We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer | Elizabeth Wayne

84,822 views ใƒป 2017-11-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gili Baltsan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Orr Schlesinger
00:12
After decades of research
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ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ
00:14
and billions of dollars spent in clinical trials,
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ื•ืžื™ืœืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:18
we still have a problem with cancer drug delivery.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:22
We still give patients chemotherapy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื˜ืจืคื™ื”,
00:24
which is so non-specific
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
00:26
that even though it kills the cancer cells,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
00:29
it kind of kills the rest of your body, too.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:32
And yes, we have developed more selective drugs,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:35
but it's still a challenge to get them into the tumor,
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ืืš ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกืŸ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
00:38
and they end up accumulating in the other organs as well
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
00:41
or passing through your urine,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืชืŸ,
00:43
which is a total waste.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
00:46
And fields like mine have emerged
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ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœื™
00:48
where we try to encapsulate these drugs
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืงืคืกื•ืœื•ืช
00:50
to protect them as they travel through the body.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:52
But these modifications cause problems
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
00:55
that we make more modifications to fix.
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ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
00:58
So what I'm really trying to say is we need a better drug delivery system.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื ืกื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:03
And I propose,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื”,
01:04
rather than using solely human design,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:07
why not use nature's?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข?
01:10
Immune cells are these versatile vehicles that travel throughout our body,
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ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ "ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘" ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:14
patrolling for signs of disease
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ืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžื—ืœื”
01:16
and arriving at a wound mere minutes after injury.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืฆืข ื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
01:20
So I ask you guys:
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืชื›ื ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”:
01:22
If immune cells are already traveling to places of injury or disease
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ืื ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•
01:25
in our bodies,
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01:26
why not add an extra passenger?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื "ื ื•ืกืข"?
01:28
Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
01:31
to cure some of our biggest problems
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
01:33
in disease?
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช?
01:36
I am a biomedical engineer,
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ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช,
01:38
and I want to tell you guys a story about how I use immune cells
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
01:41
to target one of the largest problems in cancer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:44
Did you know that over 90 percent of cancer deaths
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉืžืขืœ 90% ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:47
can be attributed to its spread?
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ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื•?
01:48
So if we can stop these cancer cells
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ืื– ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืืœื”
01:51
from going from the primary tumor to a distant site,
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ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืืœ ืืชืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืง,
01:54
we can stop cancer right in its tracks
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื•
01:56
and give people more of their lives back.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:00
To do this special mission,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื–ื•,
02:01
we decided to deliver a nanoparticle made of lipids,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืชืช ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื,
02:04
which are the same materials that compose your cell membrane.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:08
And we've added two special molecules.
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ื•ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
02:11
One is called e-selectin,
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ืื—ืช ื ืงืจืืช e-selectin,
02:14
which acts as a glue
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื“ื‘ืง
02:15
that binds the nanoparticle to the immune cell.
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ืฉืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจ' ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืงืจืืช Trail.
02:19
And the second one is called trail.
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02:21
Trail is a therapeutic drug that kills cancer cells
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ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื.
02:24
but not normal cells.
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02:26
Now, when you put both of these together,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“,
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื’ ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื.
02:29
you have a mean killing machine on wheels.
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02:35
To test this, we ran an experiment in a mouse.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื–ืืช, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
02:39
So what we did was we injected the nanoparticles,
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02:42
and they bound almost immediately to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืงืฉืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืชืื™ ืžืขืจ' ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื.
02:46
And then we injected the cancer cells to mimic a process
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ื•ืื– ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš
02:49
through which cancer cells spread throughout our bodies.
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:52
And we found something very exciting.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืื•ื“.
02:55
We found that in our treated group,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
02:58
over 75 percent of the cancer cells we initially injected were dead or dying,
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ืžืขืœ 75% ืžืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืชื• ืื• ื’ืกืกื•,
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืจืง ื›-25%.
03:03
in comparison to only around 25 percent.
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03:05
So just imagine: these fewer amount of cells were available
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ืื– ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื: ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื
ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:09
to actually be able to spread to a different part of the body.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:12
And this is only after two hours of treatment.
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03:14
Our results were amazing, and we had some pretty interesting press.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
03:19
My favorite title was actually,
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
03:22
"Sticky balls may stop the spread of cancer."
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"ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ".
03:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:26
I can't tell you just how smug my male colleagues were,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืืจ ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื•ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ื: ืืฉื›ื™ื) ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืคืื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:30
knowing that their sticky balls might one day cure cancer.
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03:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช-T ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
03:35
But I can tell you they made some pretty, pretty, exciting,
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03:38
pretty ballsy t-shirts.
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ื“ื™ ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช.
03:40
This was also my first experience talking to patients
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
03:44
where they asked how soon our therapy would be available.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
ื•ืื ื™ "ืœื•ืงื—ืช" ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:48
And I keep these stories with me to remind me of the importance
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
03:51
of the science, the scientists and the patients.
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03:55
Now, our fast-acting results were pretty interesting,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”:
03:58
but we still had one lingering question:
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04:00
Can our sticky balls,
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:02
our particles actually attached to the immune cells,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:04
actually stop the spread of cancer?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
04:07
So we went to our animal model, and we found three important parts.
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:12
Our primary tumors were smaller in our treated animals,
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื•,
04:15
there were fewer cells in circulation,
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ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขื“ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
04:18
and there was little to no tumor burden in the distant organs.
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04:22
Now, this wasn't just a victory for us and our sticky balls.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:26
This was also a victory to me
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
04:28
in drug delivery,
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04:30
and it represents a paradigm shift,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื™ืช,
04:32
a revolution --
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ืžื”ืคื›ื” -
04:34
to go from just using drugs, just injecting them
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื–ืจืงืชื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
04:37
and hoping they go to the right places in the body,
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ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:40
to using immune cells as special delivery drivers in your body.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ืžืขืจ' ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:45
For this example, we used two molecules, e-selectin and trail,
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, e-selectin ื•- trail,
04:49
but really, the possibility of drugs you can use are endless.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
04:53
And I talked about cancer,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:55
but where disease goes, so do immune cells.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื”, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:59
So this could be used for any disease.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”.
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืจืคืื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
05:02
Imagine using immune cells to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
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05:06
after a spinal cord injury,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”,
05:09
or using immune cells to deliver drugs past the blood-brain barrier
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ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื“ื-ืžื•ื—
05:13
to treat Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
ืืœื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข.
05:17
These are the ideas that excite me about science the most.
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05:20
And from where I stand, I see so much promise and opportunity.
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ื•ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
05:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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