How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA | Jennifer Doudna

1,836,068 views ใƒป 2015-11-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
A few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
00:14
with my colleague, Emmanuelle Charpentier,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื”,
00:17
I invented a new technology for editing genomes.
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ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื.
00:21
It's called CRISPR-Cas9.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื CRISPR-Cas9.
00:23
The CRISPR technology allows scientists to make changes
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช CRISPER ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
00:27
to the DNA in cells
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ื‘ DNA ื‘ืชืื™ื
00:29
that could allow us to cure genetic disease.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:33
You might be interested to know
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
00:34
that the CRISPR technology came about through a basic research project
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
00:38
that was aimed at discovering how bacteria fight viral infections.
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื™ื.
00:43
Bacteria have to deal with viruses in their environment,
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
00:46
and we can think about a viral infection like a ticking time bomb --
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื›ืขืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงืชืงืช --
00:49
a bacterium has only a few minutes to defuse the bomb
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”
00:53
before it gets destroyed.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจืก.
00:55
So, many bacteria have in their cells an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช CRISPER.
01:00
that allows them to detect viral DNA and destroy it.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”- DNA ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื•
01:05
Part of the CRISPR system is a protein called Cas9,
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ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-CRISPER ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจื Cas9,
01:09
that's able to seek out, cut and eventually degrade viral DNA
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ, ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘-DNA ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™
01:15
in a specific way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
01:17
And it was through our research
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
01:18
to understand the activity of this protein, Cas9,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, Cas9,
01:22
that we realized that we could harness its function
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•
01:25
as a genetic engineering technology --
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ื›ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช -
01:28
a way for scientists to delete or insert specific bits of DNA into cells
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ื“ืจืš ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ DNA ืœืชืื™ื
01:35
with incredible precision --
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ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื -
01:37
that would offer opportunities
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ืฉื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
01:39
to do things that really haven't been possible in the past.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
01:43
The CRISPR technology has already been used
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”-CRISPER ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื‘ืจ
01:45
to change the DNA in the cells of mice and monkeys,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”- DNA ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ื,
01:50
other organisms as well.
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
01:52
Chinese scientists showed recently
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
01:54
that they could even use the CRISPR technology
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”-CRISPR ืืคื™ืœื•
01:56
to change genes in human embryos.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
01:59
And scientists in Philadelphia showed they could use CRISPR
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ
02:02
to remove the DNA of an integrated HIV virus
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”-HIV ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
02:07
from infected human cells.
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ืžืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื.
02:10
The opportunity to do this kind of genome editing
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื ื•ื
02:13
also raises various ethical issues that we have to consider,
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ืžืขืœื” ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ,
02:16
because this technology can be employed not only in adult cells,
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ื›ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
02:20
but also in the embryos of organisms,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
02:23
including our own species.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•.
02:26
And so, together with my colleagues,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™,
02:28
I've called for a global conversation about the technology that I co-invented,
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฆืืชื”,
02:33
so that we can consider all of the ethical and societal implications
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
02:37
of a technology like this.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
02:40
What I want to do now is tell you what the CRISPR technology is,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”-CRISPER,
02:45
what it can do,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
02:46
where we are today
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
02:47
and why I think we need to take a prudent path forward
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:50
in the way that we employ this technology.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
02:55
When viruses infect a cell, they inject their DNA.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืชืื™ื, ื”ื ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:59
And in a bacterium,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
03:00
the CRISPR system allows that DNA to be plucked out of the virus,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-CRISPER ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”-DNA ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
03:05
and inserted in little bits into the chromosome --
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืจืชื• ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื --
03:09
the DNA of the bacterium.
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ื”- DNA ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
03:11
And these integrated bits of viral DNA get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
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ื•ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ.
03:18
CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.
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ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
03:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:25
A big mouthful -- you can see why we use the acronym CRISPR.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื - ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช CRISPER.
03:28
It's a mechanism that allows cells to record, over time,
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ื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ื ืœืชืขื“, ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
03:32
the viruses they have been exposed to.
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ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื ื—ืฉืคื•,
03:35
And importantly, those bits of DNA are passed on to the cells' progeny,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื,
03:40
so cells are protected from viruses not only in one generation,
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ื›ืš ืชืื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
03:44
but over many generations of cells.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
03:47
This allows the cells to keep a record of infection,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
03:51
and as my colleague, Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™, ื‘ืœื™ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ื ื”ืคื˜, ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ,
03:54
the CRISPR locus is effectively a genetic vaccination card in cells.
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ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”-CRISPR ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืื™ื.
04:00
Once those bits of DNA have been inserted into the bacterial chromosome,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคื™ืกื•ืช DNA ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™,
04:05
the cell then makes a little copy of a molecule called RNA,
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ื”ืชื ืื– ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืชืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช RNA
04:09
which is orange in this picture,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
04:11
that is an exact replicate of the viral DNA.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืชืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื” DNA ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™.
04:16
RNA is a chemical cousin of DNA,
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RNA ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ DNA,
04:18
and it allows interaction with DNA molecules
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช DNA
04:22
that have a matching sequence.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจืฆืฃ ืชื•ืื.
04:25
So those little bits of RNA from the CRISPR locus
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ RNA ืžืžื™ืงื•ื ื” CRISPER
04:29
associate -- they bind -- to protein called Cas9,
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช -- ื”ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื CAS9
04:33
which is white in the picture,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:34
and form a complex that functions like a sentinel in the cell.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ื–ืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืชื
04:39
It searches through all of the DNA in the cell,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”- DNA ืฉื‘ืชื,
04:42
to find sites that match the sequences in the bound RNAs.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื‘ RNA ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ.
04:46
And when those sites are found --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื -
04:48
as you can see here, the blue molecule is DNA --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื DNA --
04:52
this complex associates with that DNA
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ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื” DNA ื”ื–ื”
04:54
and allows the Cas9 cleaver to cut up the viral DNA.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืคื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”- Cas9 ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”- DNA ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™.
05:00
It makes a very precise break.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืžืื•ื“.
05:04
So we can think of the Cas9 RNA sentinel complex
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ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”- Cas9 RNA ื›ืขืœ ื–ืงื™ืฃ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
05:08
like a pair of scissors that can cut DNA --
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื•ื’ ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš DNA -
05:11
it makes a double-stranded break in the DNA helix.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืœื™ืœ ื” DNA.
05:14
And importantly, this complex is programmable,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืžืชื—ื ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช,
05:18
so it can be programmed to recognize particular DNA sequences,
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ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจืฆืคื™ DNA ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
05:24
and make a break in the DNA at that site.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘-DNA ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”.
05:27
As I'm going to tell you now,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:29
we recognized that that activity could be harnessed for genome engineering,
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืชื ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื•ื.
05:34
to allow cells to make a very precise change to the DNA
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœ-DNA
05:38
at the site where this break was introduced.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืงืจืชื”.
05:41
That's sort of analogous
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ื–ื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
05:42
to the way that we use a word-processing program
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ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื
05:45
to fix a typo in a document.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืืช ื”ืงืœื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืžืš.
05:49
The reason we envisioned using the CRISPR system for genome engineering
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื–ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื” CRISPER ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื•ื
05:54
is because cells have the ability to detect broken DNA
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืชืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช DNA ืฉื‘ื•ืจ
05:58
and repair it.
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ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
05:59
So when a plant or an animal cell detects a double-stranded break in its DNA,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ DNA ืฉืœื•,
06:04
it can fix that break,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:06
either by pasting together the ends of the broken DNA
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื” DNA ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจ
06:09
with a little, tiny change in the sequence of that position,
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
06:14
or it can repair the break by integrating a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
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ืื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคื™ืกืช DNA ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชืš.
06:21
So if we have a way to introduce double-stranded breaks into DNA
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื—ื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™-ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš DNA
06:26
at precise places,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
06:27
we can trigger cells to repair those breaks,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”,
06:30
by either the disruption or incorporation of new genetic information.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ.
06:35
So if we were able to program the CRISPR technology
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช CRISPR
06:39
to make a break in DNA
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘-DNA
06:41
at the position at or near a mutation causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื, ืื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
06:47
we could trigger cells to repair that mutation.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:52
Genome engineering is actually not new, it's been in development since the 1970s.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืื– 1970.
06:57
We've had technologies for sequencing DNA,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฆืคื™ DNA
07:00
for copying DNA,
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ืœื”ืขืชืงืช DNA,
07:01
and even for manipulating DNA.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื”-DNA.
07:04
And these technologies were very promising,
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
07:08
but the problem was that they were either inefficient,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
07:12
or they were difficult enough to use
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
07:14
that most scientists had not adopted them for use in their own laboratories,
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
07:19
or certainly for many clinical applications.
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ืื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:24
So, the opportunity to take a technology like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
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ืื–, ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื• CRISPR ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื™ื›ื”,
07:32
because of its relative simplicity.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
07:35
We can think of older genome engineering technologies
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:38
as similar to having to rewire your computer
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
07:42
each time you want to run a new piece of software,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืคื™ืกืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
07:46
whereas the CRISPR technology is like software for the genome,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”CRISPR ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื,
07:50
we can program it easily, using these little bits of RNA.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”-RNA ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
07:54
So once a double-stranded break is made in DNA,
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ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื›ืคื•ืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ DNA
07:57
we can induce repair,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ,
07:59
and thereby potentially achieve astounding things,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
08:03
like being able to correct mutations that cause sickle cell anemia
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช
08:07
or cause Huntington's Disease.
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:09
I actually think that the first applications of the CRISPR technology
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ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”-CRISPR
08:13
are going to happen in the blood,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื,
08:15
where it's relatively easier to deliver this tool into cells,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืชืื™ื,
08:20
compared to solid tissues.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช.
08:23
Right now, a lot of the work that's going on
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช
08:26
applies to animal models of human disease, such as mice.
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ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:30
The technology is being used to make very precise changes
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื
08:33
that allow us to study the way that these changes in the cell's DNA
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืชื
08:38
affect either a tissue or, in this case, an entire organism.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
08:43
Now in this example,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื•,
08:44
the CRISPR technology was used to disrupt a gene
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื” CRISPR ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ื’ืŸ
08:48
by making a tiny change in the DNA
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘-DNA
08:51
in a gene that is responsible for the black coat color of these mice.
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•.
08:56
Imagine that these white mice differ from their pigmented litter-mates
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
09:01
by just a tiny change at one gene in the entire genome,
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื,
09:05
and they're otherwise completely normal.
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ ืžื–ื” ื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื.
09:07
And when we sequence the DNA from these animals,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื”- DNA ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
09:10
we find that the change in the DNA
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื "ื
09:13
has occurred at exactly the place where we induced it,
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื›ืš,
09:16
using the CRISPR technology.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช CRISPR.
09:19
Additional experiments are going on in other animals
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:22
that are useful for creating models for human disease,
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ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
09:26
such as monkeys.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคื™ื.
09:28
And here we find that we can use these systems
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื”
09:31
to test the application of this technology in particular tissues,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
09:35
for example, figuring out how to deliver the CRISPR tool into cells.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”- CRISPR ืœืชืื™ื.
09:40
We also want to understand better
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:42
how to control the way that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”-DNA ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืชืš,
09:46
and also to figure out how to control and limit any kind of off-target,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืงื— ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืขื“,
09:51
or unintended effects of using the technology.
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ืื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:56
I think that we will see clinical application of this technology,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ืจืื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,
10:02
certainly in adults,
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
10:04
within the next 10 years.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
10:05
I think that it's likely that we will see clinical trials
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื
10:08
and possibly even approved therapies within that time,
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
10:12
which is a very exciting thing to think about.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
10:15
And because of the excitement around this technology,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,
10:17
there's a lot of interest in start-up companies
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค
10:20
that have been founded to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
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ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”-CRISPR,
10:25
and lots of venture capitalists
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
10:27
that have been investing in these companies.
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ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื”.
10:31
But we have to also consider
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
10:32
that the CRISPR technology can be used for things like enhancement.
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”-CRISPR ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ.
10:36
Imagine that we could try to engineer humans
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
10:39
that have enhanced properties, such as stronger bones,
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ืฉื™ืฉืคืจื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:44
or less susceptibility to cardiovascular disease
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ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
10:48
or even to have properties
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
10:49
that we would consider maybe to be desirable,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช,
10:52
like a different eye color or to be taller, things like that.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
10:57
"Designer humans," if you will.
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"ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื," ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
11:00
Right now, the genetic information
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™
11:03
to understand what types of genes would give rise to these traits
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืžื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
11:07
is mostly not known.
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ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•.
11:09
But it's important to know
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช
11:10
that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool to make such changes,
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”-CRISPR ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
11:15
once that knowledge becomes available.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
11:18
This raises a number of ethical questions that we have to carefully consider,
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
11:22
and this is why I and my colleagues have called for a global pause
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ืงืจืื ื• ืœื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
11:27
in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”- CRISPR ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื“ื,
11:31
to give us time
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ
11:32
to really consider all of the various implications of doing so.
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ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•.
11:37
And actually, there is an important precedent for such a pause
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•
11:41
from the 1970s,
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ืžืฉื ืช 1970,
11:42
when scientists got together
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•
11:44
to call for a moratorium on the use of molecular cloning,
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™,
11:48
until the safety of that technology could be tested carefully and validated.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ.
11:55
So, genome-engineered humans are not with us yet,
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
12:00
but this is no longer science fiction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:04
Genome-engineered animals and plants are happening right now.
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ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:09
And this puts in front of all of us a huge responsibility,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
12:13
to consider carefully both the unintended consequences
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ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
12:17
as well as the intended impacts of a scientific breakthrough.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
12:22
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:31
(Applause ends)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช)
12:33
Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, this is a technology with huge consequences,
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
12:37
as you pointed out.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช.
12:38
Your attitude about asking for a pause or a moratorium or a quarantine
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืื• ืกื’ืจ
12:43
is incredibly responsible.
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ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
12:46
There are, of course, the therapeutic results of this,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
12:49
but then there are the un-therapeutic ones
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื
12:51
and they seem to be the ones gaining traction,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืื•ืฆื”,
12:53
particularly in the media.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
12:54
This is one of the latest issues of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ - "ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช."
12:59
It's all about genetic enhancement, it's not about therapeutics.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™.
13:03
What kind of reactions did you get back in March
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžืจืฅ
13:05
from your colleagues in the science world,
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ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข,
13:07
when you asked or suggested
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืช ืื• ื”ืฆืขืช
13:09
that we should actually pause this for a moment and think about it?
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
13:13
Jennifer Doudna: My colleagues were actually, I think, delighted
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ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื“ื•ื“ื ื”: ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ื™ื
13:16
to have the opportunity to discuss this openly.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™.
13:18
It's interesting that as I talk to people,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
13:20
my scientific colleagues as well as others,
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ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:23
there's a wide variety of viewpoints about this.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:25
So clearly it's a topic that needs careful consideration and discussion.
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื .
13:29
BG: There's a big meeting happening in December
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ื‘.ื’.: ืžืคื’ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ
13:31
that you and your colleagues are calling,
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ืฉืืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ืš ืžื–ืžื ื™ื,
13:33
together with the National Academy of Sciences and others,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:36
what do you hope will come out of the meeting, practically?
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ืžื” ืืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืœืžืขืฉื”?
13:39
JD: Well, I hope that we can air the views
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ื’'.ื“.: ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช
13:41
of many different individuals and stakeholders
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
13:45
who want to think about how to use this technology responsibly.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช.
13:49
It may not be possible to come up with a consensus point of view,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
13:53
but I think we should at least understand
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช
13:55
what all the issues are as we go forward.
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ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
13:57
BG: Now, colleagues of yours,
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ื‘.ื’.: ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœืš,
13:58
like George Church, for example, at Harvard,
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ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ' ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
14:00
they say, "Yeah, ethical issues basically are just a question of safety.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื›ืŸ, ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
14:04
We test and test and test again, in animals and in labs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
14:06
and then once we feel it's safe enough, we move on to humans."
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื."
14:10
So that's kind of the other school of thought,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช,
14:13
that we should actually use this opportunity and really go for it.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:16
Is there a possible split happening in the science community about this?
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ื”ืื ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”?
14:20
I mean, are we going to see some people holding back
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช
14:22
because they have ethical concerns,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืืชื™ื™ื,
14:24
and some others just going forward
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ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
14:26
because some countries under-regulate or don't regulate at all?
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ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžืงืœื”, ืื• ืฉืœื ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
14:29
JD: Well, I think with any new technology, especially something like this,
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ื’'ื“.: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
14:33
there are going to be a variety of viewpoints,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜,
14:36
and I think that's perfectly understandable.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
14:39
I think that in the end,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
14:41
this technology will be used for human genome engineering,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
14:46
but I think to do that without careful consideration and discussion
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื
14:50
of the risks and potential complications
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
14:53
would not be responsible.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
14:54
BG: There are a lot of technologies and other fields of science
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ื‘.ื’.: ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืื—ืจื™ื
14:58
that are developing exponentially, pretty much like yours.
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ืฉืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœืš.
15:00
I'm thinking about artificial intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
15:05
No one seems --
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ --
15:06
aside from autonomous warfare robots --
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื -
15:08
nobody seems to have launched a similar discussion in those fields,
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
15:13
in calling for a moratorium.
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ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื.
15:15
Do you think that your discussion may serve as a blueprint for other fields?
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ื”ืื ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
15:19
JD: Well, I think it's hard for scientists to get out of the laboratory.
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ื’'.ื“.:ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
15:22
Speaking for myself,
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ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™,
15:23
it's a little bit uncomfortable to do that.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
15:26
But I do think that being involved in the genesis of this
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”
15:30
really puts me and my colleagues in a position of responsibility.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
15:34
And I would say that I certainly hope that other technologies
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
15:37
will be considered in the same way,
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ื™ื–ื›ื• ืฉื™ืฉืงืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ.
15:40
just as we would want to consider something that could have implications
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
15:43
in other fields besides biology.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:45
BG: Jennifer, thanks for coming to TED.
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ื‘.ื’.: ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ TED.
15:47
JD: Thank you.
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ื’'ื“.: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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