Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

335,969 views ・ 2013-12-03

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Laura Chen 校对人员: dahong zhang
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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我们面临全球性的医疗挑战
00:14
in our hands today,
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今时今日,
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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我们目前发现并开发
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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新药物的方式
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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太昂贵,耗时太长
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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研究结果失败多而成功少
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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很多情况下完全无用,这意味着
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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当病人急切地需要新的疗法时
00:36
are not getting them,
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却无法获得药物,
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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疾病也无从治疗。
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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似乎我们花的钱也越来越多。
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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在研究中我们每花费十亿美元,
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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而获准在市场上销售的新药却更少了。
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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花更多的钱,研究出更少的新药。嗯。
00:55
So what's going on here?
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那么到底问题在哪?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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好,这里有一系列影响因素,
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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但我认为主因之一是
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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我们目前的工具,
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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测试新药是否可用,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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是否有疗效,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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是否是安全的药品,
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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在开展人体临床试验之前,
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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这些工具都无法满足我们的要求。这些工具
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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不能预测药物将对人体产生何种作用。
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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我们有两大主要工具
01:23
at our disposal.
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可供使用。
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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它们是培养皿和动物实验。
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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首先让我们讨论一下第一种工具,培养皿中的细胞。
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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一般,细胞在我们体内快乐的工作。
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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我们取出细胞,将它们从原生环境中
01:38
of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,
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剥离出来,放进一个培养皿中,
01:41
and expect them to work.
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并希望它们能照常工作。
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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猜怎么着。它们不工作了。
01:45
They don't like that environment
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它们不喜欢新环境
01:46
because it's nothing like
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因为新环境
01:48
what they have in the body.
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和它们生长的身体环境大不相同。
01:51
What about animal testing?
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至于动物实验呢?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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好,动物们确实可以提供
01:55
extremely useful information.
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十分有用的信息。
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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它们使我们明白
01:59
in the complex organism.
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在复杂的有机体中药物如何作用。
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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我们学到更多关于生物学本身的信息。
02:05
However, more often than not,
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但是往往,
02:08
animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans
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动物体实验不能预测人类
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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在使用特定药物时会发生的情况。
02:15
So we need better tools.
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所以我们需要更好的工具。
02:17
We need human cells,
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我们确实需要人类细胞,
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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但是我们需要找到一个方式在体外
02:22
outside the body.
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保持细胞活性。
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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人类身体有着动态的环境。
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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我们在不断的运动中。
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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细胞也是如此。
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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细胞生活在身体的动态环境中。
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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细胞经受长期的机械力。
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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所以如果想让细胞,
02:39
outside our bodies,
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在身体外存活,
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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我们就必须成为细胞建筑师。
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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我们需要设计、 策划和建造
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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细胞在身体以外的家。
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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而在哈佛大学维斯研究所(Wyss Institute),
02:52
we've done just that.
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我们已经这样做了。
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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我们叫它芯片上的器官。
02:57
And I have one right here.
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我这里有一个。
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.
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它很美丽,不是吗?但它是相当令人难以置信。
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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就在我的手中,细胞就在这里呼吸生活,
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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一个生活在芯片上的人类肺细胞。
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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它并不只是美丽。
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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它可以做大量的事情。
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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我们将活细胞放入那个小小的芯片,
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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在动态环境之中的细胞
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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与不同的细胞类型进行交互。
03:22
There's been many people
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有很多人
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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尝试在实验室里培养细胞。
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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他们尝试了许多不同的方法。
03:29
They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.
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甚至试图在实验室里培育小型迷你器官。
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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但这不是我们想做的。
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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我们只想在这个小小的芯片里
03:35
in this tiny chip
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重新创建
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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一个最小的功能单位
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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它能模拟细胞的生物化学环境,
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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功能和在身体中经历的
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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机械拉力。
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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它是如何工作的?让我展示给你看。
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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我们使用芯片技术
03:55
manufacturing industry
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和制造技术
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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按照细胞及其环境情况
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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建造具有相应规模的结构。
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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我们有三个流体通道。
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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在芯片中心,我们有一个多孔的、 可渗透的膜
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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在膜上,我们可以添加人体细胞
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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比如说说,人类的肺细胞,
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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然后在肺细胞下,加入毛细血管细胞,
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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一种我们的血管中的细胞。
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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我们然后可以对芯片施以机械力
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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来伸展和收缩膜,
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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所以细胞能受到与我们呼吸时
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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感受的相同机械力。
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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细胞经历着与在身体中相同的环境。
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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顶部通道有空气流过,
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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然后使含有的营养物质的液体
04:37
through the blood channel.
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流过血液通道。
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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现在,这张芯片是真的很美,
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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但它能做什么呢?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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我们可以使用这些小芯片
04:47
inside these little chips.
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获得惊人的功能。
04:49
Let me show you.
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让我来展示下。
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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比如说,我们可以模仿感染,
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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将细菌细胞添加到肺细胞上
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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然后再添加人类白细胞。
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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白细胞是人类身体的防御者
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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专门针对细菌入侵者,
05:03
and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,
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当白细胞感觉到这种炎症感染,
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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它们将从血液进入肺
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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并吞噬细菌。
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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现在你能通过芯片上的活生生的人类肺细胞
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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观测到这种情况的发生。
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,
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我们已经标记过这些白细胞,所以你可以看到它们流过,
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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当白细胞发现感染,
05:22
they begin to stick.
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就会粘在细胞壁上。
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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白细胞聚集在感染处,然后试着从血液通道一侧
05:28
side from blood channel.
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进入肺细胞一侧。
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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你可以看到,我们其实使每个白细胞
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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可视化了。
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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这个白细胞粘住后,扭动并通过
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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细胞层,通过孔洞,
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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从膜的另一边出来
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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而在膜的这边,它将会去吞噬
05:47
labeled in green.
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标记为绿色的细菌。
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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在那小小的芯片里,你刚刚目睹了
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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当我们的身体受到感染时做出的
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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一种最基本的反应。
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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这就是我们身体回应的方式 — — 免疫反应。
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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这是很令人兴奋的。
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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现在我想跟你们分享这张照片,
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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不只是因为它特别美丽,
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous amount of information
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而是因为它告诉了我们大量的
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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关于细胞在芯片中活动的信息。
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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它告诉我们,这些
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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从我们的肺气道里提取的细胞
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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其实有一些绒毛般的结构
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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就像人们常常在肺里看到绒毛一样。
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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这些结构被称为纤毛,
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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它们的作用是将肺里的痰清除出来。
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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是这样的。痰。恶心。
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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但痰其实是非常重要的。
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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痰液捕获大气尘、 病毒、
06:33
potential allergens,
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潜在过敏原,
06:35
and these little cilia move
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这些小纤毛移动
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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并将痰液清除。
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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当纤毛被损坏时,比如说
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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被香烟烟雾损坏时,
06:43
they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.
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它们就停止正常工作,也不能清除痰液。
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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就会导致支气管炎等疾病。
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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纤毛和痰液清除
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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也会与可怕的疾病有关,比如囊胞性纤维症。
06:57
But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,
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但现在,通过使用这些芯片的功能,
07:00
we can begin to look
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我们可以开始探索
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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潜在的新疗法。
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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我们并没有止步于芯片上的肺细胞。
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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我们有肠细胞芯片。
07:08
You can see one right here.
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大家可以看到我这里就有一个。
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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我们已经把人类肠道中的细胞
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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放在在芯片上,
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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它们生活在不断的肠道蠕动下
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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有条滴流通过肠细胞,
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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我们可以模仿许多
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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大家能想到的
07:26
in the human intestine.
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在发生在人体肠道内的身体功能。
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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现在我们可以开始创建疾病的模型
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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如肠易激综合症。
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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这是一种疾病,
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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影响许多病患。
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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此病会使人衰弱,
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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确实还没有很多好的治疗方法。
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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现在,我们研发出了一整套
07:46
of different organ chips
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不同器官的芯片,
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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用在实验室中对该疾病进行研究。
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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这项技术的真正力量
07:56
really comes from the fact
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是从这一事实衍生而来:
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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我们可以将细胞通过液体连接起来。
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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有流体流过这些细胞,
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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然后我们可以开始互连
08:04
multiple different chips together
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多个不同芯片
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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以形成我们称之为虚拟的芯片人体。
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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现在我们真的很兴奋。
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,
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我们并不会建造一个芯片人体,
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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我们的目标是要能够重新创建
08:23
sufficient functionality
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足够的细胞功能
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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使我们能够更好的预测
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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人体反应。
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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例如,现在我们可以开始探索
08:32
what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.
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当我们使用气雾剂药物时,身体将如何反应。
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,
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那些像我一样有哮喘的人,使用吸入器时
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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我们可以研究药物如何进入肺细胞,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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如何进入人体,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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如何影响,比如说,心脏。
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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它会改变心脏的跳动吗?
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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有没有毒性吗?
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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会被肝脏清除吗?
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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它是通过肝脏代谢吗?
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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它是通过肾脏排泄吗?
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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我们可以开始研究
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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药物对身体的动态反应。
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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这是一项创举,
09:01
and be a game changer
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并将改变游戏规则,
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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不管是制药业,
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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还是其他不同的许多行业,
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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包括化妆品行业。
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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我们可能会使用皮肤细胞芯片,
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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我们目前正在实验室中开发,
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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并测试您使用的化妆品中的成分
09:18
that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin
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是不是对皮肤安全,
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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而无需动物试验。
09:24
We could test the safety
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我们可以测试我们接触到的
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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化学品的安全,
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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比如基于我们的日常生活环境的,
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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在普通家用清洁剂中使用的化学品。
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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我们也可将芯片器官
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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应用在生物反恐中
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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或测试辐射暴露上。
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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我们可以用它们来了解更多关于
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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疾病的特点,比如埃博拉病毒,
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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或其他致命的疾病,如非典型肺炎(SARS)。
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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芯片器官也可以改变
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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我们在未来做临床试验的方式。
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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现在,一般参与
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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临床试验的被测者都是平均值。
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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往往是中年人,往往是女性。
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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临床试验并不多,
10:10
in which children are involved,
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特别是涉及到儿童,
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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然而日常生活中,我们给孩子用药,
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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使用药物的安全数据
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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却是从测试成年人时取得的。
10:22
Children are not adults.
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儿童不同于成人。
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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儿童对药物的反应也可能与成人不同。
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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还有其他的影响因素,像不同人群间的
10:29
in populations
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遗传差异
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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可能会导致一部分高危人群,
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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承受药物不良反应的风险。
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,
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现在想象一下, 我们是否可以从不同人群中提取细胞
10:40
put them on chips,
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把它们放上芯片,
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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并在芯片上创建这些人群。
10:44
This could really change the way
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这真的可以改变
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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我们做临床试验的方式。
10:48
And this is the team and the people that are doing this.
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这正是我们团队和成员正在做的事。
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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我们中有工程师,有细胞生物学家,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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有临床医生在一起工作。
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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在 VIS 研究所我们确实观察到了
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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一些很不可思议的东西。
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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这真是一门综合学科,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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生物学正在影响我们设计的方式,
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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策划的方式,和建造的方式。
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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这很令人兴奋。
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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我们要建立重要的产业合作
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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比如我们已与一家熟知
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.
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大型数字化制造的公司合作。
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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2019
他们会帮助我们制造,
11:24
instead of one of these,
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不是一枚,
11:26
millions of these chips,
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1583
而是数以百万计的芯片,
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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这样,我们可以让尽可能多的研究人员
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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使用这些芯片。
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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这是该技术至关重要的潜能。
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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现在让我给大家看看我们的仪器。
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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这是一台我们的工程师
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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正在实验室中建造的样机,
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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2309
这台仪器能使我们
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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工程控制需要实现的功能,
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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那就是将 10 个或更多器官芯片连接在一起。
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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这台机器做的事情是非常重要的。
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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它将创建一个简单的用户界面。
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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所以像我这样的细胞生物学家可以来
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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2008
拿起一块芯片,把它放在盒子里
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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1932
像你看到的原型一样
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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2071
将盒子放入机器里,
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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这就像你放 C.D.一样
12:08
and away you go.
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然后就好了。
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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即插即用。很容易。
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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现在,让我们想象一下
12:14
what the future might look like
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未来可能会是什么样子
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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如果能把你的干细胞
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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放在芯片上,
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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3219
或者把你的干细胞,放在一个芯片上。
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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它将只为你一个人创造一枚个性化的芯片。
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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今天在座的各位都是单独个体,
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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而那些个体差异意味着
12:32
that we could react very differently
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我们对药物的反应方式有可能非常不同,
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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有时甚至无法预知身体反应的方式。
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,
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就我自己来说,过去有两年,头痛得真的很厉害,
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."
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2413
完全不能摆脱它,我当时想,"嗯,我要试点不同的药方",
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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我吃了几片雅维。十五分钟后,
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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我就在去急救室的路上了,
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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哮喘全面发作。
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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现在,当然没有致命,
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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但不幸的是,有些
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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药品的不良反应确是致命的。
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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所以我们如何防范呢?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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嗯,我们可以想象一下有一天
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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在芯片上,载有杰拉尔丁细胞
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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在芯片上,载有丹妮细胞
13:09
having you on a chip.
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有你的细胞在芯片上。
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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个体化用药。谢谢。
13:13
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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