Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans

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2011-03-22 ・ TED


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Isabel Behncke: Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans

82,612 views ・ 2011-03-22

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
I just came back from a community
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Upravo sam došla iz društva
00:17
that holds the secret to human survival.
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koje nosi tajnu ljudskog preživljavanja.
00:21
It's a place where women run the show,
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To je mjesto u kojemu žene drže glavnu riječ,
00:24
have sex to say hello,
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imaju spolne odnose da bi se pozdravile
00:26
and play rules the day --
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i gdje igra vlada danima –
00:28
where fun is serious business.
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gdje je zabava ozbiljna stvar.
00:31
And no, this isn't Burning Man
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I ne, ovo nije Burning Man
00:33
or San Francisco.
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ni San Francisco.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:37
Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins.
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Dame i gospodo, upoznajte svoje rođake.
00:40
This is the world of wild bonobos
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Ovo je svijet divljih bonoboa
00:43
in the jungles of Congo.
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u džunglama Konga.
00:45
Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees,
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Bonoboi su, zajedno s čimpanzama,
00:48
your living closest relative.
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naši najbliži živući rođaci.
00:51
That means we all share a common ancestor,
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To znači da svi imamo zajedničkog pretka,
00:54
an evolutionary grandmother,
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evolucijsku baku
00:56
who lived around six million years ago.
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koja je živjela prije otprilike šest milijuna godina.
01:00
Now, chimpanzees are well-known
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Čimpanze su dobro poznate
01:02
for their aggression.
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po svojoj agresivnosti.
01:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:07
But unfortunately,
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Ali nažalost,
01:09
we have made too much of an emphasis
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toliko smo naglasili ovaj
01:11
of this aspect
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aspekt
01:13
in our narratives of human evolution.
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u našim govorima o ljudskoj evoluciji.
01:16
But bonobos show us
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Ali bonoboi nam pokazuju
01:18
the other side of the coin.
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drugu stranu medalje.
01:20
While chimpanzees
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Dok čimpanzama
01:22
are dominated by big, scary guys,
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upravljaju veliki, strašni tipovi,
01:25
bonobo society
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bonobovskim društvima
01:27
is run by empowered females.
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upravljaju jake ženke.
01:31
These guys have really worked something out,
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Ovi su tipovi zbilja nešto razradili,
01:34
since this leads to a highly tolerant society
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budući da to vodi visoko tolerantnom društvu
01:37
where fatal violence
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u kojemu još nije viđeno
01:39
has not been observed yet.
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pogubno nasilje.
01:42
But unfortunately,
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Na nesreću,
01:44
bonobos are the least understood
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bonoboi su najmanje shvaćeni
01:46
of the great apes.
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veliki majmuni.
01:48
They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle,
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Žive u dubinama kongovske džungle
01:51
and it has been very difficult to study them.
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i vrlo je teško proučavati ih.
01:54
The Congo is a paradox --
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Kongo je paradoks
01:57
a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty,
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– zemlja iznimne biološke raznolikosti i ljepote,
02:01
but also the heart of darkness itself --
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ali ujedno i srce same tame –
02:04
the scene of a violent conflict
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scena nasilnog sukoba
02:07
that has raged for decades
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koji bijesni već desetljećima
02:09
and claimed nearly as many lives
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i uzeo je života skoro
02:12
as the First World War.
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kao Prvi svjetski rat.
02:16
Not surprisingly,
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Ne iznenađuje
02:18
this destruction also endangers bonobo survival.
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da ova destrukcija ugrožava i opstanak bonoboa.
02:22
Bushmeat trades and forest loss
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Trgovina divljači i gubitak šuma
02:25
means we couldn't fill a small stadium
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znači da ne možemo napuniti manji stadion
02:28
with all the bonobos that are left in the world --
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sa svim bonoboima koji su ostali na svijetu,
02:30
and we're not even sure of that to be honest.
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a nismo sigurni ni u to, da budem iskrena.
02:34
Yet, in this land of violence and chaos,
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Ipak, u ovoj zemlji nasilja i kaosa,
02:38
you can hear hidden laughter
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možete čuti skriveni smijeh
02:41
swaying the trees.
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koji se njiše drvećem.
02:43
Who are these cousins?
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Tko su ti rođaci?
02:46
We know them as the "make love, not war" apes
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Znamo ih kao „vodite ljubav, a ne rat“ majmuni
02:50
since they have frequent, promiscuous
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zato što imaju česte, promiskuitetne
02:52
and bisexual sex
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i biseksualne spolne odnose
02:54
to manage conflict
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kako bi se nosili sa sukobom
02:56
and solve social issues.
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i rješavali društvena pitanja.
02:58
Now, I'm not saying this is the solution
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Ne kažem da je to rješenje svih
03:00
to all of humanity's problems --
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problema čovječanstva --
03:04
since there's more to bonobo life
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jer se život bonobo majmuna
03:06
than the Kama Sutra.
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ne svodi samo na Kama Sutru.
03:08
Bonobos, like humans,
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Bonoboi se, kao i ljudi,
03:10
love to play throughout their entire lives.
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vole igrati cijeloga života.
03:12
Play is not just child's games.
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Igranje nije samo dječja igra.
03:14
For us and them,
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Za nas i za njih,
03:16
play is foundational for bonding relationships
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igra je osnova za učvršćivanje odnosa
03:19
and fostering tolerance.
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i gajenje tolerancije.
03:21
It's where we learn to trust
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Tamo učimo vjerovati,
03:23
and where we learn about the rules of the game.
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i tamo učimo pravila igre.
03:26
Play increases creativity
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Igra povećava kreativnost
03:28
and resilience,
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i otpornost,
03:31
and it's all about the generation of diversity --
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a sve je u stvaranju različitosti,
03:34
diversity of interactions,
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različitosti interakcija,
03:36
diversity of behaviors,
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različitosti ponašanja,
03:38
diversity of connections.
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različitosti veza.
03:41
And when you watch bonobo play,
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I kada gledate bonoboe kako se igraju,
03:43
you're seeing the very evolutionary roots
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vidite evolucijske korake
03:46
of human laughter, dance
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ljudskog smijeha, plesa
03:48
and ritual.
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i rituala.
03:50
Play is the glue
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Igra je ta nit
03:52
that binds us together.
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koja nas povezuje.
03:54
Now, I don't know how you play,
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Ne znam kako se vi igrate,
03:57
but I want to show you a couple of unique clips
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ali želim vam pokazati nekoliko jedinstvenih isječaka
03:59
fresh from the wild.
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ravno iz divljine.
04:01
First, it's a ball game bonobo-style --
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Prvo, igra loptama na bonobovski način,
04:04
and I do not mean football.
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i pritom ne mislim na nogomet.
04:07
So here,
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Ovdje imamo
04:09
we have a young female and a male
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mladu ženku i mužjaka
04:11
engaged in a chase game.
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koji su uključeni u igru lovice.
04:14
Have a look what she's doing.
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Pogledajte što ona radi.
04:16
It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase,
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To je možda evolucijsko podrijetlo izraza:
04:18
"she's got him by the balls."
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„uhvatila ga je za testise.“
04:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:23
Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right?
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Samo što mislim da on uživa.
04:27
Yeah.
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Da.
04:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:31
So sex play is common
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Seksualne igre su česte
04:33
in both bonobos and humans.
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i kod bonoboa i kod ljudi.
04:35
And this video is really interesting
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I ovaj je video zanimljiv
04:37
because it shows --
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jer pokazuje --
04:39
this video's really interesting
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I ovaj je video zanimljiv
04:41
because it shows the inventiveness
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jer pokazuje domišljatost
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of bringing unusual elements into play --
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uvođenja neobičnog elementa u igru --
04:46
such as testicles --
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poput testisa –
04:49
and also how play both requires trust
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i također kako igra zahtjeva povjerenje
04:52
and fosters trust --
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i gradi povjerenje,
04:55
while at the same time being tremendous fun.
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a u isto vrijeme je vrlo zabavna.
04:57
But play's a shapeshifter.
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Ali igra mijenja svoj oblik.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:02
Play's a shapeshifter,
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Igra mijenja svoj oblik
05:04
and it can take many forms,
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i može uzeti razne forme,
05:06
some of which are more quiet,
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od kojih su neke tiše,
05:08
imaginative, curious --
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maštovitije, znatiželjnije –
05:10
maybe where wonder is discovered anew.
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možda se ondje čuda iznova otkrivaju.
05:13
And I want you to see,
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I želim da vidite,
05:15
this is Fuku, a young female,
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ovo je Fuku, mlada ženka
05:17
and she is quietly playing with water.
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i tiho se igra s vodom.
05:19
I think, like her,
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Mislim, da se kao i ona i
05:21
we sometimes play alone,
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mi ponekad igramo sami
05:23
and we explore the boundaries
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i istražujemo granice
05:25
of our inner and our outer worlds.
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svog unutarnjeg i vanjskog svijeta.
05:28
And it's that playful curiosity
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I ta nas zaigrana znatiželja
05:30
that drives us to explore, drives us to interact,
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vodi istraživanju, vodi nas interakciji.
05:34
and then the unexpected connections we form
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I onda su neočekivane veze koje stvaramo
05:37
are the real hotbed for creativity.
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pravi izvor kreativnosti.
05:41
So these are just small tasters
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Ovo su samo mali pokazatelji
05:44
into the insights that bonobo give us
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spoznaja koje nam bonoboi daju
05:46
to our past and present.
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o našoj prošlosti i sadašnjosti.
05:49
But they also hold a secret for our future,
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Ali oni također nose i tajnu za našu budućnost,
05:52
a future where we need to adapt
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budućnost u kojoj se moramo prilagođavati
05:54
to an increasingly challenging world
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sve izazovnijem svijetu
05:57
through greater creativity
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preko veće kreativnosti
05:59
and greater cooperation.
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i bolje suradnje.
06:01
The secret is that play is the key
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Tajna je da je igra ključ
06:04
to these capacities.
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ovih kapaciteta.
06:06
In other words,
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Drugim riječima,
06:08
play is our adaptive wildcard.
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igra je naš prilagodbeni džoker.
06:10
In order to adapt successfully
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Da bismo se uspješno prilagodili
06:12
to a changing world,
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promjenjivom svijetu,
06:14
we need to play.
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moramo se igrati.
06:18
But will we make the most of our playfulness?
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Ali hoćemo li iskoristiti svoju razigranost najbolje što možemo?
06:21
Play is not frivolous.
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Igra nije neozbiljna,
06:23
Play's essential.
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igra je nužna.
06:25
For bonobos and humans alike,
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Za bonoboe i ljude,
06:28
life is not just red in tooth and claw.
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život nije samo okrutna divljina.
06:31
In times when it seems least appropriate to play,
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U vremenima kad se čini najmanje prikladno igrati se,
06:34
it might be the times when it is most urgent.
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moglo bi biti da su to vremena u kojima je to najnužnije.
06:38
And so, my fellow primates,
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I tako, moji kolege primati,
06:41
let us embrace this gift from evolution
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prigrlimo ovaj dar evolucije
06:44
and play together,
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i igrajmo se zajedno,
06:46
as we rediscover creativity,
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i tako otkrivajmo kreativnost,
06:49
fellowship and wonder.
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suradnju i čuđenje.
06:51
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
06:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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