How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA | Jennifer Doudna

Prevodilac: Ivana Korom Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

A few years ago,

Pre nekoliko godina,

with my colleague, Emmanuelle Charpentier,

sa kolegom Emanuelom Šarpentjeom,

I invented a new technology for editing genomes.

otkrila sam novu tehnologiju za preuređenje genoma.

It's called CRISPR-Cas9.

Ona se zove CRISPR-Cas9.

The CRISPR technology allows scientists to make changes

Ova tehnologija omogućava naučnicima da prave promene

to the DNA in cells

u DNK u ćelijama,

that could allow us to cure genetic disease.

koje nam mogu omogućiti da izlečimo genetske bolesti.

You might be interested to know

Možda će vas zanimati

that the CRISPR technology came about through a basic research project

da je CRISPR tehnologija nastala iz jednog jednostavnog istraživanja

that was aimed at discovering how bacteria fight viral infections.

koje je za cilj imalo da otkrije kako se bakterije bore protiv virusa.

Bacteria have to deal with viruses in their environment,

Bakterije u svojim okruženjima moraju da se susreću sa virusima

and we can think about a viral infection like a ticking time bomb --

i virusne infekcije možemo zamisliti kao tempirane bombe -

a bacterium has only a few minutes to defuse the bomb

bakterija ima samo nekoliko minuta da deaktivira bombu

before it gets destroyed.

pre nego što je ona uništi.

So, many bacteria have in their cells an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,

I tako mnoge bakterije u svojim ćelijama image adaptivni imuni sistem, CRISPR,

that allows them to detect viral DNA and destroy it.

koji im omogućava da otkriju i unište virusnu DNK.

Part of the CRISPR system is a protein called Cas9,

Deo CRISPR sistema je protein pod nazivom Cas9,

that's able to seek out, cut and eventually degrade viral DNA

koji može da pronađe, razdvoji i na kraju degradira virusnu DNK

in a specific way.

na jedan poseban način.

And it was through our research

Kroz naše istraživanje

to understand the activity of this protein, Cas9,

kojim smo želeli da razumemo aktivnost ovog proteina, Cas9,

that we realized that we could harness its function

shvatili smo da možemo da iskoristimo njegovu funkciju

as a genetic engineering technology --

kao tehnologiju genetskog inženjeringa -

a way for scientists to delete or insert specific bits of DNA into cells

način na koji naučnici odstrane ili ubace određene delove DNK u ćelije

with incredible precision --

sa izuzetnom preciznošću -

that would offer opportunities

kojom bismo dobili mogućnosti

to do things that really haven't been possible in the past.

da radimo stvari koje uopšte nisu bile moguće u prošlosti.

The CRISPR technology has already been used

CRISPR tehnologija je već korišćena

to change the DNA in the cells of mice and monkeys,

da promeni DNK u ćelijama miševa i majmuna,

other organisms as well.

kao i drugih organizama.

Chinese scientists showed recently

Kineski naučnici su nedavno pokazali

that they could even use the CRISPR technology

da CRISPR tehnologiju mogu da koriste

to change genes in human embryos.

čak i da promene gene u ljudskim embrionima.

And scientists in Philadelphia showed they could use CRISPR

A naučnici u Filadelfiji su pokazali da mogu da koriste CRISPR

to remove the DNA of an integrated HIV virus

da odstrane DNK integrisanih HIV virusa

from infected human cells.

iz zaraženih ljudskih ćelija.

The opportunity to do this kind of genome editing

Prilika da se na ovaj način preuređuje genom

also raises various ethical issues that we have to consider,

povlači za sobom etička pitanja koja moramo da razmotrimo,

because this technology can be employed not only in adult cells,

jer ova tehnologija može da se primeni ne samo na odraslim ćelijama,

but also in the embryos of organisms,

nego i na embrionima organizama,

including our own species.

uključujući i našu vrstu.

And so, together with my colleagues,

I tako, zajedno sa kolegama,

I've called for a global conversation about the technology that I co-invented,

pozvala sam na globalni razgovor o ovoj tehnologiji čiji sam su-osnivač,

so that we can consider all of the ethical and societal implications

kako bismo razmotrili sve etičke i društvene implikacije

of a technology like this.

jedne ovakve tehnologije.

What I want to do now is tell you what the CRISPR technology is,

Sada želim da vam ispričam šta je CRISPR tehnologija,

šta može da uradi,

what it can do,

where we are today

gde smo danas

and why I think we need to take a prudent path forward

i zašto mislim da moramo mudro da postupamo

in the way that we employ this technology.

u načinu na koji ovu tehnologiju primenjujemo.

When viruses infect a cell, they inject their DNA.

Kada virusi zaraze neku ćeliju, oni ubace svoju DNK.

And in a bacterium,

A u bakteriji,

the CRISPR system allows that DNA to be plucked out of the virus,

CRISPR sistem dozvoljava da se DNK iznese iz virusa

and inserted in little bits into the chromosome --

i u malim delovima ubaci u hromozom -

the DNA of the bacterium.

u DNK bakterije.

And these integrated bits of viral DNA get inserted at a site called CRISPR.

Ovi integrisani delovi virusne DNK umeću se na mestu pod nazivom CRISPR.

CRISPR znači grupisana,

CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

pravilno raspoređena kratka palindromska ponavljanja.

(Laughter)

Složen pojam - shvatate zašto koristimo akronim CRISPR.

A big mouthful -- you can see why we use the acronym CRISPR.

It's a mechanism that allows cells to record, over time,

To je mehanizam koji dozvoljava ćelijama da tokom vremena beleže

the viruses they have been exposed to.

viruse kojima su bile izložene.

And importantly, those bits of DNA are passed on to the cells' progeny,

I, što je važno, ti delovi DNK se prenose na potomke tih ćelija,

so cells are protected from viruses not only in one generation,

tako da su ćelije od virusa zaštićene ne samo u jednoj generaciji,

but over many generations of cells.

nego tokom mnogo generacija.

This allows the cells to keep a record of infection,

Ovo dozvoljava ćeliji da prati zaraze

and as my colleague, Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,

i kako moj kolega, Blejk Videnheft, voli da kaže,

the CRISPR locus is effectively a genetic vaccination card in cells.

CRISPR je efikasna genetska karta vakcine u ćeliji.

Once those bits of DNA have been inserted into the bacterial chromosome,

Jednom kada se ti delovi DNK ubace u bakterijski hromozom,

the cell then makes a little copy of a molecule called RNA,

ćelija tada pravi malu kopiju molekula zvanog RNK,

which is orange in this picture,

koji je na ovoj slici narandžast,

that is an exact replicate of the viral DNA.

koji je doslovna replika virusne DNK.

RNA is a chemical cousin of DNA,

RNK je hemijski rođak DNK

and it allows interaction with DNA molecules

i dozvoljava interakciju sa molekulima DNK

that have a matching sequence.

koji imaju sličnu sekvencu.

So those little bits of RNA from the CRISPR locus

Dakle, ti delići RNK iz CRISPR-a

associate -- they bind -- to protein called Cas9,

vezuju se za protein pod nazivom Cas9,

which is white in the picture,

koji je na slici bele boje,

and form a complex that functions like a sentinel in the cell.

i formiraju sastav koji u ćeliji funkcioniše kao stražar.

It searches through all of the DNA in the cell,

On pretražuje svu DNK u ćeliji

to find sites that match the sequences in the bound RNAs.

kako bi našao mesta koja se poklapaju sa sekvencama vezane RNK.

And when those sites are found --

I kada ta mesta pronađe -

as you can see here, the blue molecule is DNA --

kao što ovde vidite, plavi molekul je DNK -

ovaj sastav se udružuje sa tom DNK

this complex associates with that DNA

and allows the Cas9 cleaver to cut up the viral DNA.

i dozvoljava da sečivo Cas9 ispreseca virusnu DNK.

It makes a very precise break.

On pravi veoma precizan rez.

So we can think of the Cas9 RNA sentinel complex

Ovaj sastav Cas9 RNK stražara možemo da posmatramo

like a pair of scissors that can cut DNA --

kao par makaza koje mogu da seku DNK;

it makes a double-stranded break in the DNA helix.

on pravi dvostrani presek u DNK spirali.

And importantly, this complex is programmable,

Ono što je važno je da je ovaj sastav moguće programirati,

so it can be programmed to recognize particular DNA sequences,

da prepozna određene sekvence DNK

and make a break in the DNA at that site.

i preseče DNK na tom mestu.

As I'm going to tell you now,

I kao što ću vam sad reći,

we recognized that that activity could be harnessed for genome engineering,

prepoznali smo da ta aktivnost može da se iskoristi za genetski inženjering,

to allow cells to make a very precise change to the DNA

da dozvoli ćelijama da prave vrlo precizne promene u DNK

at the site where this break was introduced.

na mestu gde se napravi ovaj rez.

That's sort of analogous

Ovo je donekle analogno

to the way that we use a word-processing program

načinu na koji koristimo programe za obradu teksta

to fix a typo in a document.

kako bismo popravili grešku u nekom dokumentu.

The reason we envisioned using the CRISPR system for genome engineering

Razlog zašto smo zamislili korišćenje CRISPR-a za genetski inženjering

is because cells have the ability to detect broken DNA

je zato što ćelije imaju sposobnost da otkriju i poprave

and repair it.

oštećenu DNK.

So when a plant or an animal cell detects a double-stranded break in its DNA,

Kad ćelija biljke ili životinje otkrije dvostrani prekid u svojoj DNK,

it can fix that break,

ona može da ga popravi,

either by pasting together the ends of the broken DNA

ili tako što sastavi krajeve oštećene DNK

with a little, tiny change in the sequence of that position,

malom, sitnom promenom u sekvenci te pozicije,

or it can repair the break by integrating a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.

ili integrisanjem novog komada DNK na mestu oštećenja.

So if we have a way to introduce double-stranded breaks into DNA

Dakle, ako imamo način da unesemo dvostrane prekide u DNK

at precise places,

na određenim mestima,

we can trigger cells to repair those breaks,

možemo podstaći ćelije da poprave ta oštećenja,

by either the disruption or incorporation of new genetic information.

ili prekidom ili uklapanjem nove genetske informacije.

So if we were able to program the CRISPR technology

Dakle, da možemo da isprogramiramo CRISPR tehnologiju

to make a break in DNA

da preseče DNK

at the position at or near a mutation causing cystic fibrosis, for example,

na mestu ili u blizini mutacije koja uzrokuje cističnu fibrozu, recimo,

we could trigger cells to repair that mutation.

podstakli bismo ćelije da poprave tu mutaciju.

Genome engineering is actually not new, it's been in development since the 1970s.

Genetski inženjering nije novost; razvija se od 1970-ih.

We've had technologies for sequencing DNA,

Postoje tehnologije za sekvenciranje DNK,

for copying DNA,

za kopiranje DNK,

and even for manipulating DNA.

i čak za manipulisanje DNK.

And these technologies were very promising,

One su mnogo obećavale,

but the problem was that they were either inefficient,

ali je problem bio što nisu bile efikasne

or they were difficult enough to use

ili su bile toliko složene za upotrebu

that most scientists had not adopted them for use in their own laboratories,

da ih većina naučnika nije usvojila u svom radu u laboratorijama,

or certainly for many clinical applications.

a kamoli za kliničke primene.

So, the opportunity to take a technology like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,

Dakle, prilika da se koristi tehnologija

kao što je CRISPR je privlačna,

because of its relative simplicity.

zbog svoje relativne jednostavnosti.

We can think of older genome engineering technologies

Starije tehnologije genetskog inženjeringa

as similar to having to rewire your computer

možemo porediti sa ponovnim instaliranjem računara

each time you want to run a new piece of software,

svaki put kada želite da pokrenete novi program,

whereas the CRISPR technology is like software for the genome,

dok je CRISPR kao softver za genom;

we can program it easily, using these little bits of RNA.

možemo ga lako programirati koristeći ove male delove RNK.

So once a double-stranded break is made in DNA,

Jednom kad se napravi dvostrani presek u DNK,

we can induce repair,

možemo da pokrenemo popravku

and thereby potentially achieve astounding things,

i tako potencijalno postignemo izuzetne stvari,

like being able to correct mutations that cause sickle cell anemia

npr. da ispravimo mutacije koje uzrokuju anemiju ćelija

or cause Huntington's Disease.

ili Hantingtonovu bolest.

I actually think that the first applications of the CRISPR technology

Ja mislim da će se ova tehnologija prvo upotrebljavati na krvi,

are going to happen in the blood,

where it's relatively easier to deliver this tool into cells,

gde je relativno lakše dovesti je u ćelije

compared to solid tissues.

u poređenju sa čvrstim tkivima.

Right now, a lot of the work that's going on

Trenutno, mnogo se radi

applies to animal models of human disease, such as mice.

na životinjskim modelima ljudskih bolesti, npr. miševima.

The technology is being used to make very precise changes

Ova tehnologija se koristi da se naprave vrlo precizne promene

that allow us to study the way that these changes in the cell's DNA

koje dozvoljavaju da proučavamo način na koji one u ćelijskoj DNK

affect either a tissue or, in this case, an entire organism.

utiču na tkivo ili, u ovom slučaju, na ceo organizam.

Now in this example,

U ovom primeru,

the CRISPR technology was used to disrupt a gene

CRISPR tehnologija je korišćena da poremeti gen

by making a tiny change in the DNA

pravljenjem male promene u DNK

in a gene that is responsible for the black coat color of these mice.

u genu koji je odgovoran za crnu boju ovih miševa.

Imagine that these white mice differ from their pigmented litter-mates

Zamislite da se ovi beli miševi razlikuju od svojih obojenih rođaka

by just a tiny change at one gene in the entire genome,

samo u maloj promeni jednog gena u celom genomu,

and they're otherwise completely normal.

a inače su potpuno normalni.

And when we sequence the DNA from these animals,

I kad sekvenciramo DNK onih životinja,

we find that the change in the DNA

otkrivamo da je ta promena u DNK

has occurred at exactly the place where we induced it,

nastala tačno na onom mestu gde smo je uveli

using the CRISPR technology.

koristeći CRISPR tehnologiju.

Additional experiments are going on in other animals

Dodatni eksperimenti se vrše na drugim životinjama,

that are useful for creating models for human disease,

koji su korisni za pravljenje modela ljudskih bolesti,

such as monkeys.

kao što su majmuni.

And here we find that we can use these systems

I ovde otkrivamo da možemo da koristimo ove sisteme

to test the application of this technology in particular tissues,

da testiramo primenu ove tehnologije na određenim tkivima,

for example, figuring out how to deliver the CRISPR tool into cells.

na primer, da razumemo kako da dostavimo CRISPR u ćelije.

We also want to understand better

Takođe želimo bolje da razumemo

how to control the way that DNA is repaired after it's cut,

kako da kontrolišemo način na koji se DNK popravlja posle oštećenja,

and also to figure out how to control and limit any kind of off-target,

i da razumemo kako da kontrolišemo i ograničimo bilo kakvo odstupanje

or unintended effects of using the technology.

ili neželjene efekte korišćenja ove tehnologije.

I think that we will see clinical application of this technology,

Mislim da ćemo kliničku primenu ove tehnologije,

certainly in adults,

sigurno kod odraslih,

videti u narednih 10 godina.

within the next 10 years.

I think that it's likely that we will see clinical trials

Mislim da je verovatno da ćemo u tom vremenskom okviru

and possibly even approved therapies within that time,

videti klinička testiranja i možda odobrene terapije,

which is a very exciting thing to think about.

što je veoma uzbudljivo za razmišljanje.

And because of the excitement around this technology,

I zbog uzbuđenja u vezi sa ovom tehnologijom,

there's a lot of interest in start-up companies

mnoge startap kompanije su veoma zainteresovane

that have been founded to commercialize the CRISPR technology,

i osnovane radi komercijalizacije CRISPR tehnologije,

and lots of venture capitalists

i mnogo investitora

that have been investing in these companies.

ulaže u te kompanije.

But we have to also consider

Međutim, moramo takođe da uzmemo u obzir

that the CRISPR technology can be used for things like enhancement.

da CRISPR tehnologija može da se koristi za npr. poboljšanja.

Imagine that we could try to engineer humans

Zamislite da pokušamo da napravimo ljude

that have enhanced properties, such as stronger bones,

koji imaju pojačane osobine, kao što su jače kosti,

manja podložnost kardiovaskularnoj bolesti

or less susceptibility to cardiovascular disease

or even to have properties

ili čak koji imaju osobine

that we would consider maybe to be desirable,

koje bismo smatrali poželjnim,

na primer drugačija boja očiju ili visina, takve stvari.

like a different eye color or to be taller, things like that.

"Designer humans," if you will.

„Dizajnirani ljudi“, da tako kažem.

Right now, the genetic information

Trenutno, genetske informacije

to understand what types of genes would give rise to these traits

kojima bismo znali koje vrste gena bi podstakle ove osobine

is mostly not known.

uglavnom su nepoznate.

But it's important to know

Međutim, važno je znati

that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool to make such changes,

da nam CRISPR tehnologija daje alat da takve promene pravimo,

once that knowledge becomes available.

jednom kada budemo imali znanje.

This raises a number of ethical questions that we have to carefully consider,

Ovo pokreće mnoga etička pitanja koja pažljivo moramo da razmotrimo

and this is why I and my colleagues have called for a global pause

i zato smo ja i moje kolege pozvali na globalnu pauzu

in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,

u bilo kakvoj kliničkoj primeni ove tehnologije na ljudskim embrionima,

to give us time

da bismo dobili vremena

to really consider all of the various implications of doing so.

da stvarno razmotrimo različite implikacije toga.

And actually, there is an important precedent for such a pause

U stvari, postoji važan presedan za takvu pauzu iz 1970-ih

from the 1970s,

when scientists got together

kada su se naučnici okupili

to call for a moratorium on the use of molecular cloning,

da pozovu na moratorijum u korišćenju molekularnog kloniranja,

until the safety of that technology could be tested carefully and validated.

dok bezbednost te tehnologije nije bila pažljivo testirana i potvrđena.

So, genome-engineered humans are not with us yet,

Dakle, genetski izmenjeni ljudi još uvek nisu među nama,

but this is no longer science fiction.

ali to više nije naučna fantastika.

Genome-engineered animals and plants are happening right now.

Genetski modifikovane životinje i biljke se upravo dešavaju.

And this puts in front of all of us a huge responsibility,

A to pred sve nas stavlja ogromnu odgovornost,

to consider carefully both the unintended consequences

da pažljivo razmotrimo neželjene posledice,

as well as the intended impacts of a scientific breakthrough.

ali i željene efekte nekog naučnog otkrića.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

(Applause ends)

(Kraj aplauza)

Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, this is a technology with huge consequences,

Bruno Đuzani: Dženifer, ovo je tehnoloija sa ogromnim posledicama,

as you pointed out.

kao što ste istakli.

Your attitude about asking for a pause or a moratorium or a quarantine

Vaš stav u vezi sa traženjem pauze, moratorijuma ili karantina

is incredibly responsible.

je izuzetno odgovoran.

There are, of course, the therapeutic results of this,

Naravno, postoje terapijski rezultati ovoga,

but then there are the un-therapeutic ones

ali i neterapijski,

and they seem to be the ones gaining traction,

a oni izgleda dobijaju pažnju,

particularly in the media.

posebno u medijima.

This is one of the latest issues of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."

Ovo je jedno od poslednjih izdanja „Ekonomista“ - „Menjanje čovečanstva“.

Priča se o genetskim poboljšanjima, ne o lečenjima.

It's all about genetic enhancement, it's not about therapeutics.

What kind of reactions did you get back in March

Kakve reakcije ste dobili u martu,

from your colleagues in the science world,

od Vaših kolega iz naučnog sveta,

when you asked or suggested

kada ste tražili ili preporučili

da bi trebalo da zastanemo i razmislimo na trenutak?

that we should actually pause this for a moment and think about it?

Jennifer Doudna: My colleagues were actually, I think, delighted

Dženifer Daudna: Mislim da su kolege u stvari bile oduševljene

to have the opportunity to discuss this openly.

što imaju priliku da o ovome otvoreno razgovaraju.

It's interesting that as I talk to people,

Zanimljivo je da, dok razgovaram sa ljudima,

my scientific colleagues as well as others,

mojim kolegama naučnicima i ostalima,

there's a wide variety of viewpoints about this.

postoji širok spektar viđenja ovoga.

So clearly it's a topic that needs careful consideration and discussion.

Jasno je da je to tema koju je potrebno pažljivo razmotriti i o njoj pričati.

BG: There's a big meeting happening in December

BĐ: U decembru će se održati veliki sastanak

that you and your colleagues are calling,

koji ste organizovali Vi i Vaše kolege,

together with the National Academy of Sciences and others,

zajedno sa Nacionalnom naučnom akademijom i drugima.

Šta se nadate da će biti ishod tog sastanka, u praktičnom smislu?

what do you hope will come out of the meeting, practically?

JD: Well, I hope that we can air the views

DžD: Nadam se da ćemo izneti stavove

of many different individuals and stakeholders

mnogih pojedinaca i zainteresovanih strana

who want to think about how to use this technology responsibly.

koje žele da razmišljaju o odgovornom korišćenju ove tehnologije.

It may not be possible to come up with a consensus point of view,

Možda neće biti moguće postići konsenzus,

ali mislim da bi trebalo makar da razumemo

but I think we should at least understand

koji su sve problemi u daljem radu.

what all the issues are as we go forward.

BĐ: Vaše kolege,

BG: Now, colleagues of yours,

kao što je Džordž Čerč, na primer, sa Harvarda,

like George Church, for example, at Harvard,

kažu: „Da, etička pitanja su u osnovi pitanja sigurnosti.

they say, "Yeah, ethical issues basically are just a question of safety.

Testiramo iznova i iznova, na životinjama u laboratoriji,

We test and test and test again, in animals and in labs,

and then once we feel it's safe enough, we move on to humans."

i kad osetimo da je dovoljno bezbedno, prelazimo na ljude.“

So that's kind of the other school of thought,

To je druga struja razmišljanja,

that we should actually use this opportunity and really go for it.

da možemo da iskoristimo ovu priliku i prihvatimo je.

Is there a possible split happening in the science community about this?

Da li možda ovo podstiče razdor u naučnoj zajednici?

I mean, are we going to see some people holding back

Mislim, da li ćemo videti da se neki uzdržavaju

because they have ethical concerns,

zbog etičkih pitanja,

and some others just going forward

a neki samo idu napred

because some countries under-regulate or don't regulate at all?

jer neke zemlje imaju slabu ili nikakvu regulativu?

JD: Well, I think with any new technology, especially something like this,

DžD: Mislim da će sa svakom novom tehnologijom, posebno ovakvom,

there are going to be a variety of viewpoints,

biti različitih stavova

and I think that's perfectly understandable.

i mislim da je to potpuno razumljivo.

I think that in the end,

Mislim da će na kraju

this technology will be used for human genome engineering,

ova tehnologija biti korišćena za inženjering ljudskog genoma,

but I think to do that without careful consideration and discussion

ali mislim da ne bi bilo odgovorno

to uraditi bez pažljive diskusije i razmatranja

of the risks and potential complications

rizika i potencijalnih komplikacija.

would not be responsible.

BG: There are a lot of technologies and other fields of science

BĐ: Postoje mnoge tehnologije i druga naučna polja

koja se razvijaju eksponencijalno, skoro kao vaše polje.

that are developing exponentially, pretty much like yours.

I'm thinking about artificial intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.

Mislim na veštačku inteligenciju, autonomne robote itd.

No one seems --

Niko izgleda -

aside from autonomous warfare robots --

osim autonomnih robota za ratovanje -

nobody seems to have launched a similar discussion in those fields,

niko nije pokrenuo sličnu diskusiju u tim poljima,

in calling for a moratorium.

pozvao na moratorijum.

Do you think that your discussion may serve as a blueprint for other fields?

Da li mislite da će vaša diskusija poslužiti kao primer drugima?

JD: Well, I think it's hard for scientists to get out of the laboratory.

DžD: Mislim da je naučnicima teško da izađu iz laboratorije.

Speaking for myself,

Govoreći u svoje ime,

it's a little bit uncomfortable to do that.

to je pomalo neprijatno.

But I do think that being involved in the genesis of this

Međutim, mislim da, biti deo nastanka ovoga,

really puts me and my colleagues in a position of responsibility.

stavlja mene i moje kolege u poziciju odgovornosti.

And I would say that I certainly hope that other technologies

Rekla bih da se zaista nadam da će ostale tehnologije

will be considered in the same way,

biti razmatrane na isti način,

just as we would want to consider something that could have implications

kao što bismo želeli da razmotrimo nešto što bi moglo imati posledice

in other fields besides biology.

u drugim poljima osim biologije.

BG: Jennifer, thanks for coming to TED.

BĐ: Dženifer, hvala što ste došli na TED.

JD: Thank you.

DžD: Hvala vama.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)