Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

Translator: Ema Bilbija Zulic Reviewer: Samra Cebiric

We have a global health challenge

Danas imamo jedan globalni zdravstveni izazov

in our hands today,

na nasim ledima,

and that is that the way we currently

a to je da je nacin na koji trenutno

discover and develop new drugs

otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lijekove

is too costly, takes far too long,

preskup, traje predugo,

and it fails more often than it succeeds.

i mnogo cesce nas razocara nego sto obraduje.

It really just isn't working, and that means

Jednostavno ne funkcionise, a to znaci

that patients that badly need new therapies

da pacijenti ne dobivaju terapiju koja im je

are not getting them,

prijeko potrebna

and diseases are going untreated.

a bolesti se ne liječe.

We seem to be spending more and more money.

Cini mi se da se trosi sve vise i vise novaca.

So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,

Tako da za svaku milijardu dolara koju potrosimo za istrazivanje i razvoj

we're getting less drugs approved into the market.

manje lijekova dobije dozvolu za koristenje.

More money, less drugs. Hmm.

Vise novaca, manje lijekova. Hmm.

So what's going on here?

Pa sta se to desava?

Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,

Pa, u igri su mnostvo faktora,

but I think one of the key factors

ali mislim da je kljucni faktor

is that the tools that we currently have

taj da su alati koji su nam danas

available to test whether a drug is going to work,

dostupni za utvrdivanje da li je lijek djelotvoran,

whether it has efficacy,

da li je uspjesan,

or whether it's going to be safe

i da li ce biti siguran za upotrebu

before we get it into human clinical trials,

prije nego ga pocnemo testirati na ljudima,

are failing us. They're not predicting

nedovoljni. Ne mogu predvidjeti

what's going to happen in humans.

sta ce se desiti u ljuskom organizmu.

And we have two main tools available

Ono sto imamo dostupno za upotrebu su

at our disposal.

dva alata.

They are cells in dishes and animal testing.

Celije u posudicama i testiranje na zivotinjama.

Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.

Porazgovarajmo o prvom, celije u posudicama.

So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.

Pa, celije sasvim uredno funkcionisu u nasim tijelima.

We take them and rip them out

Mi ih izvadimo, otrgnemo

of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,

iz njihovog prirodnog okruzenja, ubacimo u jednu od ovih posudica,

and expect them to work.

i ocekujemo da i dalje funkcionisu.

Guess what. They don't.

Ali pogadate: to ne funkcionise.

They don't like that environment

Celije ne vole tu sredinu

because it's nothing like

koja ne lici na sredinu

what they have in the body.

u ljudskom organizmu.

What about animal testing?

A testiranje na zivotinjama?

Well, animals do and can provide

Zivotinje mogu i pruzaju nam

extremely useful information.

izuzetno korisne informacije.

They teach us about what happens

Na njima ucimo sta se desava

in the complex organism.

u kompleksnim organizmima.

We learn more about the biology itself.

Ucimo vise o samoj biologiji.

However, more often than not,

Medutim, cesto se desi da

animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans

ovo testiranje ne moze predvidjeti sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu

when they're treated with a particular drug.

kada budu podvrgnuti terapiji sa odredenim lijekom.

So we need better tools.

Zato nam trebaju bolji alati.

We need human cells,

Potrebne su nam ljudske celije,

but we need to find a way to keep them happy

ali moramo naci nacin da ih drzimo u prirodnoj sredini

outside the body.

van nasih tijela.

Our bodies are dynamic environments.

Nasa tijela su dinamicka okruzenja.

We're in constant motion.

Konstantno se krecemo.

Our cells experience that.

Nase celije to osjete.

They're in dynamic environments in our body.

U nasim tijelima, one su u dinamickom okruzenju.

They're under constant mechanical forces.

Pod stalnim su mehanickim uticajima.

So if we want to make cells happy

Ukoliko zelimo da kreiramo jedno

outside our bodies,

takvo okruzenje,

we need to become cell architects.

moramo da postanemo arhitekti celija.

We need to design, build and engineer

Treba da dizajniramo, izgradimo i planiramo

a home away from home for the cells.

dom van doma za celije.

And at the Wyss Institute,

Mi, na ViS institutu,

we've done just that.

smo ucinili upravo to,

We call it an organ-on-a-chip.

i nazvali smo ga organ-na-cipu.

And I have one right here.

I upravo imam jedan ovdje.

It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.

Prelijep je, zar ne? Ali je i prilicno nevjerovatan.

Right here in my hand is a breathing, living

Ovdje, u mojoj ruci, se nalaze ziva, ljudska

human lung on a chip.

pluca na cipu koja disu.

And it's not just beautiful.

I nisu samo lijepa na izgled.

It can do a tremendous amount of things.

Sa njima se moze uciniti mnogo toga.

We have living cells in that little chip,

U ovom malom cipu imamo zive celije,

cells that are in a dynamic environment

celije koje se nalaze u dinamicnom okruzenju

interacting with different cell types.

koje medusobno djeluju sa drugim tipovima celija.

There's been many people

Mnogi ljudi su

trying to grow cells in the lab.

pokusali da uzgajaju celije u laboratoriju.

They've tried many different approaches.

Probali su razne pristupe.

They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.

Cak su pokusali da uzgoje male mini organe u laboratoriju.

We're not trying to do that here.

To nije ono sto mi ovdje pokusavamo.

We're simply trying to recreate

Jednostavno pokusavamo da rekonstruisemo

in this tiny chip

u ovom malom cipu

the smallest functional unit

najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu

that represents the biochemistry,

koja simulira biohemiju,

the function and the mechanical strain

funkciju i mehanicka opterecenja

that the cells experience in our bodies.

kojima su podvrgnute celije u nasim tijelima.

So how does it work? Let me show you.

Kako to radimo? Pokazat cu vam.

We use techniques from the computer chip

Koristimo tehniku industrije za proizvodnju

manufacturing industry

racunarskih cipova

to make these structures at a scale

da bi izgradili ove strukture na razini

relevant to both the cells and their environment.

relevantnoj i celijama i njihovom okruzenju.

We have three fluidic channels.

Tu se nalaze tri kanala za tecnosti.

In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane

U centru se nalazi porozna, fleksibilna membrana

on which we can add human cells

na koju mozemo postaviti ljudske celije

from, say, our lungs,

recimo iz nasih pluca,

and then underneath, they had capillary cells,

a ispod njih se nalaze kapilarne celije,

the cells in our blood vessels.

celije u nasim krvnim zilama.

And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip

Zatim mozemo na cip aplicirati mehanicke sile

that stretch and contract the membrane,

koje rastezu i skupljaju membranu,

so the cells experience the same mechanical forces

tako da celije osjecaju iste mehanicke sile

that they did when we breathe.

kako i kad disemo.

And they experience them how they did in the body.

Dozivljavaju ih na isti nacin kao i u tijelu.

There's air flowing through the top channel,

Kroz gornji kanal prolazi vazduh,

and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients

a kroz krvne kanale ulijevamo tecnost

through the blood channel.

koja sadrzi hranjive sastojke.

Now the chip is really beautiful,

Da cip je zaista divan,

but what can we do with it?

ali sta mozemo sa njim postici?

We can get incredible functionality

Mozemo postici izuzetnu funkcionalnost

inside these little chips.

unutar ovog malog cipa.

Let me show you.

Pokazat cu vam.

We could, for example, mimic infection,

Na primjer, mogli bismo simulirati infekciju,

where we add bacterial cells into the lung.

tako sto dodamo celije bakterija u pluca.

then we can add human white blood cells.

A zatim dodamo ljudska bijela krvna zrnca.

White blood cells are our body's defense

Bijela krvna zrnca su nacin na koji se nasa tijela brane

against bacterial invaders,

od invazivnih bakterija,

and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,

i kada osjete upalu izazvanu infekcijom,

they will enter from the blood into the lung

iz krvi ce da udu u pluca

and engulf the bacteria.

i okruziti bakteriju.

Well now you're going to see this happening

Sada cemo to vidjeti uzivo

live in an actual human lung on a chip.

na ljudskim plucima na cipu.

We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,

oznacili smo bijela krvna zrnca kako biste ih lakse uocili dok prolaze,

and when they detect that infection,

a kada uoce infekciju,

they begin to stick.

pocnu prijanjati.

They stick, and then they try to go into the lung

Prijanjaju, a onda pokusavaju da produ iz krvne zile

side from blood channel.

na stranu gdje su pluca.

And you can see here, we can actually visualize

A kao sto mozete vidjeti ovdje, mozemo si vizualizovati

a single white blood cell.

i samo jedno bijelo krvno zrnce.

It sticks, it wiggles its way through

Prijanjaju, probija svoj put kroz

between the cell layers, through the pore,

slojeve celija, kroz pore,

comes out on the other side of the membrane,

izlazi na drugu stranu membrane,

and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria

i upravo sada ce da okruzi bakteriju

labeled in green.

koja je markirana zelenom bojom.

In that tiny chip, you just witnessed

Taj mali cip vam je omogucio da budete svjedoci

one of the most fundamental responses

jednom od najosnovnijih reakcija

our body has to an infection.

koje nase tijelo ima na infekciju.

It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.

Tako nase tijelo reaguje--imuna reakcija.

It's pretty exciting.

Poprilicno uzbudljivo.

Now I want to share this picture with you,

Zelim vam sada pokazati ovu sliku,

not just because it's so beautiful,

ne zato sto je divna,

but because it tells us an enormous amount of information

vec zato sto nam pruza ogromnu kolicinu informacija

about what the cells are doing within the chips.

o tome sta celije rade unutar cipa.

It tells us that these cells

Vidimo da celije

from the small airways in our lungs,

iz malih disnih puteva u plucima,

actually have these hairlike structures

ustvari imaju ove male dlakice

that you would expect to see in the lung.

koje biste ocekivali da vidite u plucima.

These structures are called cilia,

Te strukture se zovu cilija,

and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.

i one pomazu u izbacivanju sluzi iz pluca.

Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.

Da, Sluz. Bljak.

But mucus is actually very important.

Ali sluz je ustvari veoma vazna.

Mucus traps particulates, viruses,

Sluz hvata cestice, viruse,

potential allergens,

potencijalne alergene,

and these little cilia move

a cilije kretanjem

and clear the mucus out.

izbacuju sluz vani.

When they get damaged, say,

Ako se ostete, recimo

by cigarette smoke for example,

dimom iz cigarete na primjer,

they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.

ne rade kako trebaju, i nisu ustanju izbaciti sluz.

And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.

A to vodi do bolesti poput bronhitisa.

Cilia and the clearance of mucus

Cilije i izbacivanje sluzi

are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.

su takoder kljucni kod groznih bolesti poput cisticne fibroze.

But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,

Ali sada, zahvaljujuci funkcionalnosti u ovim cipovima,

we can begin to look

mozemo poceti da trazimo

for potential new treatments.

potencijalne nove tretmane.

We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.

Nismo se zaustavili samo na plucima na cipu.

We have a gut on a chip.

Imamo crijevo na cipu.

You can see one right here.

Evo jednoga.

And we've put intestinal human cells

Postavili smo ljudske crijevne celije

in a gut on a chip,

u ovo crijevo na cipu,

and they're under constant peristaltic motion,

i one su pod stalnim peristaltickim kretanjem,

this trickling flow through the cells,

ovaj protok kroz celije,

and we can mimic many of the functions

i mozemo imitirati mnoge funkcije

that you actually would expect to see

koje bi inace ocekivali da vidite

in the human intestine.

u ljudskom crijevu.

Now we can begin to create models of diseases

Tako da sada mozemo poceti da kreiramo modele bolesti

such as irritable bowel syndrome.

poput bolesti upaljenog crijeva.

This is a disease that affects

Ovo je bolest koja muci

a large number of individuals.

veliki broj ljudi.

It's really debilitating,

Oslabljuje organizam,

and there aren't really many good treatments for it.

a ne postoji bas mnogo dobrih tretmana.

Now we have a whole pipeline

Imamo cijeli niz

of different organ chips

razlicitih organa na cipu

that we are currently working on in our labs.

na kojima trenutno radimo u nasim laboratorijama.

Now, the true power of this technology, however,

Ali prava snaga ove tehnologije ustvari dolazi

really comes from the fact

iz cinjenice

that we can fluidically link them.

da ih sve mozemo fluidno povezati.

There's fluid flowing across these cells,

Posto kroz ove celije tece tecnost,

so we can begin to interconnect

mozemo poceti da povezijemo

multiple different chips together

razlicite cipove

to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.

kako bismo formirali ono sto mi zovemo virtualni covjek na cipu.

Now we're really getting excited.

Sada ste stvarno uzbudeni.

We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,

Nikada necemo kreirati citavo ljudsko bice na ovim cipovima,

but what our goal is is to be able to recreate

ali nas gol je da budemo ustanju kreirati

sufficient functionality

dovoljnu funkcionalnost

so that we can make better predictions

kako bismo bolje mogli predvidjeti

of what's going to happen in humans.

sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu.

For example, now we can begin to explore

Na primjer, mozemo poceti istrazivati

what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.

sta ce se desiti kada ubacimo neki inhalatorni lijek.

Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,

Oni od vas koji imaju astmu poput mene, kada uzmete inhaler,

we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,

mozemo istraziti kako lijek ulazi u pluca,

how it enters the body,

kako ulazi u tijelo,

how it might affect, say, your heart.

i kako moze uticati, recimo, na srce.

Does it change the beating of your heart?

Da li mijenja otkucaje srca?

Does it have a toxicity?

Da li je toksican?

Does it get cleared by the liver?

Da li ga jetra ocisti iz organizma?

Is it metabolized in the liver?

Da li metabolira u jetri?

Is it excreted in your kidneys?

Da li se izlucuje u vase bubrege?

We can begin to study the dynamic

Mozemo poceti da izucava dinamican

response of the body to a drug.

odgovor tijela na lijek.

This could really revolutionize

Ovo bi mogla biti revolucija

and be a game changer

i promjena nacina dosadasnjeg rada

for not only the pharmaceutical industry,

ne samo za farmaceutsku industriju,

but a whole host of different industries,

vec za citav niz raznih industrija,

including the cosmetics industry.

ukljucujuci i kozmeticku industriju.

We can potentially use the skin on a chip

Mogli bismo koristiti kozu na cipu

that we're currently developing in the lab

kojutrenutno razvijamo u laboratoriji

to test whether the ingredients in those products

kako bismo testirali da li su sastojci u ovim preparatima

that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin

koje koristite stvarno sigurni za nanosenje na kozu

without the need for animal testing.

i to bez potrebe za testiranjem na zivotinjama.

We could test the safety

Mogli bismo testirati sigurnost

of chemicals that we are exposed to

hemikalija kojima smo izloceni

on a daily basis in our environment,

svaki dan u nasoj okolini,

such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.

poput hemikalija koje se nalaze u obicnim sredstvima za ciscenje.

We could also use the organs on chips

Takoder bismo mogli koristiti organe na cipu

for applications in bioterrorism

za testiranje izlocenosto biohemikalijama

or radiation exposure.

ili radijaciji.

We could use them to learn more about

Mogli bismo ih koristiti da nesto vise naucimo

diseases such as ebola

o bolestima poput ebole

or other deadly diseases such as SARS.

ili drugim smrtonosnim bolestima poput SARS-a.

Organs on chips could also change

Organi na cipu bi takoder mogli promijeniti

the way we do clinical trials in the future.

nacin na koji cemo u buducnosti raditi klinicka ispitivanja.

Right now, the average participant

Trenutno, prosjecan ucesnik

in a clinical trial is that: average.

u klinickom istrazivanju je upravo to: prosjecan.

Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.

Obicno je srednjih godina, cesto zena.

You won't find many clinical trials

Necete naci puno klinickih ispitivanja

in which children are involved,

u koja su ukljucena djeca,

yet every day, we give children medications,

iako djeci svakodnevno dajemo lijekove,

and the only safety data we have on that drug

a jedine sigurnosne cinjenice koje imamo o tom lijeku

is one that we obtained from adults.

potjece od ipitivanja na odraslima.

Children are not adults.

Djeca nisu odrasli.

They may not respond in the same way adults do.

Mozda nece reagovati na isti nacin kao i odrasli.

There are other things like genetic differences

Zatim druge razlike u populaciji,

in populations

poput genetskih

that may lead to at-risk populations

koje mogu dovesti do rizika od

that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.

nezeljene reakcije na lijek.

Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,

Zamislite kada bismo mogli sakupiti celije svih ovih razlicitih populacija,

put them on chips,

staviti ih u cipove,

and create populations on a chip.

i stvoriti populacije na cipovima.

This could really change the way

To bi stvarno moglo promijeniti nacin

we do clinical trials.

na koji vrsimo klinicka istrazivanja.

And this is the team and the people that are doing this.

Ovo je tim ljudi koji to rade.

We have engineers, we have cell biologists,

Imamo inzinjere, histologe,

we have clinicians, all working together.

klinicare, i svi rade zajedno.

We're really seeing something quite incredible

Sudjelujemo u necemu zaista izvanrednom

at the Wyss Institute.

na ViS institutu.

It's really a convergence of disciplines,

To je takvo uskladivanje disciplina,

where biology is influencing the way we design,

gdje bilogija utice na nacin na koji dizajniramo,

the way we engineer, the way we build.

na nacin na koji stvaramo.

It's pretty exciting.

Uzbudljivo je.

We're establishing important industry collaborations

Uspostavljamo veoma vaznu industrijsku saradnju

such as the one we have with a company

poput ove koju imamo sa kompanijom

that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.

koja ima iskustvo u proizvodnji digitalne opreme na veliko.

They're going to help us make,

Pomocice nam da napravimo

instead of one of these,

samo jedan ovaj,

millions of these chips,

milione ovakvih cipova

so that we can get them into the hands

kako bismo ih napravili dostupnim

of as many researchers as possible.

sto vecem broju istrazivaca.

And this is key to the potential of that technology.

A to je kljucni potencijal ove tehnologije.

Now let me show you our instrument.

A sada cu vam pokazati nas instrument.

This is an instrument that our engineers

Ovo je instrument za kojeg nasi inzinjeri

are actually prototyping right now in the lab,

upravo sada izraduju prototip u laboratoriju,

and this instrument is going to give us

a on ce nam omoguciti

the engineering controls that we're going to require

strucne kontrole koje su nam potrebne

in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.

kako bismo povezalo 10 ili vise organ cipova zajedno.

It does something else that's very important.

Radi jos nesto veoma vazno.

It creates an easy user interface.

Posjeduje jednostavan interfejs za korisnike.

So a cell biologist like me can come in,

Histolog poput mene moze doci,

take a chip, put it in a cartridge

staviti cip u kasetu

like the prototype you see there,

poput prototipa kojeg ovdje vidite

put the cartridge into the machine

staviti kasetu u masinu

just like you would a C.D.,

kao sto biste vi stavili CD,

and away you go.

i to je to.

Plug and play. Easy.

Ukljuci i pokreni. Jednostavno.

Now, let's imagine a little bit

A sada razmislimo malo

what the future might look like

kakva bi nam mogla biti buducnost

if I could take your stem cells

kada bih mogla uzeti vase maticne celije

and put them on a chip,

i staviti ih na cip,

or your stem cells and put them on a chip.

ili vase maticne celije i staviti ih na cip.

It would be a personalized chip just for you.

To bi bio presonalizovan cip samo za vas.

Now all of us in here are individuals,

Svi smo mi ovdje individue,

and those individual differences mean

a te individualne razlike znace

that we could react very differently

da bi mogli veoma razlicito reagovati

and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.

a ponekade. i na ne predvidljiv nacin na lijekove.

I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,

Licno sma, prije nekoliko godina, imala veoma jake glavobolje,

just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."

kojih se nisam mogla rijesiti, pa sam odlucila iprobati nesto drugo.

I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,

Uzela sam ibuprofen. Petnaest minuta kasnije,

I was on my way to the emergency room

bila sam na putu za hitno pomoc

with a full-blown asthma attack.

sa napadom astme u punom zamahu.

Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,

Ocigledno je da nije bila smrtonosna,

but unfortunately, some of these

ali nazalost, neke od ovih

adverse drug reactions can be fatal.

nezeljenih reakcija na lijekove moze biti fatalna.

So how do we prevent them?

Kako to mozemo sprijeciti?

Well, we could imagine one day

Mozemo zamisliti da cemo jednog dana

having Geraldine on a chip,

imati Geraldine na cipu,

having Danielle on a chip,

imati Danijelu na cipu,

having you on a chip.

imati tebe na cipu.

Personalized medicine. Thank you.

Personalizovana medicina. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)