Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

Prevodilac: Jelena Jekic Lektor: Mile Živković

We have a global health challenge

Danas u svojim rukama

in our hands today,

imamo globalni izazov zdravlja,

and that is that the way we currently

a to znači da je način na koji trenutno

discover and develop new drugs

otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lekove

is too costly, takes far too long,

previše skup, traje predugo,

and it fails more often than it succeeds.

i ne uspeva češće nego što uspe.

It really just isn't working, and that means

Zaista nam ne uspeva, a to znači

that patients that badly need new therapies

da pacijenti kojima je veoma potrebna nova terapija

are not getting them,

istu ne dobijaju,

and diseases are going untreated.

a bolesti se ne leče.

We seem to be spending more and more money.

Čini se kao da trošimo sve više para.

So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,

I tako za svaku milijardu dolara potrošenih na istraživanje i razvoj

we're getting less drugs approved into the market.

sve je manje lekova koji su odobreni za tržište.

More money, less drugs. Hmm.

Više novca, manje lekova. Hmm.

So what's going on here?

Dakle, šta se dešava ovde?

Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,

Pa, više faktora utiče,

but I think one of the key factors

ali ja mislim da je jedan od ključnih

is that the tools that we currently have

taj da alati koji su trenutno

available to test whether a drug is going to work,

raspoloživi da testiraju da li će lek imati efekta,

whether it has efficacy,

da li je efikasan,

or whether it's going to be safe

ili da li će biti siguran

before we get it into human clinical trials,

pre nego što ga odnesemo na klinička ispitivanja na ljudima,

are failing us. They're not predicting

nas dovode do neuspeha. Ne predviđaju

what's going to happen in humans.

šta će da se dogodi u ljudima.

And we have two main tools available

A imamo dva glavna alata

at our disposal.

na raspolaganju.

They are cells in dishes and animal testing.

To su ćelije u posudama i testiranje na životinjama.

Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.

Hajde sada da pričamo o prvom, o ćelijama u posudama.

So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.

Dakle, ćelije srećno funcionišu u našim telima.

We take them and rip them out

Mi ih uzmemo i izvučemo ih

of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,

iz njihovog prirodnog okruženja, bacimo ih u jednu od ovih posuda,

and expect them to work.

i očekujemo da će da rade.

Guess what. They don't.

Pogodite šta. Ne rade.

They don't like that environment

Ne sviđa im se to okruženje

because it's nothing like

jer nije ni nalik

what they have in the body.

onome što imaju u telu.

What about animal testing?

Šta ćemo sa testiranjem na životinjama?

Well, animals do and can provide

Pa, životinje nam mogu obezbediti

extremely useful information.

veoma korisne informacije.

They teach us about what happens

Uče nas šta se dešava

in the complex organism.

u kompleksnom organizmu.

We learn more about the biology itself.

Učimo više o samoj biologiji.

However, more often than not,

Međutim, češće se dešava

animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans

da životinjski modeli ne uspeju da predvide šta će se desiti u ljudima

when they're treated with a particular drug.

kada ih lečimo određenim lekom.

So we need better tools.

Zato nam trebaju bolji alati.

We need human cells,

Trebaju nam ljudske ćelije,

but we need to find a way to keep them happy

ali moramo da nađemo način da ih održavamo srećnima

outside the body.

van tela.

Our bodies are dynamic environments.

Naša tela su dinamična okruženja.

We're in constant motion.

U stalnom smo pokretu.

Our cells experience that.

Naše ćelije to znaju.

They're in dynamic environments in our body.

One su u dinamičnom okruženju u našim telima.

They're under constant mechanical forces.

I uvek su pod mehaničkim silama.

So if we want to make cells happy

Tako da ako želimo da učinimo ćelije srećnima,

outside our bodies,

van naših tela,

we need to become cell architects.

moramo da postanemo ćelijske arhitekte.

We need to design, build and engineer

Moramo da dizajniramo, napravimo i isplaniramo

a home away from home for the cells.

drugi dom za ćelije.

And at the Wyss Institute,

Na institutu Vis

we've done just that.

upravo smo to i uradili.

We call it an organ-on-a-chip.

To zovemo organom na čipu.

And I have one right here.

I ja imam jedan upravo ovde.

It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.

Predivno je, zar ne? Ali i prilično neverovatno.

Right here in my hand is a breathing, living

Baš ovde u mojoj ruci je živo

human lung on a chip.

plućno krilo na čipu koje diše.

And it's not just beautiful.

I nije samo prelepo.

It can do a tremendous amount of things.

Može da uradi ogromnu količinu stvari.

We have living cells in that little chip,

Imamo žive ćelije na tom malom čipu,

cells that are in a dynamic environment

ćelije koje su u dinamičkom okruženju

interacting with different cell types.

u interakciji sa različitim tipovima ćelija.

There's been many people

Bilo je mnogo ljudi

trying to grow cells in the lab.

koji su pokušali da uzgajaju ćelije u laboratorijama.

They've tried many different approaches.

Probali su sa različitim prilazima.

They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.

Čak su pokušali da uzgoje mini-organe u laboratoriji.

We're not trying to do that here.

Mi ne pokušavamo to da uradimo.

We're simply trying to recreate

Samo pokušavamo da ponovo stvorimo,

in this tiny chip

na ovom malenom čipu,

the smallest functional unit

najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu

that represents the biochemistry,

koja predstavlja biohemiju,

the function and the mechanical strain

funkciju i mehaničko naprezanje

that the cells experience in our bodies.

koje ćelije iskuse u našim telima.

So how does it work? Let me show you.

Kako to radi? Da vam pokažem.

We use techniques from the computer chip

Mi koristimo tehnike iz industrije za proizvodnju

manufacturing industry

kompjuterskih čipova

to make these structures at a scale

kako bismo napravili te strukture u veličini

relevant to both the cells and their environment.

bitnoj i za ćelije i za okolinu.

We have three fluidic channels.

Imamo tri fluidna kanala.

In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane

U sredini, imamo poroznu, fleksibilnu membranu

on which we can add human cells

na koju dodajemo ljudske ćelije

from, say, our lungs,

iz, na primer, pluća,

and then underneath, they had capillary cells,

a onda ispod, imamo kapilarne ćelije,

the cells in our blood vessels.

ćelije naših krvnih sudova.

And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip

Onda možemo da primenimo mehaničke sile na čip

that stretch and contract the membrane,

koje razvlače i skupljaju membrane,

so the cells experience the same mechanical forces

tako da ćelije iskuse iste mehaničke sile,

that they did when we breathe.

kao kada dišemo.

And they experience them how they did in the body.

I one ih iskuse kao da su u telu.

There's air flowing through the top channel,

Tu je vazduh koji ide kroz gornji kanal,

and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients

zatim tečnost koja sadrži hranljive materije

through the blood channel.

kroz krv.

Now the chip is really beautiful,

Čip je veoma lep,

but what can we do with it?

ali šta mi možemo da uradimo s njim?

We can get incredible functionality

Možemo da dobijemo neverovatnu funkcionalnost

inside these little chips.

unutar ovih malih čipova.

Let me show you.

Da vam pokažem.

We could, for example, mimic infection,

Možemo, na primer, da imitiramo infekciju,

where we add bacterial cells into the lung.

gde dodajemo bakterijske ćelije u plućno krilo.

then we can add human white blood cells.

Onda možemo da dodamo ljudska bela krvna zrnca.

White blood cells are our body's defense

Bela krvna zrnca su odbrana našeg tela

against bacterial invaders,

protiv bakterijskih napada,

and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,

i kada osete zapaljenje zbog infekcije,

they will enter from the blood into the lung

ući će iz krvi u plućno krilo

and engulf the bacteria.

i progutati bakteriju.

Well now you're going to see this happening

Sada ćete da vidite kako se to događa

live in an actual human lung on a chip.

uživo u ljudskom plućnom krilu na čipu.

We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,

Obeležili smo bela krvna zrnca kako biste mogli da vidite kako plutaju,

and when they detect that infection,

i kada primete infekciju,

they begin to stick.

počinju da se lepe.

They stick, and then they try to go into the lung

Lepe se i pokušavaju da uđu u pluća

side from blood channel.

iz krvi.

And you can see here, we can actually visualize

I možete da vidite, možemo da prikažemo

a single white blood cell.

jedno belo krvo zrnce.

It sticks, it wiggles its way through

Lepi se i migolji se

between the cell layers, through the pore,

između slojeva ćelija, kroz pore,

comes out on the other side of the membrane,

izlazi na drugu stranu membrane,

and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria

i upravo tu će progutati bakteriju

labeled in green.

koja je obeležena zelenim.

In that tiny chip, you just witnessed

U toj maloj posudi, upravo ste bili svedoci

one of the most fundamental responses

jednog od najosnovnijih odgovora

our body has to an infection.

našeg tela na infekciju.

It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.

To je način na koji reagujemo - imuna reakcija.

It's pretty exciting.

Veoma uzbudljivo.

Now I want to share this picture with you,

Želim da podelim ovu sliku sa vama,

not just because it's so beautiful,

ne samo zato što je toliko lepa

but because it tells us an enormous amount of information

već zato što nam pruža neverovatnu količinu informacija

about what the cells are doing within the chips.

o tome šta ćelije rade u čipu.

It tells us that these cells

Govori nam da te ćelije

from the small airways in our lungs,

iz malih prolaza u našim plućima,

actually have these hairlike structures

zapravo imaju strukturu nalik kosi

that you would expect to see in the lung.

koju biste očekivali da vidite u plućima.

These structures are called cilia,

Ove strukture se zovu treplje,

and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.

i one zapravo teraju sluz van pluća.

Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.

Da. Sluz. Bljak.

But mucus is actually very important.

Ali sluz je veoma važna.

Mucus traps particulates, viruses,

Sluz hvata čestice, viruse,

potential allergens,

potencijalne alergene

and these little cilia move

i ove sitne treplje se pomeraju

and clear the mucus out.

i oslobađaju nas sluzi.

When they get damaged, say,

Kada se oštete, recimo,

by cigarette smoke for example,

zbog dima cigarete, na primer,

they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.

one ne funkcionišu kako treba i ne mogu da nas očiste od sluzi.

And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.

I to dovodi do bolesti kao što je bronhitis.

Cilia and the clearance of mucus

Treplje i oslobađanje od sluzi

are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.

su takođe uključene u odvratnim bolestima kao što je cistična fibroza.

But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,

Ali sada, sa funkcionalnošću koju imamo u ovim čipovima,

we can begin to look

možemo da počnemo da tragamo

for potential new treatments.

za potencijalnim novim lečenjima.

We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.

Nismo stali sa plućima na čipu.

We have a gut on a chip.

Imamo i stomak na čipu.

You can see one right here.

Možete da ga vidite ovde.

And we've put intestinal human cells

I stavili smo ljudske crevne ćelije

in a gut on a chip,

u stomak na čipu,

and they're under constant peristaltic motion,

i one su pod stalnim peristaltičkim pokretima,

this trickling flow through the cells,

ovaj protok nalik kapljanju kroz ćelije,

and we can mimic many of the functions

i možemo da imitiramo mnoge od funckija

that you actually would expect to see

koje biste očekivali da vidite

in the human intestine.

u ljudskim crevima.

Now we can begin to create models of diseases

Sada možemo da počnemo da pravimo modele bolesti

such as irritable bowel syndrome.

kao što je sindrom razdražljivih creva.

This is a disease that affects

Ovo je bolest koja pogađa

a large number of individuals.

veliki broj ljudi.

It's really debilitating,

To je veoma iznurujuće,

and there aren't really many good treatments for it.

i ne postoji puno dobrih tretmana za to.

Now we have a whole pipeline

Sada imamo čitav cevovod

of different organ chips

različitih organskih čipova

that we are currently working on in our labs.

na kojima trenutno radimo u našim laboratorijama.

Now, the true power of this technology, however,

Ali, istinska moć ove tehnologije,

really comes from the fact

zapravo dolazi iz činjenice

that we can fluidically link them.

da možemo da ih povežemo pomoću tečnosti.

There's fluid flowing across these cells,

Tu je tečnost koja prolazi preko tih ćelija,

so we can begin to interconnect

tako da možemo da počnemo da povezujemo

multiple different chips together

veliki broj različitih čipova zajedno

to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.

da napravimo ono što zovemo virtualni čovek na čipu.

Now we're really getting excited.

Sada postajemo veoma uzbuđeni.

We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,

Nikada nećemo moći da stvorimo celog čoveka na ovim čipovima,

but what our goal is is to be able to recreate

ali naš cilj je da možemo da stvorimo

sufficient functionality

dovoljno funkcionalnosti

so that we can make better predictions

da možemo da pravimo bolja predviđanja

of what's going to happen in humans.

šta će da se dogodi u ljudima.

For example, now we can begin to explore

Na primer, sada možemo da počnemo da istražujemo

what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.

šta se desi kada stavimo lek kao što je aerosol.

Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,

Oni koji, kao ja, imaju astmu, kada uzmete vašu pumpicu,

we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,

možemo da istražimo kako taj lek dopire do vaših pluća,

how it enters the body,

kako ulazi u telo,

how it might affect, say, your heart.

kako može da utiče na, recimo, vaše srce.

Does it change the beating of your heart?

Da li menja otkucaje srca?

Does it have a toxicity?

Da li je otrovan?

Does it get cleared by the liver?

Da li jetra može da ga prečisti?

Is it metabolized in the liver?

Ili je metabolizovan u jetri?

Is it excreted in your kidneys?

Da li se izlučuje u bubrezima?

We can begin to study the dynamic

Možemo da počnemo da gledamo dinamičan

response of the body to a drug.

odgovor tela na lek.

This could really revolutionize

Ovo bi moglo da napravi revoluciju

and be a game changer

i izmeni

for not only the pharmaceutical industry,

ne samo farmaceutsku industriju

but a whole host of different industries,

već dosta različitih industrija,

including the cosmetics industry.

uključujući i kozmetičku.

We can potentially use the skin on a chip

Možemo da iskoristimo kožu na čipu

that we're currently developing in the lab

koju trenutno razvijamo u laboratoriji

to test whether the ingredients in those products

da testiramo da li su sastojci u preparatima

that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin

koje koristite zapravo bezbedni da ih stavljate na kožu

without the need for animal testing.

bez potrebe testiranja na životinjama.

We could test the safety

Mogli bismo da testiramo bezbednost

of chemicals that we are exposed to

hemikalija kojima smo izloženi

on a daily basis in our environment,

svakodnevno u našem okruženju,

such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.

kao što su hemikalije u običnim sredstvima za čišćenje.

We could also use the organs on chips

Mogli bismo takođe da koristimo organe na čipovima

for applications in bioterrorism

za primenu u bioterorizmu

or radiation exposure.

ili izloženost radijaciji.

We could use them to learn more about

Možemo da ih koristimo da naučimo više

diseases such as ebola

o bolestima kao što je ebola

or other deadly diseases such as SARS.

ili drugim smrtnim bolestima kao što je SARS.

Organs on chips could also change

Organi na čipu bi mogli da promene

the way we do clinical trials in the future.

klinička ispitivanja u budućnosti.

Right now, the average participant

Sada, prosečni učesnik

in a clinical trial is that: average.

u kliničkom ispitivanju je upravo to - prosečan.

Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.

Uglavnom je sredovečan, uglavnom žena.

You won't find many clinical trials

Nećete naći mnoga klinička ispitivanja

in which children are involved,

u kojima su uključena deca,

yet every day, we give children medications,

a ipak, svaki dan, dajemo deci lekove,

and the only safety data we have on that drug

i jedini podaci koje imamo o bezbednosti tog leka,

is one that we obtained from adults.

su oni koje smo dobili od odraslih.

Children are not adults.

Deca nisu odrasli.

They may not respond in the same way adults do.

Ona možda neće odreagovati isto kao odrasli.

There are other things like genetic differences

Postoje i ostale stvari, kao što su genetske razlike

in populations

stanovništva

that may lead to at-risk populations

koje mogu da dovedu do rizika

that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.

neželjene reakcije na lek.

Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,

Zamislite da možemo da uzmemo ćelije svih tih drugačijih ljudi

put them on chips,

stavimo ih na čipove,

and create populations on a chip.

i stvorimo populaciju na čipu.

This could really change the way

Ovo bi zaista moglo da promeni način

we do clinical trials.

na koji vršimo klinička ispitivanja.

And this is the team and the people that are doing this.

A ovo je tim i ljudi koji rade ovo.

We have engineers, we have cell biologists,

Imamo inženjere, biologe,

we have clinicians, all working together.

imamo kliničare, i svi oni rade zajedno.

We're really seeing something quite incredible

Vidimo nešto zaista izvanredno

at the Wyss Institute.

na institutu Vis.

It's really a convergence of disciplines,

To je zapravo sastajanje disciplina,

where biology is influencing the way we design,

gde biologija utiče na način na koji dizajniramo,

the way we engineer, the way we build.

kreiramo i gradimo.

It's pretty exciting.

Veoma uzbudljivo.

We're establishing important industry collaborations

Uspostavljamo važne industrijske saradnje

such as the one we have with a company

kao što je ova koju imamo sa kompanijom

that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.

koja je ekspert u digitalnoj proizvodnji u velikom broju.

They're going to help us make,

Oni će nam pomoći da napravimo,

instead of one of these,

umesto samo jednog od ovih,

millions of these chips,

milione čipova,

so that we can get them into the hands

da bismo mogli da ih stavimo u ruke

of as many researchers as possible.

što je više moguće istraživača.

And this is key to the potential of that technology.

I ovo je ključ potencijala te tehnologije.

Now let me show you our instrument.

Dopustite da vam pokažem naš instrument.

This is an instrument that our engineers

Ovo je instrument od kojeg naši inženjeri

are actually prototyping right now in the lab,

prave prototipe upravo sada u laboratoriji,

and this instrument is going to give us

i taj instrument će nam pružiti

the engineering controls that we're going to require

inženjersku kontrolu koja će nam biti potrebna

in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.

da povežemo 10 ili više organa zajedno.

It does something else that's very important.

Radi još nešto što je veoma bitno.

It creates an easy user interface.

Stvara lak korisnički interfejs.

So a cell biologist like me can come in,

Biolog kao što sam ja može da uđe,

take a chip, put it in a cartridge

uzme čip, stavi ga u kertridž

like the prototype you see there,

kao prototip koji vidite ovde

put the cartridge into the machine

stavi kertridž u mašinu

just like you would a C.D.,

kao što biste vi stavili CD

and away you go.

i krećemo.

Plug and play. Easy.

Stavi i pusti. Lako.

Now, let's imagine a little bit

Hajde sada da zamislimo

what the future might look like

kako budućnost može da izgleda

if I could take your stem cells

ako bih ja uzela vaše matične ćelije

and put them on a chip,

stavila ih na čip,

or your stem cells and put them on a chip.

ili vaše matične ćelije i stavila ih na čip.

It would be a personalized chip just for you.

To bi bio personalizovani čip samo za vas.

Now all of us in here are individuals,

Svi mi ovde smo pojedinci

and those individual differences mean

i te individualne razlike znače

that we could react very differently

da bismo mogli da reagujemo veoma različito

and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.

i nekad i veoma nepredvidivo na lek.

I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,

Pre nekoliko godina, i ja sam imala jaku glavobolju

just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."

koja nije prestajala i htela sam da probam nešto drugačije.

I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,

Uzela sam Advil.

Petnaest minuta kasnije, bila sam na putu u hitnu

I was on my way to the emergency room

with a full-blown asthma attack.

sa teškim napadom astme.

Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,

Očigledno je da nije bio smrtan,

but unfortunately, some of these

ali, na žalost, neke od ovih

adverse drug reactions can be fatal.

neželjenih reakcija bi mogle biti smrtne.

So how do we prevent them?

Kako da ih sprečimo?

Well, we could imagine one day

Mogli bismo da zamislimo da jednog dana,

having Geraldine on a chip,

imamo Džeraldin na čipu,

having Danielle on a chip,

i Danijela na čipu,

having you on a chip.

vas na čipu.

Personalized medicine. Thank you.

Personalizovana medicina. Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)