We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer | Elizabeth Wayne

Prevodilac: Mirjana Čutura Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

After decades of research

Nakon decenija istraživanja

and billions of dollars spent in clinical trials,

i milijardi dolara potrošenih na klinička istraživanja,

we still have a problem with cancer drug delivery.

još uvek imamo problem sa aplikacijom lekova protiv raka.

We still give patients chemotherapy,

Pacijenti i dalje primaju hemoterapiju

which is so non-specific

koja je toliko neprecizna

that even though it kills the cancer cells,

da, iako ubija ćelije raka,

it kind of kills the rest of your body, too.

takođe nekako ubija i ostatak vašeg tela.

And yes, we have developed more selective drugs,

Da, razvijamo selektivnije lekove,

but it's still a challenge to get them into the tumor,

ali je njihovo prosleđivanje u tumor i dalje problematično,

and they end up accumulating in the other organs as well

tako da se oni, na kraju, talože i u drugim organima

or passing through your urine,

ili se izbacuju kroz urin,

which is a total waste.

što je potpuno rasipanje.

And fields like mine have emerged

Oblasti kao što je moja se pojavljuju

where we try to encapsulate these drugs

i pokušavamo da obložimo ove lekove

to protect them as they travel through the body.

da bismo ih zaštitili dok putuju kroz telo.

But these modifications cause problems

Međutim, ove izmene uzrokuju probleme

that we make more modifications to fix.

za čije rešavanje pravimo dodatne izmene.

So what I'm really trying to say is we need a better drug delivery system.

Pokušavam da kažem

da nam je potreban bolji sistem aplikacije lekova.

And I propose,

Predlažem da, umesto da koristimo samo ideju do koje su ljudi došli,

rather than using solely human design,

why not use nature's?

zašto ne da ne koristimo ideju iz prirode?

Immune cells are these versatile vehicles that travel throughout our body,

Imunoćelije su prilagodljiva prevozna sredstva koja putuju kroz naše telo

patrolling for signs of disease

u potrazi za znakovima bolesti

and arriving at a wound mere minutes after injury.

i stižu do rane jedva nekoliko minuta nakon povrede.

Zato vas pitam -

So I ask you guys:

If immune cells are already traveling to places of injury or disease

ako imunoćelije već putuju do mesta povrede ili bolesti

in our bodies,

u našem telu,

why not add an extra passenger?

zašto ne dodati još jednog putnika?

Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs

Zašto ne koristiti imunoćelije da dostavimo lekove

to cure some of our biggest problems

da izlečimo neke od najvećih problema

in disease?

vezanih za oboljenja?

I am a biomedical engineer,

Ja sam biomedicinski inženjer

and I want to tell you guys a story about how I use immune cells

i želim da vam ispričam priču o tome kako koristim imunoćelije

to target one of the largest problems in cancer.

da rešimo jedan od najvećih problema vezanih za rak.

Did you know that over 90 percent of cancer deaths

Da li znate da se preko 90 posto smrtnih slučajeva od raka

can be attributed to its spread?

mogu pripisati njegovom širenju?

So if we can stop these cancer cells

Dakle, ako možemo zaustaviti ove ćelije raka

from going from the primary tumor to a distant site,

da se prošire od prvobitnog tumora ka udaljenom mestu,

we can stop cancer right in its tracks

možemo zaustaviti rak u mestu

and give people more of their lives back.

i vratiti ljudima više njihovog života.

To do this special mission,

Za ovu posebnu misiju,

we decided to deliver a nanoparticle made of lipids,

odlučili smo da dostavimo nanočesticu sačinjenu od lipida,

which are the same materials that compose your cell membrane.

koji su isti gradivni elementi koji sačinjavaju vaše ćelijske membrane.

And we've added two special molecules.

Takođe smo dodali dva posebna molekula.

One is called e-selectin,

Jedan se zove e-selektin

which acts as a glue

i ponaša se kao lepak

that binds the nanoparticle to the immune cell.

koji vezuje nanočesticu za imunu ćeliju.

And the second one is called trail.

A drugi se zove trejl.

Trail is a therapeutic drug that kills cancer cells

Trejl je terapeutski lek koji ubija ćelije raka,

but not normal cells.

ali ne i obične ćelije.

Now, when you put both of these together,

Kada spojite ova dva,

you have a mean killing machine on wheels.

dobijate opaku mašinu za ubijanje na točkovima.

To test this, we ran an experiment in a mouse.

Da bismo ovo isprobali, sproveli smo eksperiment na mišu.

So what we did was we injected the nanoparticles,

Ubrizgali smo nanočestice

and they bound almost immediately to the immune cells in the bloodstream.

i one su se skoro trenutno vezale za imunoćelije u krvotoku.

And then we injected the cancer cells to mimic a process

Onda smo ubrizgali ćelije raka da bismo simulirali proces

through which cancer cells spread throughout our bodies.

kojim se ćelije raka šire kroz naše telo.

And we found something very exciting.

Otkrili smo nešto veoma uzbudljivo.

We found that in our treated group,

Otkrili smo da su u grupi koja je dobila tretman

over 75 percent of the cancer cells we initially injected were dead or dying,

preko 75 posto ćelija raka koje smo na početku ubrizgali umrle ili umirale,

in comparison to only around 25 percent.

u poređenju sa samo oko 25 posto.

So just imagine: these fewer amount of cells were available

Samo zamislite ovo - manje količine ćelija bile su u mogućnosti

to actually be able to spread to a different part of the body.

da se prošire na drugi deo tela.

Ovo je samo dva sata posle terapije.

And this is only after two hours of treatment.

Our results were amazing, and we had some pretty interesting press.

Naši rezultati su bili zapanjujući

i nekoliko prilično zanimljivih novinskih članaka je objavljeno o nama.

My favorite title was actually,

U stvari, moj omiljeni naslov je bio:

"Sticky balls may stop the spread of cancer."

„Lepljive kuglice mogu zaustavili širenje raka“.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I can't tell you just how smug my male colleagues were,

Ne mogu vam objasniti koliko su moje kolege bile samozadovoljne

knowing that their sticky balls might one day cure cancer.

znajući da njihove lepljive kuglice jednog dana mogu izlečiti rak.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But I can tell you they made some pretty, pretty, exciting,

Ipak, mogu vam reći da su napravili

neke prilično uzbudljive i kuražne majice.

pretty ballsy t-shirts.

This was also my first experience talking to patients

Ovo je takođe bilo moje prvo iskustvo da razgovaram sa pacijentima

where they asked how soon our therapy would be available.

kada su me pitali kada će naša terapija biti dostupna.

And I keep these stories with me to remind me of the importance

Čuvam ove priče da se podsetim važnosti

of the science, the scientists and the patients.

nauke, naučnika i pacijenata.

Now, our fast-acting results were pretty interesting,

Naši rezultati brzog dejstva su bili veoma zanimljivi,

but we still had one lingering question:

ali smo još uvek imali jedno preostalo pitanje -

Can our sticky balls,

mogu li naše lepljive kuglice,

our particles actually attached to the immune cells,

naše čestice prikačene za imunoćelije,

actually stop the spread of cancer?

zaista zaustavili širenje raka?

So we went to our animal model, and we found three important parts.

Vratili smo se našem životinjskom uzorku i pronašli smo tri važna dela.

Our primary tumors were smaller in our treated animals,

Naši prvobitni tumori su bili manji kod lečenih životinja,

there were fewer cells in circulation,

bilo je manje ćelija u pokretu

and there was little to no tumor burden in the distant organs.

i bilo je jako malo ili nimalo ćelija tumora u udaljenim organima.

Now, this wasn't just a victory for us and our sticky balls.

Ovo nije bila pobeda samo za nas i naše lepljive kuglice.

This was also a victory to me

Ovo je takođe bila pobeda za mene

in drug delivery,

u aplikaciji lekova,

and it represents a paradigm shift,

i ona predstavlja promenu paradigme,

a revolution --

revoluciju -

to go from just using drugs, just injecting them

pomak od korišćenja lekova i njihovog ubrizgavanja

and hoping they go to the right places in the body,

i nadanja da će otići na prava mesta u telu

to using immune cells as special delivery drivers in your body.

do korišćenja imunoćelija kao posebnih dostavljača u vašem telu.

For this example, we used two molecules, e-selectin and trail,

Za ovaj primer smo koristili dva molekula, e-selektin i trejl,

but really, the possibility of drugs you can use are endless.

ali, zaista, mogućnosti lekova koji se mogu koristiti su nebrojene.

And I talked about cancer,

Pričala sam o raku,

but where disease goes, so do immune cells.

ali gdegod da je bolest, tamo idu i imunoćelije.

So this could be used for any disease.

Ovo se može koristiti za bilo koju bolest.

Imagine using immune cells to deliver crucial wound-healing agents

Zamislite da koristimo imunoćelije

za aplikaciju neophodnih supstanci za zalečenje rana

after a spinal cord injury,

nakon povrede kičmene moždine

or using immune cells to deliver drugs past the blood-brain barrier

ili da koristimo imunoćelije za aplikaciju lekova kroz moždanu membranu

to treat Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.

u lečenju Parkinsonove ili Alchajmerove bolesti.

These are the ideas that excite me about science the most.

Ovo su ideje koje kod mene stvaraju najveće uzbuđenje vezano za nauku.

And from where I stand, I see so much promise and opportunity.

Iz mog ugla, vidim toliko puno obećanja i mogućnosti.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)