Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans

Prevodilac: Ana Stepanenko Lektor: Ivana Korom

I just came back from a community

Upravo sam se vratila iz zajednice

that holds the secret to human survival.

koja čuva tajnu ljudskog opstanka.

It's a place where women run the show,

To je mesto u kome žene vode glavnu reč,

have sex to say hello,

seks je način da se kaže zdravo,

and play rules the day --

a igra je glavna stvar –

where fun is serious business.

mesto gde je zabava ozbiljan posao.

And no, this isn't Burning Man

I ne, to nije spektakl "Zapaljeni čovek"

or San Francisco.

niti San Francisko.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins.

Dame i gospodo, predstavljam vam vaše rođake.

This is the world of wild bonobos

Ovo je svet divljih bonobo majmuna

in the jungles of Congo.

u džunglama Konga.

Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees,

Bonobo majmuni su, uz šimpanze,

your living closest relative.

vaši najbliži živi rođaci.

That means we all share a common ancestor,

To znači da svi delimo zajedničkog pretka,

an evolutionary grandmother,

evolucionu baku,

who lived around six million years ago.

koja je živela pre oko šest miliona godina.

Now, chimpanzees are well-known

Sad, šimpanze su dobro poznate

for their aggression.

po svojoj agresivnosti.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But unfortunately,

Ali, nažalost,

we have made too much of an emphasis

mi smo previše naglasili

of this aspect

ovaj aspekat

in our narratives of human evolution.

u priči o ljudskoj evoluciji.

But bonobos show us

Ali bonobo majmuni nam pokazuju

the other side of the coin.

drugu stranu novčića.

While chimpanzees

Dok su među šimpanzama

are dominated by big, scary guys,

dominantni veliki, zastrašujući momci,

bonobo society

društvo bonobo majmuna

is run by empowered females.

vode snažne žene.

These guys have really worked something out,

Ovo društvo je stvarno nešto otkrilo,

since this leads to a highly tolerant society

jer su time došli do veoma tolerantnog društva

where fatal violence

u kome nasilje sa fatalnim ishodom

has not been observed yet.

do sada nije opaženo.

But unfortunately,

Ali nažalost,

bonobos are the least understood

bonobo majmune namanje poznajemo,

of the great apes.

od svih velikih majmuna.

They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle,

Oni žive duboko u džungli Konga,

and it has been very difficult to study them.

i jako je teško proučavati ih.

The Congo is a paradox --

Kongo je paradoks –

a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty,

zemlja koja poseduje neverovatno raznovrsnu floru i faunu i lepotu,

but also the heart of darkness itself --

ali istovremeno i samo srce tame –

the scene of a violent conflict

poprište nasilnog konflikta

that has raged for decades

koji bukti decenijama

and claimed nearly as many lives

i odneo je skoro isto toliko života

as the First World War.

koliko i Prvi svetski rat.

Not surprisingly,

Nije iznenađujuće

this destruction also endangers bonobo survival.

da ovo razaranje ugrožava i opstanak bonobo majmuna.

Bushmeat trades and forest loss

Trgovina mesom divljih životinja i gubitak šuma

means we couldn't fill a small stadium

znači da ne bismo mogli da napunimo manji stadijum

with all the bonobos that are left in the world --

svim bonobo majmunima preostalim na svetu –

and we're not even sure of that to be honest.

a nismo sigurni ni da je to realno.

Yet, in this land of violence and chaos,

Ipak, u ovoj zemlji nasilja i haosa,

you can hear hidden laughter

čuje se skriveni smeh,

swaying the trees.

koji se pronosi kroz drveće.

Who are these cousins?

Ko su ovi rođaci?

We know them as the "make love, not war" apes

Znamo ih kao „vodi ljubav, a ne rat“ velike majmune,

since they have frequent, promiscuous

jer često imaju promiskuitetne

and bisexual sex

i biseksualne seksualne odnose

to manage conflict

kojima upravljaju sukobima

and solve social issues.

i rešavaju socijalna pitanja.

Now, I'm not saying this is the solution

Sad, ne kažem da je ovo rešenje

to all of humanity's problems --

za sve probleme čovečanstva –

since there's more to bonobo life

budući da se život bonoboa ne sastoji

than the Kama Sutra.

samo od Kama Sutre.

Bonobos, like humans,

Bonobo majmuni, kao i ljudi,

love to play throughout their entire lives.

vole da se igraju tokom čitavog života.

Play is not just child's games.

Igra nije samo dečija zanimacija.

For us and them,

I za nas i za njih

play is foundational for bonding relationships

igra je osnova za izgradnju odnosa

and fostering tolerance.

i negovanje tolerancije.

It's where we learn to trust

Kroz nju se učimo poverenju,

and where we learn about the rules of the game.

i učimo pravila igre.

Play increases creativity

Igra uvećava kreativnost

and resilience,

i otpornost,

and it's all about the generation of diversity --

i skroz je usmerena na stvaranje raznolikosti -

diversity of interactions,

raznolikih odnosa,

diversity of behaviors,

raznolikih ponašanja,

diversity of connections.

raznolikih uspostavljenih veza.

And when you watch bonobo play,

I dok posmatrate igru bonobo majmuna,

you're seeing the very evolutionary roots

ono što vidite su upravo evolucioni koreni

of human laughter, dance

ljudskog smeha, plesa

and ritual.

i rituala.

Play is the glue

Igra je lepak

that binds us together.

koji nas spaja.

Now, I don't know how you play,

Sad, ne znam kako se vi igrate,

but I want to show you a couple of unique clips

ali želim da vam pokažem nekoliko jedinstvenih snimaka

fresh from the wild.

upravo dostavljenih iz divljine.

First, it's a ball game bonobo-style --

Najpre, imamo igru sa lopticama u bonobo stilu –

and I do not mean football.

pri tom ne mislim na tenis.

So here,

Tako ovde

we have a young female and a male

vidimo mladu ženku i mužjaka

engaged in a chase game.

koji se igraju šuge.

Have a look what she's doing.

Pogledajte šta ona radi.

It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase,

Moguće da je ovo evolutivni izvor fraze

"she's got him by the balls."

„drži ga za jaja“.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right?

Mada mi se čini da se njemu to prilično sviđa, zar ne?

Yeah.

Aha.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So sex play is common

Dakle seksualne igre su uobičajene

in both bonobos and humans.

i kod bonobo majmuna i kod ljudi.

And this video is really interesting

A ovaj video snimak je vrlo zanimljiv

because it shows --

jer pokazuje –

this video's really interesting

Ovaj video snimak je vrlo zanimljiv

because it shows the inventiveness

jer pokazuje inventivnost

of bringing unusual elements into play --

unošenja neobičnih elemenata u igru –

such as testicles --

kao što su testisi –

and also how play both requires trust

a pokazuje i kako igra ujedno zahteva poverenje

and fosters trust --

i podstiče poverenje –

while at the same time being tremendous fun.

a uz to je i izuzetno zabavna.

But play's a shapeshifter.

Ali igra je promenljiva.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Play's a shapeshifter,

Igra je promenljiva,

and it can take many forms,

i može imati različite oblike,

some of which are more quiet,

nekada je tiha,

imaginative, curious --

puna mašte, ili radoznalosti -

maybe where wonder is discovered anew.

možda kada se nanovo otkrije začuđenost.

And I want you to see,

Želim da pogledate,

this is Fuku, a young female,

ovo je Fuku, mlada ženka,

and she is quietly playing with water.

i ona se u tišini igra sa vodom.

I think, like her,

Mislim da se, poput nje,

we sometimes play alone,

i mi ponekad igramo sami,

and we explore the boundaries

i istražujemo granice

of our inner and our outer worlds.

svojih unutrašnjih i spoljašnjih svetova.

And it's that playful curiosity

I upravo to radoznalo poigravanje

that drives us to explore, drives us to interact,

nagoni nas da istražujemo, nagoni nas da se razmenjujemo.

and then the unexpected connections we form

A neočekivane veze koje tako uspostavljamo

are the real hotbed for creativity.

zapravo su pravi rasadnik kreativnosti.

So these are just small tasters

Dakle ovde ste dobili na kašičici

into the insights that bonobo give us

deo uvida koji nam bonobo majmuni pružaju

to our past and present.

u našu prošlost i sadašnjost.

But they also hold a secret for our future,

Ali oni takođe poseduju tajnu naše budućnosti,

a future where we need to adapt

budućnosti u kojoj treba da se prilagodimo

to an increasingly challenging world

sve izazovnijem svetu

through greater creativity

koristeći više kreativnosti

and greater cooperation.

i više saradnje.

The secret is that play is the key

Tajna je u tome da igra predstavlja ključ

to these capacities.

za ove kapacitete.

In other words,

Drugim rečima, igra je karta

play is our adaptive wildcard.

na koju treba da igramo da bi se prilagodili.

In order to adapt successfully

Za uspešno prilagođavanje

to a changing world,

svetu koji se menja,

we need to play.

moramo se igrati.

But will we make the most of our playfulness?

Ali, da li ćemo iskoristiti našu razigranost na najbolji način?

Play is not frivolous.

Igra nije frivolna,

Play's essential.

igra je ključna.

For bonobos and humans alike,

Za bonobo majmune i za ljude,

life is not just red in tooth and claw.

život je više od borbe za opstanak.

In times when it seems least appropriate to play,

Upravo u trenucima kada igrati se izgleda neprilično,

it might be the times when it is most urgent.

može biti da nam je baš tada to preko potrebno.

And so, my fellow primates,

Dakle, moji dragi primati,

let us embrace this gift from evolution

hajde da prihvatimo ovaj evolutivni dar

and play together,

i igramo se zajedno,

as we rediscover creativity,

dok ponovo otkrivamo kreativnost,

fellowship and wonder.

zajedništvo i zadivljenost.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)