We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer | Elizabeth Wayne

Prevoditelj: Sanda L Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

After decades of research

Nakon desetljeća istraživanja

and billions of dollars spent in clinical trials,

i milijardi dolara potrošenih na klinička ispitivanja,

we still have a problem with cancer drug delivery.

i dalje imamo problem s primjenom lijekova protiv raka.

We still give patients chemotherapy,

Pacijentima još uvijek dajemo kemoterapiju,

which is so non-specific

koja je toliko neprecizna,

that even though it kills the cancer cells,

da, iako ubija stanice raka,

it kind of kills the rest of your body, too.

djelomično ubija i ostatak vašeg tijela.

And yes, we have developed more selective drugs,

Da, razvili smo selektivnije lijekove,

but it's still a challenge to get them into the tumor,

ali je i dalje problematično unijeti ih u sâm tumor

and they end up accumulating in the other organs as well

pa se oni, na kraju, talože i u drugim organima,

or passing through your urine,

ili izlučuju urinom,

which is a total waste.

što je posve uzaludno trošenje.

And fields like mine have emerged

Pojavljuju se područja poput mojeg,

where we try to encapsulate these drugs

gdje pokušavamo obložiti te lijekove,

to protect them as they travel through the body.

kako bismo ih zaštitili dok putuju tijelom.

But these modifications cause problems

No, ove izmjene uzrokuju probleme

that we make more modifications to fix.

za čije rješavanje radimo dodatne izmjene.

So what I'm really trying to say is we need a better drug delivery system.

Želim reći da nam je potreban bolji način primjene lijekova.

And I propose,

Stoga predlažem,

rather than using solely human design,

umjesto da koristimo samo ideju koju je stvorio čovjek,

why not use nature's?

zašto ne koristiti ideju iz prirode?

Immune cells are these versatile vehicles that travel throughout our body,

Imuno stanice su prilagodljiva prijevozna sredstva koja putuju našim tijelom,

patrolling for signs of disease

u potrazi za znakovima bolesti

and arriving at a wound mere minutes after injury.

i stižu do mjesta povrede svega nekoliko minuta nakon povrede.

So I ask you guys:

Stoga vas pitam,

If immune cells are already traveling to places of injury or disease

ako imuno stanice već putuju do mjesta povrede ili bolesti

in our bodies,

u našem tijelu,

why not add an extra passenger?

zašto ne dodati još jednog putnika?

Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs

Zašto ne koristiti imuno stanice za dostavu lijekova,

to cure some of our biggest problems

u izlječenju nekih od najvećih problema

in disease?

vezanih za oboljenja?

I am a biomedical engineer,

Ja sam biomedicinska inženjerka

and I want to tell you guys a story about how I use immune cells

i želim vam ispričati priču o tome kako koristim imuno stanice

to target one of the largest problems in cancer.

kako bih riješila jedan od najvećih problema vezanih za rak.

Did you know that over 90 percent of cancer deaths

Znate li da se preko 90 posto smrtnih slučajeva od raka

can be attributed to its spread?

može pripisati njegovom širenju?

So if we can stop these cancer cells

Dakle, ako možemo zaustaviti ove stanice raka

from going from the primary tumor to a distant site,

u širenju od prvobitnog tumora k udaljenom mjestu,

we can stop cancer right in its tracks

možemo zaustaviti rak u mjestu

and give people more of their lives back.

i vratiti ljudima više njihovog života.

To do this special mission,

Za ovu posebnu misiju,

we decided to deliver a nanoparticle made of lipids,

odlučili smo dostaviti nanočesticu sačinjenu od lipida,

which are the same materials that compose your cell membrane.

koji su isti gradivni elementi koje sadrži i vaša stanična membrana.

And we've added two special molecules.

Tu smo dodali i dvije posebne molekule.

One is called e-selectin,

Jedna je e-selektin,

which acts as a glue

a ponaša se kao ljepilo

that binds the nanoparticle to the immune cell.

koje veže nanočesticu za imuno stanicu.

And the second one is called trail.

Drugi protein je "trail".

Trail is a therapeutic drug that kills cancer cells

To je terapeutski lijek koji ubija stanice raka,

but not normal cells.

ali ne i obične stanice.

Now, when you put both of these together,

Kada spojite ovo dvoje,

you have a mean killing machine on wheels.

dobivate ubojiti pokretni stroj.

To test this, we ran an experiment in a mouse.

Kako bismo ovo testirali, proveli smo eksperiment na mišu.

So what we did was we injected the nanoparticles,

Ubrizgali smo nanočestice,

and they bound almost immediately to the immune cells in the bloodstream.

a one su se skoro trenutno vezale za imuno stanice u krvotoku.

And then we injected the cancer cells to mimic a process

Zatim smo ubrizgali stanice raka kako bismo simulirali proces,

through which cancer cells spread throughout our bodies.

kojim se stanice raka šire našim tijelom.

And we found something very exciting.

I otkrili smo nešto vrlo uzbudljivo.

We found that in our treated group,

Otkrili smo da je u testnoj grupi,

over 75 percent of the cancer cells we initially injected were dead or dying,

preko 75 posto stanica raka koje smo na početku ubrizgali, umrlo ili umire,

in comparison to only around 25 percent.

u usporedbi sa samo oko 25 posto.

So just imagine: these fewer amount of cells were available

Zamislite ovo - manje količine stanica bile su u mogućnosti

to actually be able to spread to a different part of the body.

proširiti se na drugi dio tijela.

I to samo dva sata poslije terapije.

And this is only after two hours of treatment.

Our results were amazing, and we had some pretty interesting press.

Naši rezultati su bili zapanjujući, objavljeni su i u par zanimljivih članaka.

My favorite title was actually,

U stvari, moj omiljeni naslov bio je:

"Sticky balls may stop the spread of cancer."

„Ljepljive kuglice mogu zaustaviti širenje raka“.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I can't tell you just how smug my male colleagues were,

Ne mogu vam opisati koliko su moji kolege uživali u uspjehu,

znajući da njihove ljepljive kuglice jednog dana mogu izliječiti rak.

knowing that their sticky balls might one day cure cancer.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But I can tell you they made some pretty, pretty, exciting,

Ipak, mogu vam reći da su napravili neke prilično uzbudljive

pretty ballsy t-shirts.

i poticajne majice.

This was also my first experience talking to patients

Bilo je ovo i moje prvo iskustvo da razgovaram s pacijentima,

where they asked how soon our therapy would be available.

gdje su me pitali kada će naša terapija biti dostupna.

And I keep these stories with me to remind me of the importance

Čuvam ove priče da se podsjetim važnosti znanosti,

of the science, the scientists and the patients.

znanstvenika i pacijenata.

Now, our fast-acting results were pretty interesting,

Naši rezultati brzog djelovanja su bili vrlo zanimljivi,

but we still had one lingering question:

ali nam je preostalo još jedno pitanje:

Can our sticky balls,

mogu li te naše ljepljive kuglice,

our particles actually attached to the immune cells,

naše čestice vezane za imuno stanice,

actually stop the spread of cancer?

zaista zaustaviti širenje raka?

So we went to our animal model, and we found three important parts.

Vratili smo se našem životinjskom uzorku i pronašli tri važna dijela.

Our primary tumors were smaller in our treated animals,

Naši prvobitni tumori bili su manji kod liječenih životinja,

there were fewer cells in circulation,

bilo je manje stanica u opticaju

and there was little to no tumor burden in the distant organs.

te je bilo vrlo malo ili nimalo stanica tumora u udaljenim organima.

Now, this wasn't just a victory for us and our sticky balls.

Ovo nije bila samo pobjeda za nas i naše ljepljive kuglice.

This was also a victory to me

Ovo je bila pobjeda i za mene

in drug delivery,

u primjeni lijeka,

and it represents a paradigm shift,

i ona predstavlja promjenu modela,

a revolution --

revoluciju,

to go from just using drugs, just injecting them

pomak od korištenja lijekova, njihovog ubrizgavanja

and hoping they go to the right places in the body,

i očekivanja da će otići na prava mjesta u tijelu,

to using immune cells as special delivery drivers in your body.

do korištenja imuno stanica, kao posebnih dostavljača u vašem tijelu.

For this example, we used two molecules, e-selectin and trail,

Za ovaj primjer smo koristili dvije molekule, e-selektin i "trial",

but really, the possibility of drugs you can use are endless.

no, mogućnosti lijekova koji se mogu koristiti su nebrojene.

And I talked about cancer,

Pričala sam o raku,

but where disease goes, so do immune cells.

ali gdjegod da je bolest, tamo idu i imuno stanice.

So this could be used for any disease.

Ovo se može koristiti za bilo koju bolest.

Imagine using immune cells to deliver crucial wound-healing agents

Zamislite uporabu imuno stanica za dostavu ključnih tvari za zarastanje rana

after a spinal cord injury,

nakon povrede leđne moždine,

or using immune cells to deliver drugs past the blood-brain barrier

ili da koristimo imuno stanice za dostavu lijekova uz krvno-moždanu barijeru,

to treat Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.

u liječenju Parkinsonove ili Alzheimerove bolesti.

These are the ideas that excite me about science the most.

Ovo su za mene najuzbudljivije ideje vezane za znanost.

And from where I stand, I see so much promise and opportunity.

Iz svog kuta, vidim toliko puno obećanja i mogućnosti.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)