4 steps to ending extreme poverty | Shameran Abed

Prevodilac: Sofija Vukicevic Lektor: Ivana Korom

We are witness to monumental human progress.

Svedoci smo ogromnog ljudskog napretka.

Over the past few decades, the expansion of the global marketplace

U prethodnih nekoliko decenija, širenje svetskog tržišta

has lifted a third of the world's population out of extreme poverty.

je izdiglo trećinu svetske populacije iz krajnjeg siromaštva.

Yet we are also witness to an astounding failure.

Ipak, svedoci smo i zapanjujućeg pada.

Our efforts to lift people up

Naš trud da izdignemo ljude iz siromaštva

have left behind those in the harshest forms of poverty,

ostavio je iza sebe one koji žive u najvećoj bedi,

the ultra-poor.

najsiromašnije.

What it means to be ultra-poor goes beyond the monetary definition

Značenje najvećeg siromaštva prevazilazi monetarnu definiciju

that we're all familiar with:

koja nam je svima poznata:

living on less than two dollars a day.

živeti sa manje od dva dolara dnevno.

It goes even beyond not having assets

Prevazilazi čak i sredstva

like livestock or land.

poput stoke ili zemlje.

To be ultra-poor means to be stripped of your dignity,

Biti ultra-siromašan podrazumeva lišavanje sopstvenog dostojanstva,

purpose and self-worth.

svrhe i samopoštovanja.

It means living in isolation,

To podrazumeva život u izolaciji,

because you're a burden to your own community.

jer ste vi teret sopstvene zajednice.

It means being unable to imagine a better future

Ono podrazumeva da ne možete zamisliti bolju budućnost

for yourself and your family.

za sebe i svoju porodicu.

By the end of 2019,

Do kraja 2019. godine,

about 400 million people were living in ultra-poverty worldwide.

oko 400 miliona ljudi širom sveta je živelo u ultra-siromaštvu.

That's more than the populations of the United States and Canada combined.

To je više od zajedničke populacije Sjedinjenih Država i Kanade.

And when calamity strikes,

A kada nesreća prodre,

whether it's a pandemic, a natural disaster or a manmade crisis,

u vidu pandemije, prirodne katastrofe ili krize nastale ljudskom krivicom,

these numbers spike astronomically higher.

ovi brojevi nesnosno rastu.

My father, Fazle Abed, gave up a corporate career

Moj otac, Fazle Abed, odrekao se korporativne karijere

to establish BRAC here in Bangladesh in 1972.

kako bi ustanovio BRAC ovde u Bangladešu 1972. godine.

Bangladesh was a wreck,

Bangladeš je doživeo propast,

having just gone through a devastating cyclone

pretrpevši upravo razarajući ciklon

followed by a brutal war for independence.

praćen nasilnim ratom za nezavisnost.

Working with the poorest of the poor, my father realized

Radeći sa najsiromašnijima, moj otac je shvatio

that poverty was more than the lack of income and assets.

da je siromaštvo više od nestašice prihoda i sredstava.

It was also a lack of hope.

Ono je ujedno i nestašica nade.

People were trapped in poverty,

Ljudi su ostali zarobljeni u siromaštvu,

because they felt their condition was immutable.

smatrajući svoje stanje nepromenljivim.

Poverty, to them, was like the sun and the moon --

Siromaštvo je za njih poput sunca i meseca,

something given to them by God.

dato im od boga.

For poverty reduction programs to succeed,

Kako bi program borbe protiv siromaštva uspeo,

they would need to instill hope and self-worth

oni bi morali da usade u sebe nadu i samopoštovanje

so that, with a little support,

i uz malu pomoć,

people could lift themselves out of poverty.

ljudi bi mogli da se izdignu iz siromaštva.

BRAC went on to pioneer the graduation approach,

BRAC je prvi načinio postepeni pristup,

a solution to ultra-poverty that addresses both income poverty

rešenje za ultra-siromaštvo koje se odnosi i na nedostatak prihoda

and the poverty of hope.

i na nedostatak nade.

The approach works primarily with women,

Taj pristup je najpre učinjen ženama,

because women are the most affected by ultra-poverty

jer su žene najviše pogođene ultra-siromaštvom

but also the ones most likely to pull themselves and their families

ali su one, takođe, te koje najčešće izvuku sebe i svoje porodice

out of it.

iz istoga.

Over a two-year period,

Već dve godine,

we essentially do four things.

mi činimo četiri ključne stvari.

One, we meet a woman's basic needs

Prva, upoznajemo se sa osnovnim potrebama žene

by giving her food or cash,

obezbeđujući joj hranu i novac,

ensuring the minimum to survive.

i ono najosnovnije za preživljavanje.

Two, we move her towards a decent livelihood

Drugo, obezbeđujemo joj smeštaj u pristojnom okruženju

by giving her an asset, like livestock,

uz imovinu u vidu stoke

and training her to earn money from it.

i obučavamo je da od iste zarađuje novac.

Three, we train her to save, budget

Treće, obučavamo je da štedi, predviđa

and invest her new wealth.

i ulaže u nova bogatstva.

And four, we help to integrate her socially,

I četvrto, pomažemo joj da se uklopi u društvo,

first into groups of women like her

najpre u grupu žena sličnih njoj,

and then into her community.

a zatim i u njenu zajednicu.

Each of these elements is key to the success of the others,

Svaki od ovih elemenata je ključ za uspeh drugih,

but the real magic is the hope and sense of possibility

ali prava magija se krije u nadi i osećaju za mogućnosti

the women develop through the close mentorship they receive.

koje žene razvijaju kroz blisko dobijeno savetovanje.

Let me tell you about Jorina.

Ispričaću vam priču o Džorini.

Jorina was born in a remote village in northern Bangladesh.

Džorina je rođena u zabačenom selu na severu Bangladeša.

She never went to school,

Nikada nije pohađala školu,

and at the age of 15, she was married off to an abusive husband.

i u 15. godini su je udali za nasilnog čoveka.

He eventually abandoned her,

On ju je vremenom napustio,

leaving her with no income

ostavivši je bez ikakvih primanja

and two children who were not in school and were severely malnourished.

i sa dvoje teško pothranjene dece koja se nisu školovala.

With no one to turn to for help,

Nemajući nikoga da joj pomogne,

she had no hope.

ostala je bez ijedne nade.

Jorina joined BRAC's Graduation program in 2005.

Džorina se pridružila organizaciji BRAC i ''Obrazovnom programu'' 2005. godine.

She received a dollar a week,

Dobijala je jedan dolar nedeljno,

two cows,

dve krave,

enterprise training

preduzetničku obuku

and a weekly visit from a mentor.

i nedeljnu posetu svog mentora.

She began to build her assets,

Počela je da stvara svoju imovinu,

but most importantly,

ali što je najvažnije,

she began to imagine a better future for herself and her children.

počela je da zamišlja bolju budućnost za sebe i svoju decu.

If you were visit Jorina's village today,

Ako biste posetili Džorinino selo danas,

you would find that she runs the largest general store in her area.

pronašli biste je kako vodi najveću prodavnicu mešovite robe u svom kraju.

She will proudly show you the land she bought

Ona bi vam ponosno pokazala zemlju koju je kupila

and the house she built.

i kuću koju je izgradila.

Since we began this program in 2002,

Otkad smo započeli ovaj program 2002. godine,

two million Bangladeshi women

dva miliona žena iz Bangladeša

have lifted themselves and their families out of ultra-poverty.

je izdiglo sebe i svoje porodice iz najvećeg siromaštva.

That's almost nine million people.

To je gotovo devet miliona ljudi.

The program, which costs 500 dollars per household,

Program, koji košta 500 dolara po domaćinstvu,

runs for only two years,

traje tek dve godine,

but the impact goes well beyond that.

ali uticaj je mnogo širi.

Researchers at the London School of Economics found

Istraživači iz Londonske škole ekonomije otkrili su

that even seven years after entering the program,

da je čak sedam godina nakon pristupanja programu,

92 percent of participants had maintained or increased

92 odsto učesnika održalo ili uvećalo

their income, assets and consumption.

svoje prihode, imovinu i potrošnju.

Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee,

Ester Duflo i Abidžit Banerdži,

the MIT economists who won the Nobel Prize last year,

ekonomisti sa MIT-a, dobitnici prošlogodišnje Nobelove nagrade,

led multicountry evaluations

vodili su procene više zemalja te je ustanovljeno

that identified graduation as one of the most effective ways

da je rangiranje jedan od najboljih načina

to break the poverty trap.

kojim se uništava zamka siromaštva.

But my father wasn't content

Moj otac, međutim, nije bio zadovoljan

to have found a solution that worked for some people.

što je pronašao rešenje koje je dovelo do uspeha kod nekih ljudi.

He always wanted to know whether we were being ambitious enough

Uvek se pitao da li smo bili dovoljno ambiciozni

in terms of scale.

u pogledu razmera.

So when we achieved nationwide scale in Bangladesh,

Te kad smo dostigli nacionalnu razmeru u Bangladešu,

he wanted to know how we could scale it globally.

on se zapitao kako bismo je mogli rangirati globalno.

And that has to involve governments.

I to je moralo da uključi vladu.

Governments already dedicate billions of dollars

Vlada je već dodeljivala milijarde dolara

on poverty reduction programs.

za programe smanjenja siromaštva.

But so much of that money is wasted,

Mnogo novca je, međutim, protraćeno

because these programs either don't reach the poorest,

jer se ovi programi ili nisu ticali najsiromašnijih,

and even the ones that do fail to have significant long-term impact.

a čak i oni koji su se ticali, nisu imali dugoročni učinak.

We are working to engage governments

Mi radimo na tome da im vlasti

to help them to adopt and scale graduation programs themselves,

pomognu pri usvajanju i sopstvenoj težnji ka programu obrazovanja,

maximizing the impact of the billions of dollars

uvećavajući uticaj milijardi dolara

they already allocate to fight ultra-poverty.

koje su već dodeljene za borbu protiv ultra-siromaštva.

Our plan is to help another 21 million people

Naš plan je da pomognemo još 21 milion ljudi

lift themselves out of ultra-poverty

da se izdignu iz ultra-siromaštva

in eight countries over the next six years

u osam zemalja, tokom narednih šest godina

with BRAC teams on-site and embedded in each country.

sa timom organizacije BRAC na licu mesta, postavljenim u svakoj državi.

In July of 2019, my father was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer

U julu 2019. godine, mom ocu je ustanovljen tumor na mozgu u završnoj fazi

and given four months to live.

i još četiri meseca života.

As he transitioned out of BRAC after leading the organization for 47 years,

Kad se povukao iz BRAC-a nakon 47 godina vođenja organizacije,

he reminded us that throughout his life,

podsetio nas je da mu je tokom života

he saw optimism triumph over despair,

uvek preovladavao optimizam nad očajanjem,

that when you light the spark of self-belief in people,

da kada upališ iskru samopouzdanja u ljudima,

even the poorest can transform their lives.

čak i oni najsiromašniji mogu da promene sebi život.

My father passed away in December.

Moj otac je preminuo u decembru.

He lit that spark for millions of people,

On je upalio tu iskru kod miliona ljudi,

and in the final days of his life,

i u poslednjim danima svog života,

he implored us to continue to do so for millions more.

preklinjao nas je da nastavimo tako kod još miliona drugih.

This opportunity is ours for the taking,

Ovo je naša prilika,

so let's stop imagining a world without ultra-poverty

zato prestanimo zamišljati svet bez ultra-siromaštva

and start building that world together.

i počnimo da stvaramo taj svet zajedno.

Thank you.

Hvala.