不同意這個觀點。

Erwin Schrödinger, of Schrödinger's Cat fame,

以“Schrödinger的貓”實驗而著名的 Erwin Schrödinger，

was an Austrian physicist.

是一位澳大利亞的物理學家。

He was one of the founders of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.

他是20世紀20年代 量子力學的創始人之一。

In 1944, he wrote a book called "What is Life?"

在1944年， 他寫了一本書叫“生命是什麼？”。

It was tremendously influential.

這本書非常具有影響力。

It influenced Francis Crick and James Watson,

它影響了Francis Crick和 James Watson

the discoverers of the double-helix structure of DNA.

這兩位是發現DNA雙螺旋結構的人。

To paraphrase a description in the book, he says:

他是這樣闡釋書中的一個描述的：

At the molecular level, living organisms have a certain order,

在分子水平， 生物體都有一個明確地秩序，

a structure to them that's very different

一種結構， 這個結構不同於

from the random thermodynamic jostling of atoms and molecules

那些在複雜程度相同的 無生命物質中的

in inanimate matter of the same complexity.

原子和分子的隨機性熱力推撞。

In fact, living matter seems to behave in this order, in a structure,

事實上，有生命體似乎都以 這種秩序存在，在一個結構中，

just like inanimate matter cooled down to near absolute zero,

就像被冷卻至近絕對零度的 無生命物質一樣，

where quantum effects play a very important role.

那個時候量子效應 就起到很重要的作用。

There's something special about the structure -- the order --

關於一個活細胞內的結構---秩序---，

inside a living cell.

有某些很特殊的地方。

So, Schrödinger speculated that maybe quantum mechanics plays a role in life.

因此，Schrödinger推測量子力學 也許在生命中扮演重要角色。

It's a very speculative, far-reaching idea,

這是一個意義深遠的猜想，

and it didn't really go very far.

但這個猜想並沒有走多遠。

But as I mentioned at the start,

但就像我一開始提到的，

in the last 10 years, there have been experiments emerging,

在過去的十年中， 已經有一些新興的實驗，

showing where some of these certain phenomena in biology

證明了生物學中的某些特定的現象

do seem to require quantum mechanics.

的確需要量子力學來解釋。

I want to share with you just a few of the exciting ones.

我想與大家分享幾個 令人興奮的現象。

This is one of the best-known phenomena in the quantum world,

這是一個量子世界中 最著名的現象之一，

quantum tunneling.

叫量子隧穿。

The box on the left shows the wavelike, spread-out distribution

左邊的方框中顯示的是 一個量子實體的波狀，

of a quantum entity -- a particle, like an electron,

散開分布形態--- 它是個電子一樣的粒子，

which is not a little ball bouncing off a wall.

而不是一個從墻面彈開的小球。

It's a wave that has a certain probability of being able to permeate

這個波紋有一定的可能性能夠穿過，

through a solid wall, like a phantom leaping through to the other side.

一面實墻， 像一個幽靈一樣躍過了另一邊。

You can see a faint smudge of light in the right-hand box.

大家可以看到右邊的方框中 有一絲微弱的光痕。

Quantum tunneling suggests that a particle can hit an impenetrable barrier,

量子隧穿現象說明 粒子在撞不可穿透的障礙物，

and yet somehow, as though by magic,

可以不明原因地， 像施了魔法般，

disappear from one side and reappear on the other.

從一端消失並重新出現在另一端。

The nicest way of explaining it is if you want to throw a ball over a wall,

這個現象最好的解釋是， 如果你想把球扔到墻那邊去，

you have to give it enough energy to get over the top of the wall.

你必須給它足夠的力量 讓它跳過墻頭。

In the quantum world, you don't have to throw it over the wall,

在量子的世界裏， 你就沒必要非要把球扔過墻頭，

you can throw it at the wall, and there's a certain non-zero probability

你可以把球扔向墻面， 然後有一定的非零概率

that it'll disappear on your side, and reappear on the other.

使它消失在你這邊， 繼而在另一邊重現。

This isn't speculation, by the way.

對了，提醒一下，這不是推測。

We're happy -- well, "happy" is not the right word --

我們很高興---好吧， “高興”不是一個恰當的表達。

(Laughter)

（觀眾笑聲）

we are familiar with this.

我們對此非常熟悉。

(Laughter)

（觀眾笑聲）

Quantum tunneling takes place all the time;

量子隧穿一直都在發生；

in fact, it's the reason our Sun shines.

事實上，它就是我們能看到 陽光普照的原因。

The particles fuse together,

顆粒熔合在一起，

and the Sun turns hydrogen into helium through quantum tunneling.

然後太陽通過量子隧穿把氫變成氦。

Back in the 70s and 80s, it was discovered that quantum tunneling also takes place

在七八十年代的時候， 人們發現量子隧穿還發生在

inside living cells.

活細胞內部。

Enzymes, those workhorses of life, the catalysts of chemical reactions --

酶，是生命的老黃牛， 是化學反應的催化劑---

enzymes are biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions in living cells,

作為生物分子， 酶加速了活細胞中的化學反應，

by many, many orders of magnitude.

借助的是很多數量級上的指令。

And it's always been a mystery how they do this.

而且我們一直不知道 酶是如何做到這一點的。

Well, it was discovered

好，人們還發現

that one of the tricks that enzymes have evolved to make use of,

酶在進化時用到的一個小把戲，

is by transferring subatomic particles, like electrons and indeed protons,

就是將像電子， 實際上是質子一樣的亞原子粒子，

from one part of a molecule to another via quantum tunneling.

通過量子隧穿送分子的一個部位 轉移到另一個部位。

It's efficient, it's fast, it can disappear --

這個過程效率很高， 很快，它可以消失---

a proton can disappear from one place, and reappear on the other.

一個質子可以從一個地方消失， 然後出現在另一個地方。

Enzymes help this take place.

酶可以促進這一切的發生。

This is research that's been carried out back in the 80s,

這項研究是80年代做的，

particularly by a group in Berkeley, Judith Klinman.

研究者主要來自伯克萊， 由 Judith Klinman 領導。

Other groups in the UK have now also confirmed

英國的其他實驗組現在也證實了

that enzymes really do this.

酶的確可以做到以上這些。

Research carried out by my group --

我的實驗組做了研究---

so as I mentioned, I'm a nuclear physicist,

我之前說過， 我是一個核物理學家。

but I've realized I've got these tools of using quantum mechanics

但是我意識到，我在原子核中 使用量子力學時積累的方法工具

in atomic nuclei, and so can apply those tools in other areas as well.

也同樣可以很好地應用在 其他領域的研究中。

One question we asked

我們問過一個問題，

is whether quantum tunneling plays a role in mutations in DNA.

量子隧穿是否在DNA突變中起作用。

Again, this is not a new idea; it goes all the way back to the early 60s.

同樣，這也不是一個新觀點； 早在60年代早期人們就提出過。

The two strands of DNA, the double-helix structure,

DNA的兩條鏈， 就是雙螺旋結構，

are held together by rungs; it's like a twisted ladder.

像階梯一樣盤旋在一起， 像一個扭曲的梯子。

And those rungs of the ladder are hydrogen bonds --

那些梯子的階梯是氫鍵---

protons, that act as the glue between the two strands.

質子， 就像是兩條鏈之間的粘合劑。

So if you zoom in, what they're doing is holding these large molecules --

因為當你放大來看， 能看見它們正在將這些大分子---

nucleotides -- together.

核甘酸---聚合在一起。

Zoom in a bit more.

再放大一點。

So, this a computer simulation.

所以，這是一個計算機模擬圖。

The two white balls in the middle are protons,

中間的兩個白球是質子，

and you can see that it's a double hydrogen bond.

而且大家可以看到這是一個雙氫鍵。

One prefers to sit on one side; the other, on the other side

一個選擇坐在這邊； 另一個選擇兩條鏈的另一邊。

of the two strands of the vertical lines going down, which you can't see.

沿著垂直線上的兩條鏈向下， 大家就看不到了。

It can happen that these two protons can hop over.

有一種情況就是 這兩個質子可能會跳另一邊。

Watch the two white balls.

看一下這兩個白球。

They can jump over to the other side.

他們可以跳到另一邊去。

If the two strands of DNA then separate, leading to the process of replication,

如果DNA的兩條鏈分開， 導致了複製的過程，

and the two protons are in the wrong positions,

那麽這兩個質子就處於錯誤的位置，

this can lead to a mutation.

這就能導致突變的產生。

This has been known for half a century.

大家已經知道這個事有半個世紀了。

The question is: How likely are they to do that,

但問題是： 它們這樣做的可能性有多大，

and if they do, how do they do it?

而且如果它們做了， 是怎麽做的呢？

Do they jump across, like the ball going over the wall?

它們會不會像小球翻墻那樣跳過去?

Or can they quantum-tunnel across, even if they don't have enough energy?

或者它們是不是發生了量子隧穿， 即使它們沒有足夠的力量？

Early indications suggest that quantum tunneling can play a role here.

早期的種種跡象說明， 量子隧穿可以在這起到作用。

We still don't know yet how important it is;

但我們還是不知道它到底有多重要；

this is still an open question.

這仍是一個討論中的問題。

It's speculative,

它很有推測的空間，

but it's one of those questions that is so important

但它卻是一個很重要的問題，

that if quantum mechanics plays a role in mutations,

重要到， 如果量子力學在突變中起作用，

surely this must have big implications,

這絕對對於理解某些突變的類型

to understand certain types of mutations,

甚至有可能是 那些導致癌細胞的突變類型，

possibly even those that lead to turning a cell cancerous.

有十分重大的意義。

Another example of quantum mechanics in biology is quantum coherence,

生物學中的另一個 量子力學的例子是量子相干性，

in one of the most important processes in biology,

存在於生物學中 一個最重要的過程之一，

photosynthesis: plants and bacteria taking sunlight,

光合作用：植物和細菌吸收光照，

and using that energy to create biomass.

並用此能量來創造生物。

Quantum coherence is the idea of quantum entities multitasking.

量子相干性是關於 量子實體進行多種任務的理念。

It's the quantum skier.

它就是一個量子滑雪者。

It's an object that behaves like a wave,

它是一個像波紋的物體，

so that it doesn't just move in one direction or the other,

因此它不僅是 向一個或另一個方向移動，

but can follow multiple pathways at the same time.

它能夠同時在多種路徑上運動。

Some years ago, the world of science was shocked

幾年以前， 有一件事情讓全球科學界震驚：

when a paper was published showing experimental evidence

一篇發表論文中展示了實驗證據，

that quantum coherence takes place inside bacteria,

證明量子相干性在細菌內部發生，

carrying out photosynthesis.

進行光合作用。

The idea is that the photon, the particle of light, the sunlight,

這個觀點相當於： 質子，作為光、太陽光的顆粒，

the quantum of light captured by a chlorophyll molecule,

作為光的量子， 被一個葉綠素分子捕捉到，

is then delivered to what's called the reaction center,

然後被運送到了 一個所謂的反應中心，

where it can be turned into chemical energy.

在那裏，它變成了化學能量。

And in getting there, it doesn't just follow one route;

而且為了到達那裏， 它不止沿著一條路徑運動，

it follows multiple pathways at once,

它同時走了多種路徑，

to optimize the most efficient way of reaching the reaction center

來優化出到達 反應中心的效率最高的路徑。

without dissipating as waste heat.

在這個過程中 並沒有耗掉多余的熱量。

Quantum coherence taking place inside a living cell.

量子相干性發生在一個活細胞內。

A remarkable idea,

這是一個了不起的理念，

and yet evidence is growing almost weekly, with new papers coming out,

而且證據幾乎是每週都隨著 新論文的發表出現，

confirming that this does indeed take place.

來證實量子相干性的確在發生。

My third and final example is the most beautiful, wonderful idea.

我的第三個也是最後一個例子 是一個最美妙絕倫的觀點。

It's also still very speculative, but I have to share it with you.

這個觀點也是推測性的， 但我還是要與大家分享。

The European robin migrates from Scandinavia

歐洲的知更鳥 每個秋天都從斯堪地維亞

down to the Mediterranean, every autumn,

南下遷徒到地中海，

and like a lot of other marine animals and even insects,

像許多其他的海洋動物 甚至昆蟲一樣，

they navigate by sensing the Earth's magnetic field.

牠們通過感應地球的磁場來導航。

Now, the Earth's magnetic field is very, very weak;

現在，地球的磁場非常非常的微弱，

it's 100 times weaker than a fridge magnet,

比一個冰箱貼的磁場要弱100倍，

and yet it affects the chemistry -- somehow -- within a living organism.

但是它卻以某種方式地影響了 一個有機生命體中的化學。

That's not in doubt -- a German couple of ornithologists,

這點是毫無疑問的--- 一對德國的鳥類學家夫婦，

Wolfgang and Roswitha Wiltschko, in the 1970s, confirmed that indeed,

Wolfgang和Roswitha Wiltschko， 在20世紀70年代證實，

the robin does find its way by somehow sensing the Earth's magnetic field,

知更鳥確實通過 感知地球磁場來找路，

to give it directional information -- a built-in compass.

獲得方向性的資訊--- 像一個內置的指南針。

The puzzle, the mystery was: How does it do it?

令我們疑惑的是： 牠是如何做到的？

Well, the only theory in town --

好，唯一盛行的理論---

we don't know if it's the correct theory, but the only theory in town --

我們不知道它是否正確， 但卻是唯一一個為人所知的理論---

is that it does it via something called quantum entanglement.

是知更鳥是通過某種叫做 量子糾纏的現象做到的。

Inside the robin's retina --

在知更鳥的視網膜裏---

I kid you not -- inside the robin's retina is a protein called cryptochrome,

這不是玩笑--- 知更鳥的視網膜中有種隱色素蛋白，

which is light-sensitive.

它對光很敏感。

Within cryptochrome, a pair of electrons are quantum-entangled.

在隱色素內， 一對電子發生量子糾纏。

Now, quantum entanglement is when two particles are far apart,

現在，我們理解量子糾纏 是兩個分離甚遠的粒子

and yet somehow remain in contact with each other.

卻以某種方式保持著彼此的聯系，

Even Einstein hated this idea;

甚至於愛因斯坦都討厭這個觀點；

he called it "spooky action at a distance."

他把這個叫做 「遠距離的幽靈行動」。

(Laughter)

（觀眾笑聲）

So if Einstein doesn't like it, then we can all be uncomfortable with it.

如果連愛因斯坦都不喜歡它， 那我們或許都對此感到不適。

Two quantum-entangled electrons within a single molecule

兩個發生量子糾纏的電子 在一個單獨的分子內

dance a delicate dance

跳著微妙的舞蹈，

that is very sensitive to the direction the bird flies

這對於鳥在地球磁場中飛往的方向

in the Earth's magnetic field.

是非常敏感的。

We don't know if it's the correct explanation,

我們不知道這是不是正確的解釋，

but wow, wouldn't it be exciting if quantum mechanics helps birds navigate?

但是，如果量子力學能幫鳥類導航， 這該是多麽激動人心的事情啊？

Quantum biology is still in it infancy.

量子生物學仍然處於初級階段。

It's still speculative.

仍然處於推測階段。

But I believe it's built on solid science.

但是我相信它是建立在 紮實的科學基礎上的。

I also think that in the coming decade or so,

我也認為在未來的十年左右，

we're going to start to see that actually, it pervades life --

我們會看到這一領域 實實在在地充斥於生命中---

that life has evolved tricks that utilize the quantum world.

生命會利用量子世界中的一切 來進化發展。

Watch this space.

請大家一起關注。

Thank you.

謝謝大家！

(Applause)

（掌聲）