How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA | Jennifer Doudna

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

A few years ago,

Prije nekoliko godina,

with my colleague, Emmanuelle Charpentier,

kolegica, Emmanuelle Charpentier,

I invented a new technology for editing genomes.

i ja, izumile smo novu metodu za uređivanje genoma.

It's called CRISPR-Cas9.

Zove se CRISPR-Cas9.

The CRISPR technology allows scientists to make changes

CRISPR metoda omogućuje znanstvenicima da mijenjaju

to the DNA in cells

DNK u stanicama

that could allow us to cure genetic disease.

što bi moglo pomoći u liječenju genetskih bolesti.

You might be interested to know

Možda će vas zanimati da smo

that the CRISPR technology came about through a basic research project

do CRISPR metode došli preko osnovnog istraživanja

that was aimed at discovering how bacteria fight viral infections.

koji je bio usmjeren na otkrivanje načina otpornosti bakterija na virusne infekcije.

Bacteria have to deal with viruses in their environment,

Bakterije se bore s virusima u njihovom okolišu

and we can think about a viral infection like a ticking time bomb --

i virusnu infekciju možemo zamisliti kao tempiranu bombu -

a bacterium has only a few minutes to defuse the bomb

bakterija ima samo nekoliko minuta detonirati bombu

before it gets destroyed.

prije nego što eksplodira.

So, many bacteria have in their cells an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,

Mnoge bakterije u svojim stanicama imaju adaptivni imunosustav koji se zove CRISPR,

that allows them to detect viral DNA and destroy it.

koji im omogućava da otkriju virusni DNK i unište ga.

Part of the CRISPR system is a protein called Cas9,

Dio CRISPR sustava je protein koji se zove Cas9,

that's able to seek out, cut and eventually degrade viral DNA

a koji može pretražiti, izrezivati i na kraju i uništiti virusni DNK

in a specific way.

na specifičan način.

And it was through our research

Kroz naše istraživanje

to understand the activity of this protein, Cas9,

pokušali smo razumjeti aktivnosti ovog proteina, Cas9,

that we realized that we could harness its function

da bi shvatili kako možemo iskoristiti njegovu funkciju

as a genetic engineering technology --

za genetski inženjering -

a way for scientists to delete or insert specific bits of DNA into cells

način kojim znanstvenici brišu ili umeću specifične dijelove DNK u stanice

with incredible precision --

s nevjerojatnom preciznošću -

that would offer opportunities

što bi stvorilo mogućnost

to do things that really haven't been possible in the past.

da radimo stvari koje su prije bile nemoguće.

The CRISPR technology has already been used

CRISPR metoda već se počela koristiti

to change the DNA in the cells of mice and monkeys,

za izmjenu DNK u stanicama miševa i majmuna,

other organisms as well.

kao i drugih organizama.

Chinese scientists showed recently

Kineski su znanstvenici nedavno otkrili

that they could even use the CRISPR technology

da bi mogli koristiti CRISPR metodu

to change genes in human embryos.

za izmjenu gena u ljudskim embrijima.

And scientists in Philadelphia showed they could use CRISPR

Znanstvenici iz Philadelphije koristili su CRISPR

to remove the DNA of an integrated HIV virus

za uklanjanje DNK integriranog virusa HIV-a

from infected human cells.

iz inficirane ljudske stanice.

The opportunity to do this kind of genome editing

Mogućnost ovakve vrste uređivanja gena

also raises various ethical issues that we have to consider,

postavlja različita etička pitanja koja trebamo razmotriti

because this technology can be employed not only in adult cells,

zato što se ova metoda može koristiti ne samo na odraslim stanicama,

but also in the embryos of organisms,

nego i na embrijskim stanicama,

including our own species.

uključujući i našu vrstu.

And so, together with my colleagues,

Tako sam, zajedno sa svojim kolegama,

I've called for a global conversation about the technology that I co-invented,

pokrenula globalnu raspravu o ovoj metodi koju smo izumile,

so that we can consider all of the ethical and societal implications

kako bi razmotrili sve etičke i društvene implikacije

of a technology like this.

ovakve metode.

What I want to do now is tell you what the CRISPR technology is,

Ono što želim učiniti je opisati vam CRISPR,

what it can do,

što može činiti,

where we are today

gdje smo danas,

and why I think we need to take a prudent path forward

i zašto mislim da trebamo razborito napredovati

in the way that we employ this technology.

u načinu korištenja ove metode.

When viruses infect a cell, they inject their DNA.

Kada virusi zaraze stanicu ubace svoj DNK.

And in a bacterium,

U bakteriji

the CRISPR system allows that DNA to be plucked out of the virus,

CRISPR sustav omogućava da se DNK izvadi iz virusne stanice,

and inserted in little bits into the chromosome --

i umetne u malim dijelovima u kromosom -

the DNA of the bacterium.

DNK bakterijske stanice.

And these integrated bits of viral DNA get inserted at a site called CRISPR.

Ovi se integrirani dijelovi virusnog DNK umeću u dio koji se zove CRISPR.

CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

CRISPR je naziv za sljedove između kojih su kratke ponavljajuće palindromske sekvence.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

A big mouthful -- you can see why we use the acronym CRISPR.

Mnogo riječi – vidite zašto koristimo akronim CRISPR.

It's a mechanism that allows cells to record, over time,

To je mehanizam kojim stanice mogu tijekom vremena bilježiti

the viruses they have been exposed to.

viruse kojima su bile izložene.

And importantly, those bits of DNA are passed on to the cells' progeny,

A što je najvažnije, dijelovi DNK prenose se na stanice potomke

so cells are protected from viruses not only in one generation,

te su tako zaštićene od virusa ne samo u jednoj generaciji,

but over many generations of cells.

već i u sljedećim generacijama stanica.

This allows the cells to keep a record of infection,

To je način kojim stanice mogu zapamtiti neku infekciju,

and as my colleague, Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,

i kao što moj kolega, Blake Wiedenheft, voli reći,

the CRISPR locus is effectively a genetic vaccination card in cells.

CRISPR je efektivan način za genetsko cijepljenje stanica.

Once those bits of DNA have been inserted into the bacterial chromosome,

Jednom kada su dijelovi DNK umetnuti u bakterijski kromosom,

the cell then makes a little copy of a molecule called RNA,

stanica može napraviti kopiju molekule koja se zove RNK,

which is orange in this picture,

narančasta je na ovoj slici,

that is an exact replicate of the viral DNA.

i točna je kopija virusnog DNK.

RNA is a chemical cousin of DNA,

RNK je kemijski rođak DNK,

and it allows interaction with DNA molecules

i omogućava interakciju između molekula DNK

that have a matching sequence.

koje imaju odgovarajuće sekvence.

So those little bits of RNA from the CRISPR locus

Ti mali dijelovi RNK na CRISPR sekvenci

associate -- they bind -- to protein called Cas9,

pridružuju se -- vežu na -- protein koji se zove Cas9,

which is white in the picture,

ovo bijelo na slici,

and form a complex that functions like a sentinel in the cell.

i formiraju kompleks koji funkcionira kao stražar u stanici.

It searches through all of the DNA in the cell,

Pretražuje redom DNK u stanici

to find sites that match the sequences in the bound RNAs.

kako bi pronašao odgovarajuće sekvence na vezanim RNK.

And when those sites are found --

Kada pronađe te sekvence -

as you can see here, the blue molecule is DNA --

kao što možete vidjeti, DNK je plava molekula -

this complex associates with that DNA

ovaj se kompleks veže za DNK

and allows the Cas9 cleaver to cut up the viral DNA.

i omogućava proteinu Cas9 da izreže virusni DNK.

It makes a very precise break.

To čini vrlo precizno.

So we can think of the Cas9 RNA sentinel complex

Možemo zamisliti Cas9 RNK stražarski kompleks

like a pair of scissors that can cut DNA --

kao par škara koji reže DNK -

it makes a double-stranded break in the DNA helix.

i čini dvolančani rez na uzvojnici DNK.

And importantly, this complex is programmable,

Što je najvažnije, ovaj je kompleks programabilan

so it can be programmed to recognize particular DNA sequences,

i može biti programiran da prepozna određene sekvence DNK,

and make a break in the DNA at that site.

i napravi rez na tom mjestu na DNK.

As I'm going to tell you now,

Kao što ću vam sada reći,

we recognized that that activity could be harnessed for genome engineering,

prepoznali smo da se ta funkcija može iskoristiti za genetički inženjering,

to allow cells to make a very precise change to the DNA

što omogućuje stanicama preciznu izmjenu vlastitog DNK

at the site where this break was introduced.

na mjestu gdje je potrebna promjena.

That's sort of analogous

To je djelomično slično

to the way that we use a word-processing program

načinu na koji koristimo program za obradu teksta

to fix a typo in a document.

kako bi ispravili tipografsku grešku.

The reason we envisioned using the CRISPR system for genome engineering

Ono što nas je navelo na korištenje CRISPR sustava za genetički inženjering

is because cells have the ability to detect broken DNA

je to što stanice imaju sposobnost otkriti oštećeni DNK

and repair it.

i popraviti ga.

So when a plant or an animal cell detects a double-stranded break in its DNA,

Kad biljna ili životinjska stanica otkrije grešku na dvostrukom lancu DNK,

it can fix that break,

može to ispraviti

either by pasting together the ends of the broken DNA

tako da zalijepi krajeve slomljenog DNK

with a little, tiny change in the sequence of that position,

s vrlo malom promjenom u sekvenci na tom mjestu

or it can repair the break by integrating a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.

ili može ispraviti oštećenje umetanjem novih sekvenci DNK na mjestu loma.

So if we have a way to introduce double-stranded breaks into DNA

Ako imamo način kojim možemo inducirati dvolančane lomove na DNK

at precise places,

na određenom mjestu,

we can trigger cells to repair those breaks,

možemo potaknuti stanicu na popravak tih lomova

by either the disruption or incorporation of new genetic information.

poremećajem ili ugradnjom nove genetske informacije.

So if we were able to program the CRISPR technology

Ako možemo pomoću CRISPR metode

to make a break in DNA

inducirati oštećenje DNK

at the position at or near a mutation causing cystic fibrosis, for example,

na mjestu ili blizu mjesta mutacijekoja uzrokuje, primjerice, cističnu fibrozu,

we could trigger cells to repair that mutation.

mogli bismo potaknuti stanicu na ispravak mutacije.

Genome engineering is actually not new, it's been in development since the 1970s.

Genetički inženjering nije nova stvar, u razvoju je od 1970-ih.

We've had technologies for sequencing DNA,

Postoje metode za sekvenciranje,

for copying DNA,

kopiranje,

and even for manipulating DNA.

čak i za manipuliranje DNK.

And these technologies were very promising,

Ove su metode bile vrlo obećavajuće,

but the problem was that they were either inefficient,

ali problem je što su ili nedovoljno učinkovite

or they were difficult enough to use

ili problematične za upotrebu

that most scientists had not adopted them for use in their own laboratories,

pa ih mnogi znanstvenici nisu usvojili za upotrebu u svojim laboratorijima,

or certainly for many clinical applications.

a zasigurno ni za mnoge kliničke primjene.

So, the opportunity to take a technology like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,

Mogućnost da se metoda kao što je CRISPR upotrijebi je privlačna

because of its relative simplicity.

zbog svoje relativne jednostavnosti.

We can think of older genome engineering technologies

Možemo starije metode genetskog inženjeringa

as similar to having to rewire your computer

usporediti s prespajanjem vašeg računala

each time you want to run a new piece of software,

svaki put kada želite pokrenuti novi softver,

whereas the CRISPR technology is like software for the genome,

a CRISPR je metoda kao stoftver za genom,

we can program it easily, using these little bits of RNA.

možemo ju lako isprogramirati, korištenjem dijelića RNK.

So once a double-stranded break is made in DNA,

Jednom kada je dvostruki lom napravljen na DNK,

we can induce repair,

možemo potaknuti popravak

and thereby potentially achieve astounding things,

i time postići potencijalno zapanjujuće stvari,

like being able to correct mutations that cause sickle cell anemia

kao što su popravljanje mutacija koje uzrokuje anemiju srpastih stanica

or cause Huntington's Disease.

ili Huntigtonovu bolest.

I actually think that the first applications of the CRISPR technology

Zapravo mislim da će se prve primjene CRISPR metode

are going to happen in the blood,

dogoditi u krvožilnom sustavu,

where it's relatively easier to deliver this tool into cells,

gdje je relativno lakše koristiti ovu metodu na stanicama

compared to solid tissues.

u odnosu na čvrsta tkiva.

Right now, a lot of the work that's going on

Puno se posla koji se sada odvija

applies to animal models of human disease, such as mice.

odnosi na životinjske modele ljudskih bolesti, kao što su miševi.

The technology is being used to make very precise changes

Metoda se koristi kako bi napravili vrlo precizne promjene

that allow us to study the way that these changes in the cell's DNA

koje omogućavaju proučavanje načina na koji ove promjene u staničnom DNK

affect either a tissue or, in this case, an entire organism.

utječu na tkiva ili, u ovom slučaju, na cijeli organizam.

Now in this example,

U ovom smo primjeru,

the CRISPR technology was used to disrupt a gene

CRISPR metodom poremetili gene

by making a tiny change in the DNA

učinivši malu promjenu u DNK

in a gene that is responsible for the black coat color of these mice.

u genu koji je odgovoran za crnu boju krzna ovog miša.

Imagine that these white mice differ from their pigmented litter-mates

Zamislite da se ovaj bijeli miš razlikuje od svojih obojanih sustanara

by just a tiny change at one gene in the entire genome,

samo po maloj genskoj promjeni u cijelom genomu,

and they're otherwise completely normal.

a po svemu je ostalome sasvim normalan.

And when we sequence the DNA from these animals,

Kada sekvencioniramo DNK ovih životinja,

we find that the change in the DNA

uočavamo da se promjena u DNK

has occurred at exactly the place where we induced it,

nalazi na upravo onom mjestu na kojem smo ju inducirali

using the CRISPR technology.

koristeći CRISPR metodu.

Additional experiments are going on in other animals

Dodatni se pokusi vrše na drugim životinjama

that are useful for creating models for human disease,

koje su korisne za stvaranje modela za ljudske bolesti,

such as monkeys.

kao naprimjer majmunima.

And here we find that we can use these systems

Zaključili smo da ovakav sustav možemo koristiti

to test the application of this technology in particular tissues,

za testiranje uporabe ove metode u određenim tkivima,

for example, figuring out how to deliver the CRISPR tool into cells.

primjerice, kako dostaviti CRISPR u stanice.

We also want to understand better

Također želimo bolje razumjeti

how to control the way that DNA is repaired after it's cut,

kako kontrolirati način na koji je DNK popravljen nakon reza,

and also to figure out how to control and limit any kind of off-target,

ali i shvatiti kako ćemo kontrolirati i ograničiti bilo koji neciljan

or unintended effects of using the technology.

ili nenamjeran učinak korištenja ove metode.

I think that we will see clinical application of this technology,

Mislim da ćemo vidjeti ovu metodu u kliničkoj uporabi,

certainly in adults,

zasigurno kod odraslih,

within the next 10 years.

u sljedećih 10 godina.

I think that it's likely that we will see clinical trials

Mislim da je moguće da će postojati klinička ispitivanja,

and possibly even approved therapies within that time,

a vjerojatno i odobrene terapije unutar tog vremena,

which is a very exciting thing to think about.

što je vrlo uzbudljiva stvar, kad razmislite.

And because of the excitement around this technology,

Zbog uzbuđenja oko ove metode,

there's a lot of interest in start-up companies

mnogo je zanimanja u novim tvrtkama

that have been founded to commercialize the CRISPR technology,

koje su osnovane kako bi komercijalizirale CRISPR metodu,

and lots of venture capitalists

ali i puno smjelih kapitalista

that have been investing in these companies.

koji ulažu u ove tvrtke.

But we have to also consider

Moramo još razumjeti da se

that the CRISPR technology can be used for things like enhancement.

CRISPR metoda može koristiti za stvari kao što je poboljšanje.

Imagine that we could try to engineer humans

Zamislite da probamo stvoriti ljude

that have enhanced properties, such as stronger bones,

koji bi imali poboljšane značajke, kao što su jače kosti,

or less susceptibility to cardiovascular disease

ili manju sklonost kardiovaskularnim bolestima

or even to have properties

ili imaju značajke

that we would consider maybe to be desirable,

koje bismo možda smatrali poželjnijima,

like a different eye color or to be taller, things like that.

kao što je druga boja očiju ili visina, takve stvari.

"Designer humans," if you will.

Nazovimo to dizajniranim ljudima.

Right now, the genetic information

Upravo sada, genetske informacije

to understand what types of genes would give rise to these traits

za razumijevanje tipa gena koji bi doveli do takvih osobina

is mostly not known.

uglavnom su nepoznate.

But it's important to know

Ali važno je znati

that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool to make such changes,

da je CRISPR metoda alat koji će omogućiti takvu vrstu promjene,

once that knowledge becomes available.

jednom kada znanje postane dostupno.

This raises a number of ethical questions that we have to carefully consider,

Ovo postavlja brojna etička pitanja koja je potrebno pomno razmotriti,

and this is why I and my colleagues have called for a global pause

i to je razlog zašto smo kolege i ja pozvali na globalnu stanku

in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,

u kliničkoj primjeni CRISPR metode na ljudskim embrijima,

to give us time

kako bismo uspjeli

to really consider all of the various implications of doing so.

razmotriti različite implikacije za to.

And actually, there is an important precedent for such a pause

Zapravo, postoji važan presedan za takvu stanku

from the 1970s,

iz 1970-ih,

when scientists got together

kada su se znanstvenici sastali

to call for a moratorium on the use of molecular cloning,

i zatražili moratorij na korištenje molekularnog kloniranja,

until the safety of that technology could be tested carefully and validated.

dok se sigurnost metode pažljivo ne testira i opravda.

So, genome-engineered humans are not with us yet,

Genski uređeni ljudi još ne postoje,

but this is no longer science fiction.

no to više nije znanstvena fantastika.

Genome-engineered animals and plants are happening right now.

Genski uređene životinje i biljke sada su stvarnost.

And this puts in front of all of us a huge responsibility,

Ovo nam svima nameće veliku odgovornost

to consider carefully both the unintended consequences

da pažljivo razmotrimo neželjene posljedice

as well as the intended impacts of a scientific breakthrough.

kao i željene učinke ovog znanstvenog otkrića.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

(Applause ends)

(Pljesak završava)

Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, this is a technology with huge consequences,

Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, ovo je metoda koja nosi velike posljedice,

as you pointed out.

kao što ste istaknuli.

Your attitude about asking for a pause or a moratorium or a quarantine

Vaš stav i molba za stankom ili moratorijem ili karantenom

is incredibly responsible.

izuzetno je odgovoran.

There are, of course, the therapeutic results of this,

Postoje, naravno, terapijski rezultati ovoga,

but then there are the un-therapeutic ones

ali postoje i oni neterapijski,

and they seem to be the ones gaining traction,

a oni, čini se, dobivaju najviše pažnje,

particularly in the media.

posebice u medijima.

This is one of the latest issues of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."

Ovo je jedan od zadnjih brojeva The Economista – „Uređivanje čovječanstva“

It's all about genetic enhancement, it's not about therapeutics.

Sve je o genetskom poboljšanju, a ne o liječenju.

What kind of reactions did you get back in March

Kakve ste reakcije dobili u ožujku

from your colleagues in the science world,

od svojih kolega u znanstvenom svijetu,

when you asked or suggested

kada ste pitali, predložili

that we should actually pause this for a moment and think about it?

da bi trebali napraviti stanku na trenutak i razmisliti o svemu?

Jennifer Doudna: My colleagues were actually, I think, delighted

Jennifer Doudna: Moje su kolege, zapravo bili oduševljeni

to have the opportunity to discuss this openly.

što imaju priliku otvoreno razgovarati.

It's interesting that as I talk to people,

Zanimljivo je da u razgovoru s ljudima,

my scientific colleagues as well as others,

kolegama znanstvenicima, ali i drugima,

there's a wide variety of viewpoints about this.

vidim da postoje razni pogledi na sve ovo.

So clearly it's a topic that needs careful consideration and discussion.

Jasno je da su za ovu temu potrebni pažljivo razmatranje i rasprava.

BG: There's a big meeting happening in December

BG: Važan se sastanak održava u prosincu ove godine

that you and your colleagues are calling,

koji ste sazvali vi i vaši kolege,

together with the National Academy of Sciences and others,

zajedno s Nacionalnom akademijom znanosti i drugima,

what do you hope will come out of the meeting, practically?

što mislite, što će proizaći iz njega?

JD: Well, I hope that we can air the views

JD: Nadam se da možemo obznaniti poglede

of many different individuals and stakeholders

različitih individualaca i dioničara

who want to think about how to use this technology responsibly.

koji žele razmišljati o tome kako ovu metodu odgovorno upotrebljavati.

It may not be possible to come up with a consensus point of view,

Možda neće biti moguće doći do zajedničkog stajališta,

but I think we should at least understand

ali mislim da, kako napredujemo,

what all the issues are as we go forward.

trebamo razumjeti svu materiju.

BG: Now, colleagues of yours,

BG: Neke vaše kolege,

like George Church, for example, at Harvard,

kao što je George Church s Harvada, primjerice,

they say, "Yeah, ethical issues basically are just a question of safety.

kažu, „Etička su pitanja samo pitanja sigurnosti.

We test and test and test again, in animals and in labs,

Mi neprestano testiramo na životinjama i u laboratoriju,

and then once we feel it's safe enough, we move on to humans."

i kada pomislimo da je dovoljno sigurno, prijeći ćemo na ljude.“

So that's kind of the other school of thought,

Ovo je drugačiji način razmišljanja,

that we should actually use this opportunity and really go for it.

da bi trebali ovu priliku u potpunosti iskoristiti.

Is there a possible split happening in the science community about this?

Je li moguće u znanstvenoj zajednici imati podijeljena mišljenja o ovome?

I mean, are we going to see some people holding back

Hoćemo li vidjeti neke ljude kako se suzdržavaju

because they have ethical concerns,

jer imaju etičke brige,

and some others just going forward

a druge kako grabe priliku

because some countries under-regulate or don't regulate at all?

jer neke zemlje slabo ili uopće ne reguliraju etička pitanja?

JD: Well, I think with any new technology, especially something like this,

JD: Mislim da sa svakom novom metodom, a posebno nekom kao što je ova,

there are going to be a variety of viewpoints,

uvijek postoje različita stajališta,

and I think that's perfectly understandable.

i mislim da je to sasvim razumljivo.

I think that in the end,

Mislim da će na kraju

this technology will be used for human genome engineering,

ova metoda biti korištena za genomski inženjering ljudi,

but I think to do that without careful consideration and discussion

ali raditi to bez pažljivog razmatranja i rasprave

of the risks and potential complications

o rizicima i mogućim komplikacijama

would not be responsible.

ne bi bilo odgovorno.

BG: There are a lot of technologies and other fields of science

BG: Postoje mnoge metode i druga znanstvena polja

that are developing exponentially, pretty much like yours.

koja se eksponencijalno razvijaju, slično kao i vaše.

I'm thinking about artificial intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.

Govorim o umjetnoj inteligenciji, samoupravljajućim robotima i tako dalje.

No one seems --

Čini se da ništa -

aside from autonomous warfare robots --

osim ratnih samoupravljajućih robota --

nobody seems to have launched a similar discussion in those fields,

nije pokrenulo sličnu raspravu na tim poljima,

in calling for a moratorium.

i pozvao na moratorij.

Do you think that your discussion may serve as a blueprint for other fields?

Mislite li da će vaša rasprava možda poslužiti kao predložak za ostala polja?

JD: Well, I think it's hard for scientists to get out of the laboratory.

JD: Mislim da je znanstvenicima teško napustiti laboratorij.

Speaking for myself,

Govoreći o sebi,

it's a little bit uncomfortable to do that.

malo je nelagodno to učiniti.

But I do think that being involved in the genesis of this

Ali mislim da uključenost u nastanak ovoga

really puts me and my colleagues in a position of responsibility.

mene i moje kolege stavlja na odgovornu poziciju.

And I would say that I certainly hope that other technologies

Mogu reći da se iskreno nadam da će ostale metode

will be considered in the same way,

biti razmotrene na isti način,

just as we would want to consider something that could have implications

kao što bismo mi htjeli razmotriti nešto što bi moglo imati implikacije

in other fields besides biology.

u drugim poljima, a ne samo u biologiji.

BG: Jennifer, thanks for coming to TED.

BG: Jennifer, hvala ti na dolasku na TED.

JD: Thank you.

JD: Hvala vama.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)