We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer | Elizabeth Wayne

84,635 views ใƒป 2017-11-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kyo young Chu ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
After decades of research
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€
00:14
and billions of dollars spent in clinical trials,
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์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ง€๋งŒ
00:18
we still have a problem with cancer drug delivery.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
We still give patients chemotherapy,
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์•„์ง ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
which is so non-specific
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŠน์ด์ ์ด๋ผ
00:26
that even though it kills the cancer cells,
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์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:29
it kind of kills the rest of your body, too.
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๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์ฃฝ์ด์ฃ .
00:32
And yes, we have developed more selective drugs,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋” ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:35
but it's still a challenge to get them into the tumor,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ข…์–‘์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ 
00:38
and they end up accumulating in the other organs as well
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์Œ“์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:41
or passing through your urine,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:43
which is a total waste.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And fields like mine have emerged
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š”
00:48
where we try to encapsulate these drugs
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝ์„ ์บก์Š์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
00:50
to protect them as they travel through the body.
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
But these modifications cause problems
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
00:55
that we make more modifications to fix.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
So what I'm really trying to say is we need a better drug delivery system.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์”€์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
And I propose,
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
01:04
rather than using solely human design,
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ž๋Š”
01:07
why not use nature's?
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์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Immune cells are these versatile vehicles that travel throughout our body,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์žฌ ๋‹ค๋Šฅํ•œ ์ด๋™์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
patrolling for signs of disease
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:16
and arriving at a wound mere minutes after injury.
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์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:20
So I ask you guys:
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
If immune cells are already traveling to places of injury or disease
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋‚˜ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:25
in our bodies,
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์Šน๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:26
why not add an extra passenger?
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01:28
Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ธ ์•ฝ์„
01:31
to cure some of our biggest problems
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:33
in disease?
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01:36
I am a biomedical engineer,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
and I want to tell you guys a story about how I use immune cells
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์•”์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:41
to target one of the largest problems in cancer.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Did you know that over 90 percent of cancer deaths
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์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ 90%๋Š”
01:47
can be attributed to its spread?
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์ „์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:48
So if we can stop these cancer cells
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์ฆ‰, ์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ
01:51
from going from the primary tumor to a distant site,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:54
we can stop cancer right in its tracks
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์•”์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
01:56
and give people more of their lives back.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
To do this special mission,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
02:01
we decided to deliver a nanoparticle made of lipids,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
02:04
which are the same materials that compose your cell membrane.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
And we've added two special molecules.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋” ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
One is called e-selectin,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ
02:14
which acts as a glue
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ถ™์ด๋Š”
02:15
that binds the nanoparticle to the immune cell.
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์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  e-์…€๋ ‰ํ‹ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
And the second one is called trail.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” TRAIL์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Trail is a therapeutic drug that kills cancer cells
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TRAIL์€ ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:24
but not normal cells.
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์•” ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Now, when you put both of these together,
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด
02:29
you have a mean killing machine on wheels.
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๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
To test this, we ran an experiment in a mouse.
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์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
So what we did was we injected the nanoparticles,
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—
02:42
and they bound almost immediately to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ถ™์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
And then we injected the cancer cells to mimic a process
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์•” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์— ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ
02:49
through which cancer cells spread throughout our bodies.
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๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”์„ธํฌ๋„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
And we found something very exciting.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
We found that in our treated group,
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๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 25%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:58
over 75 percent of the cancer cells we initially injected were dead or dying,
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์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ 75%๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:03
in comparison to only around 25 percent.
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์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
So just imagine: these fewer amount of cells were available
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:09
to actually be able to spread to a different part of the body.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And this is only after two hours of treatment.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Our results were amazing, and we had some pretty interesting press.
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์› ๊ณ , ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
My favorite title was actually,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
03:22
"Sticky balls may stop the spread of cancer."
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"๋ˆ๋ˆํ•œ ๊ณต์ด ์•”์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค."
03:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:26
I can't tell you just how smug my male colleagues were,
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์ œ ๋‚จ์ž ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ˆ๋ˆํ•œ ๊ณต์ด ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
03:30
knowing that their sticky balls might one day cure cancer.
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๋ง๋„ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž˜๋‚œ ์ฒ™์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:35
But I can tell you they made some pretty, pretty, exciting,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ์งฑ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ
03:38
pretty ballsy t-shirts.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:40
This was also my first experience talking to patients
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์ด๋Š” ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์–ธ์ œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
03:44
where they asked how soon our therapy would be available.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
And I keep these stories with me to remind me of the importance
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„
03:51
of the science, the scientists and the patients.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Now, our fast-acting results were pretty interesting,
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ
03:58
but we still had one lingering question:
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„์ง ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
Can our sticky balls,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ถ™์€ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
04:02
our particles actually attached to the immune cells,
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์ด ๋ˆ๋ˆํ•œ ๊ณต๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
04:04
actually stop the spread of cancer?
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์•”์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:07
So we went to our animal model, and we found three important parts.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Our primary tumors were smaller in our treated animals,
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๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋” ์ž‘์•˜๊ณ 
04:15
there were fewer cells in circulation,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—๋Š” ๋” ์ ์€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:18
and there was little to no tumor burden in the distant organs.
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
Now, this wasn't just a victory for us and our sticky balls.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ €ํฌ์™€ ๋ˆ๋ˆ์ด ๊ณต์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
This was also a victory to me
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์ด๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š”
04:28
in drug delivery,
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์˜€๊ณ 
04:30
and it represents a paradigm shift,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋’ค ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
04:32
a revolution --
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๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ
04:34
to go from just using drugs, just injecting them
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
04:37
and hoping they go to the right places in the body,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”
04:40
to using immune cells as special delivery drivers in your body.
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ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด์ž ํ˜๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
For this example, we used two molecules, e-selectin and trail,
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” e-์…€๋ ‰ํ‹ด๊ณผ TRAIL ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:49
but really, the possibility of drugs you can use are endless.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
And I talked about cancer,
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์ €๋Š” ์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:55
but where disease goes, so do immune cells.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
So this could be used for any disease.
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์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
05:02
Imagine using immune cells to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
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์ฒ™์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
05:06
after a spinal cord injury,
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:09
or using immune cells to deliver drugs past the blood-brain barrier
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ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:13
to treat Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.
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ํ˜ˆ๋‚ด ๊ด€๋ฌธ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:17
These are the ideas that excite me about science the most.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ถ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
And from where I stand, I see so much promise and opportunity.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ์€ ์ „๋ง๊ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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