4 steps to ending extreme poverty | Shameran Abed

101,619 views ・ 2020-09-23

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Prevoditelj: Antonija Tomaš Recezent: Gordan Prakiš
00:12
We are witness to monumental human progress.
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Svjedoci smo ogromnog ljudskog napretka.
00:16
Over the past few decades, the expansion of the global marketplace
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Širenje globalnog tržišta zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća
00:19
has lifted a third of the world's population out of extreme poverty.
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pomoglo je trećini svjetskog stanovništva izdići se iz ekstremnog siromaštva.
00:24
Yet we are also witness to an astounding failure.
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No, također svjedočimo i zapanjujućem neuspjehu.
00:28
Our efforts to lift people up
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Uložen trud u pomaganje ljudima
00:30
have left behind those in the harshest forms of poverty,
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iza sebe je ostavio one u najtežim oblicima siromaštva
00:33
the ultra-poor.
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– ekstremno siromašne.
00:35
What it means to be ultra-poor goes beyond the monetary definition
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Biti ekstremno siromašan je daleko od novčane definicije
00:39
that we're all familiar with:
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koja nam je svima poznata:
00:41
living on less than two dollars a day.
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živjeti s manje od dva dolara dnevno.
00:43
It goes even beyond not having assets
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Ide dalje i od neposjedovanja imovine
00:46
like livestock or land.
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poput stoke ili zemlje.
00:48
To be ultra-poor means to be stripped of your dignity,
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Biti ekstremno siromašan znači biti lišen dostojanstva,
00:53
purpose and self-worth.
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svrhe i samopouzdanja.
00:55
It means living in isolation,
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To znači živjeti u izolaciji,
00:57
because you're a burden to your own community.
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jer ste teret vlastitoj zajednici.
01:00
It means being unable to imagine a better future
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To znači biti nesposoban zamisliti bolju budućnost
01:03
for yourself and your family.
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za sebe i svoju obitelj.
01:05
By the end of 2019,
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Krajem 2019.
01:07
about 400 million people were living in ultra-poverty worldwide.
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oko 400 milijuna ljudi je živjelo u ekstremnom siromaštvu diljem svijeta.
01:12
That's more than the populations of the United States and Canada combined.
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To je više od ukupnog stanovništva SAD-a i Kanade zajedno.
01:18
And when calamity strikes,
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A kada zadesi nevolja,
01:19
whether it's a pandemic, a natural disaster or a manmade crisis,
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bila to pandemija, prirodna nepogoda ili kriza uzrokovana ljudskom rukom,
01:24
these numbers spike astronomically higher.
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ti brojevi astronomski rastu.
01:28
My father, Fazle Abed, gave up a corporate career
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Moj otac, Fazle Abed, napustio je korporativni svijet
01:31
to establish BRAC here in Bangladesh in 1972.
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kako bi utemeljio BRAC ovdje u Bangladešu 1972. godine.
01:35
Bangladesh was a wreck,
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Bangladeš je bio u rasulu
01:37
having just gone through a devastating cyclone
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nakon razarajućeg ciklona
01:40
followed by a brutal war for independence.
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kojem je slijedio nemilosrdni rat za neovisnost.
01:43
Working with the poorest of the poor, my father realized
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Radeći s najsiromašnijima, moj je otac shvatio
01:47
that poverty was more than the lack of income and assets.
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da je siromaštvo više od nedostatka prihoda i imovine
01:51
It was also a lack of hope.
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– također je i nedostatak nade.
01:54
People were trapped in poverty,
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Ljudi su bili zarobljeni u siromaštvu
01:57
because they felt their condition was immutable.
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jer su smatrali da je njihovo stanje nepromjenjivo.
02:00
Poverty, to them, was like the sun and the moon --
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Za njih je siromaštvo bilo poput sunca i mjeseca
02:03
something given to them by God.
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– nešto dano im od Boga.
02:06
For poverty reduction programs to succeed,
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Kako bi programi za smanjenje siromaštva bili uspješni,
02:09
they would need to instill hope and self-worth
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trebali su usaditi nadu i samopoštovanje,
02:12
so that, with a little support,
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tako da se ljudi sami, uz malo pomoći,
02:14
people could lift themselves out of poverty.
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izvuku iz siromaštva.
02:17
BRAC went on to pioneer the graduation approach,
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Organizacija BRAC je bila prva u stupnjevitom pristupu,
02:21
a solution to ultra-poverty that addresses both income poverty
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rješenju za ekstremno siromašne koje se bavilo novčanim siromaštvom
02:25
and the poverty of hope.
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kao i siromaštvom nade.
02:27
The approach works primarily with women,
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Pristup se prvenstveno odnosi na žene,
02:29
because women are the most affected by ultra-poverty
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jer su one najviše pogođene ekstremnim siromaštvom,
02:33
but also the ones most likely to pull themselves and their families
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no ujedno je najvjerojatnije da će pomoći sebi i svojim obiteljima
02:36
out of it.
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izvući se iz te situacije.
02:37
Over a two-year period,
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Tijekom dvije godine
02:39
we essentially do four things.
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u biti napravimo četiri stvari.
02:41
One, we meet a woman's basic needs
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Kao prvo, pomognemo ženi s osnovnim potrebama
02:45
by giving her food or cash,
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dajući joj hranu ili gotovinu,
02:47
ensuring the minimum to survive.
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osiguravajući minimum za preživjeti.
02:50
Two, we move her towards a decent livelihood
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Kao drugo, krećemo prema pristojnom preživljavanju
02:53
by giving her an asset, like livestock,
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dajući joj imovinu, kao što je stoka,
02:56
and training her to earn money from it.
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i uvježbavajući je da zaradi novac od istoga.
02:59
Three, we train her to save, budget
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Kao treće, obučavamo je da štedi, raspodijeli
03:02
and invest her new wealth.
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i ulaže u novu imovinu.
03:04
And four, we help to integrate her socially,
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I kao četvrto, pomažemo joj da se socijalno integrira,
03:07
first into groups of women like her
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prvo u skupine žena slične njoj,
03:10
and then into her community.
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a nakon toga u svoju zajednicu.
03:12
Each of these elements is key to the success of the others,
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Svaki od ovih elemenata je ključ uspjeha drugom,
03:16
but the real magic is the hope and sense of possibility
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ali prava čarolija leži u nadi i smislu za mogućnosti
03:20
the women develop through the close mentorship they receive.
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kojeg žene dobiju pomoću bliskog mentorstva koje im je pruženo.
03:24
Let me tell you about Jorina.
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Ispričat ću vam priču o Jorini.
03:26
Jorina was born in a remote village in northern Bangladesh.
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Jorina je rođena u osamljenom selu u sjevernom Bangladešu.
03:30
She never went to school,
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Nikada nije išla u školu,
03:32
and at the age of 15, she was married off to an abusive husband.
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a sa 15 godina vjenčana je za nasilnog supruga.
03:36
He eventually abandoned her,
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Naposljetku ju je napustio,
03:38
leaving her with no income
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ostavljajući je bez prihoda
03:40
and two children who were not in school and were severely malnourished.
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i s dvoje djece koja nisu išla u školu i bila su ozbiljno pothranjena.
03:45
With no one to turn to for help,
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Kako se nikome nije mogla obratiti za pomoć,
03:47
she had no hope.
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bila je bez nade.
03:49
Jorina joined BRAC's Graduation program in 2005.
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Jorina se pridružila programu BRAC u 2005. godini.
03:54
She received a dollar a week,
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Dobila je dolar svaki tjedan,
03:56
two cows,
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dvije krave,
03:57
enterprise training
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obuku za poduzetništvo
03:58
and a weekly visit from a mentor.
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i tjedni posjet mentora.
04:01
She began to build her assets,
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Počela je graditi svoju imovinu,
04:03
but most importantly,
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no najvažnije je
04:05
she began to imagine a better future for herself and her children.
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da je počela zamišljati bolju budućnost za sebe i svoju djecu.
04:09
If you were visit Jorina's village today,
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Kad biste danas posjetili Jorinino selo,
04:12
you would find that she runs the largest general store in her area.
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našli biste je kako vodi najveću trgovinu mješovite robe na svom području.
04:16
She will proudly show you the land she bought
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Ponosno će vam pokazati zemljište koje je kupila
04:18
and the house she built.
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i kuću koju je sagradila.
04:21
Since we began this program in 2002,
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Otkad smo počeli s programom u 2002. godini,
04:24
two million Bangladeshi women
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dva milijuna žena iz Bangladeša
04:26
have lifted themselves and their families out of ultra-poverty.
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pomogle su sebi i svojim obiteljima izaći iz ekstremnog siromaštva.
04:30
That's almost nine million people.
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To je skoro devet milijuna ljudi.
04:33
The program, which costs 500 dollars per household,
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Program, koji košta 500 dolara po domaćinstvu,
04:36
runs for only two years,
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aktivan je samo dvije godine,
04:38
but the impact goes well beyond that.
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ali učinak seže dalje od toga.
04:40
Researchers at the London School of Economics found
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Istraživači s Londonske škole ekonomije su dokazali
04:44
that even seven years after entering the program,
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da čak sedam godina nakon ulaska u program
04:46
92 percent of participants had maintained or increased
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92 posto sudionika je održalo ili povećalo
04:51
their income, assets and consumption.
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svoje prihode, imovinu i potrošnju.
04:54
Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee,
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Esther Duflo i Abhijit Banerjee,
04:56
the MIT economists who won the Nobel Prize last year,
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ekonomisti s MIT-a koji su osvojili Nobelovu nagradu prošle godine,
05:00
led multicountry evaluations
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vodili su procjene u više zemalja koje su izdvojile
05:02
that identified graduation as one of the most effective ways
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stupnjeviti pristup kao jedan od najučinkovitijih načina
05:06
to break the poverty trap.
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za bijeg iz klopke siromaštva.
05:08
But my father wasn't content
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Ali moj otac nije bio zadovoljan
05:10
to have found a solution that worked for some people.
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s rješenjem koje pomaže samo nekim ljudima.
05:14
He always wanted to know whether we were being ambitious enough
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Uvijek je želio znati jesmo li dovoljno ambiciozni
05:17
in terms of scale.
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u smislu razmjera.
05:19
So when we achieved nationwide scale in Bangladesh,
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Kada smo postigli razmjer diljem cijele nacije Bangladeša,
05:22
he wanted to know how we could scale it globally.
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htio je znati možemo li primijeniti isto na globalnoj razini.
05:26
And that has to involve governments.
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To je moralo uključiti vlade.
05:28
Governments already dedicate billions of dollars
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Vlade već odvaju milijarde dolara
05:31
on poverty reduction programs.
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na programe smanjivanja siromaštva.
05:34
But so much of that money is wasted,
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No, velik dio tog novca je izgubljen,
05:36
because these programs either don't reach the poorest,
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jer ti programi ne dopiru do najsiromašnijih,
05:40
and even the ones that do fail to have significant long-term impact.
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a oni koji i dođu nažalost nemaju dugoročan učinak.
05:45
We are working to engage governments
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Naš rad želi uključiti vlade
05:47
to help them to adopt and scale graduation programs themselves,
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i pomoći im da sami usvoje i postave stupnjevite programe
05:52
maximizing the impact of the billions of dollars
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kako bi maksimalno pojačali učinak milijardi dolara
05:56
they already allocate to fight ultra-poverty.
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koje već dodijeluju borbi protiv ekstremnog siromaštva.
05:59
Our plan is to help another 21 million people
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Naš plan je pomoći još 21 milijunu ljudi
06:03
lift themselves out of ultra-poverty
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izvući se iz ekstremnog siromaštva
06:06
in eight countries over the next six years
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u osam zemalja u sljedećih šest godina,
06:09
with BRAC teams on-site and embedded in each country.
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s pomoću timova organizacije BRAC na licu mjesta i kao dio svake države.
06:14
In July of 2019, my father was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer
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U srpnju 2019. mome ocu je dijagnosticiran rak mozga u zadnjem stadiju
06:19
and given four months to live.
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s još četiri mjeseca za život.
06:22
As he transitioned out of BRAC after leading the organization for 47 years,
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Dok je napuštao organizaciju nakon što je vodio program 47 godina,
06:27
he reminded us that throughout his life,
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podsjetio nas je kako je tijekom života
06:30
he saw optimism triumph over despair,
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vidio pobjedu optimizma nad očajem,
06:33
that when you light the spark of self-belief in people,
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i da kad zapalite iskru samopouzdanja u ljudima,
06:37
even the poorest can transform their lives.
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čak i najsiromašniji mogu promijeniti svoj život.
06:41
My father passed away in December.
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Otac je umro u prosincu.
06:45
He lit that spark for millions of people,
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Zapalio je tu iskru miljunima ljudi
06:48
and in the final days of his life,
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i zadnjih dana svoga života
06:50
he implored us to continue to do so for millions more.
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nas je preklinjao da nastavimo činiti to još milijunima ljudi.
06:55
This opportunity is ours for the taking,
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Ova prilika je sad naša,
06:58
so let's stop imagining a world without ultra-poverty
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pa hajdemo ne zamišljati svijet bez ekstremno siromašnih,
07:02
and start building that world together.
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već krenimo zajedno graditi taj svijet.
07:05
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
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