Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

331,395 views ・ 2013-12-03

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Surie Lee κ²€ν† : Sanghyun Hahn
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ
00:14
in our hands today,
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의료 μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§žμ΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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그것은 μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 약을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 방법이
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ λΉ„μ‹Έκ³ , 였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리며,
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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μ„±κ³΅λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ‹€νŒ¨κ°€ 더 λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” 점 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 일이 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ μžˆμœΌλ©°
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°„μ ˆνžˆ μ›ν•˜λŠ” ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄
00:36
are not getting them,
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그것을 얻지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³ 
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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병은 μΉ˜λ£Œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹ μ•½ κ°œλ°œμ— 점점 더 λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ μ“°κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 10μ–΅λΆˆμ„ 연ꡬ κ°œλ°œμ— μ“Έ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μŠΉμΈλ˜λŠ” μ•½μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ”
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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점점 쀄어듀고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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더 λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ 쓰고도 더 적은 약을 μ–»λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
So what's going on here?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 무엇이 λ¬Έμ œμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ΄μœ λ“€μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 원인 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ— μ•žμ„œ
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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약이 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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효λŠ₯이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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λ˜ν•œ μ•ˆμ „ν•œμ§€λ₯Ό
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” μ“°μ΄λŠ” ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 방법듀이
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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μ„±κ³Όκ°€ 쒋지 λͺ»ν•œ λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 방법듀은 약이
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬μ§€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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ν˜„μž¬ 이용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ„κ΅¬λ‘œλŠ”
01:23
at our disposal.
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크게 두 가지가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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μ‹€ν—˜ μ ‘μ‹œμ—μ„œ 세포λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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λ¨Όμ € 첫째 방법인 세포 배양법에 λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기해 보죠.
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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자, μ„Έν¬λŠ” 우리 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ ν–‰λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 세포λ₯Ό μ›λž˜ μ‚΄λ˜ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ λœ―μ–΄λ‚΄μ–΄
01:38
of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,
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이런 μ‹€ν—˜ μ ‘μ‹œλ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ— λ˜μ Έλ‘κ³ 
01:41
and expect them to work.
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세포가 제 κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”? μ„Έν¬λŠ” 제 κΈ°λŠ₯을 λͺ» ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
They don't like that environment
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μ„Έν¬λŠ” 그런 ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
because it's nothing like
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈ μ†μ—μ„œ
01:48
what they have in the body.
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세포듀이 있던 ν™˜κ²½κ³ΌλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:51
What about animal testing?
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동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, 동물은 맀우 μœ μš©ν•œ 정보듀을
01:55
extremely useful information.
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μ œκ³΅ν•΄ 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 생물체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
01:59
in the complex organism.
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무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 지 μ•Œ 수 있게 ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 생물학 κ·Έ μžμ²΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 더 많이 배울 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
However, more often than not,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ κ²½μš°μ—
02:08
animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans
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동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ•½λ¬Όλ‘œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ μ§€λŠ” μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
So we need better tools.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 쒋은 μ‹€ν—˜ 방법이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
We need human cells,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 세포가 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 세포가 λͺΈ λ°–μ—μ„œλ„
02:22
outside the body.
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'ν–‰λ³΅ν•œ μƒνƒœμ— μžˆμ„' 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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우리의 λͺΈμ€ 역동적인 ν™˜κ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 움직이고
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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μ„Έν¬λŠ” 그것을 λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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세포듀은 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 역동적인 ν™˜κ²½μ— 놓여 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ 물리적인 νž˜μ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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자, κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 세포듀이 우리 λͺΈ λ°–μ—μ„œλ„
02:39
outside our bodies,
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행볡할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λ €λ©΄
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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세포 μ„€κ³„μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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세포가 집 λ°–μ—μ„œλ„ μ§‘μ²˜λŸΌ μ‚΄μˆ˜ μžˆλŠ” 집을
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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μ„€κ³„ν•˜κ³  짓고 생산해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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μœ„μŠ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ†ŒλŠ”
02:52
we've done just that.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 일을 ν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 'μž₯κΈ°μΉ©' 이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.
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아름닡죠? 정말 ꡉμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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μ§€κΈˆ 제 손에 μžˆλŠ” 것은 μˆ¨μ‰¬κ³ , μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆλŠ”
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 폐가 λ“€μ–΄κ°„ μΉ©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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이것은 μ•„λ¦„λ‹΅κΈ°λ§Œ ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 일듀을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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이 μž‘μ€ μΉ© μ•ˆμ— μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 세포듀이 있고
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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이 세포듀은 역동적인 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 세포듀과 ꡐλ₯˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
There's been many people
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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세포λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 접근을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 'μž‘μ€ μž₯κΈ°λ“€'을 ν‚€μš°λ €κ³ κΉŒμ§€ μ‹œλ„ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 일을 μ‹œλ„ν•˜λ €λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ
03:35
in this tiny chip
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이 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 칩에
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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우리 λͺΈμ˜ 세포듀이 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ”
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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생화학적 μ΅œμ†Œ κΈ°λŠ₯ λ‹¨μœ„μ™€
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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κΈ°λŠ₯, 그리고 기계적 압박을
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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μž¬κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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이것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν• κΉŒμš”? λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 컴퓨터 μΉ© 제쑰 산업에 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”
03:55
manufacturing industry
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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이 ꡬ쑰가 세포와 μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν™˜κ²½
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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두 가지 λͺ¨λ‘μ— μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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μ„Έ 개의 유체 ν†΅λ‘œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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μ€‘μ•™μ—λŠ”λ‹€κ³΅μ„±μ˜ μœ μ—°ν•œ 막이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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κ·Έ 막 μœ„μ— μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ νμ—μ„œ μ±„μ·¨ν•œ
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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세포λ₯Ό 놓을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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그리고 μ•„λž˜μ—λŠ” λͺ¨μ„Έν˜ˆκ΄€ 세포듀이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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우리 ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” 세포듀이죠.
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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κ·Έ 뒀에 이 칩에 물리적인 νž˜μ„ μ μš©ν•΄μ„œ
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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막을 ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜ μΆ•μ†Œμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μˆ¨μ„ 쉴 λ•Œ 느꼈던 물리적인 νž˜μ„
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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세포가 λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 있게 ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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μ„Έν¬λŠ” 우리 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 느꼈던 것과 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 것을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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μœ— ν†΅λ‘œλ‘œ 곡기가 흐λ₯΄κ³ 
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ΄ λ“€μ–΄κ°„ 앑체λ₯Ό
04:37
through the blood channel.
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ν˜ˆκ΄€ ν†΅λ‘œλ‘œ 흐λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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자, 이 칩이 정말 아름닡죠?
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 무얼 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 μž‘μ€ μΉ© μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
04:47
inside these little chips.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κΈ°λŠ₯듀을 λ§Œλ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
Let me show you.
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λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 폐 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 세포λ₯Ό 집어넣어
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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감염과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“  λ‹€μŒ
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 백혈ꡬλ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” μ„Έκ·  μΉ¨μž…μ— λ§žμ„œ
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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우리 λͺΈμ„ λ°©μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘ 세포인데
05:03
and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ 염증을 κ°μ§€ν•˜λ©΄
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ™€ 폐 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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세균을 λ¨Ήμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이 칩에 μžˆλŠ” μ‹€μ œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ νμ—μ„œ
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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이런 과정이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬λ“€μ΄ 흘러 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 것을 보싀 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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감염을 κ°μ§€ν•˜λ©΄
05:22
they begin to stick.
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬κ°€ 달라뢙기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” λ”± 달라뢙은 μ±„λ‘œ ν˜ˆκ΄€ ν†΅λ‘œμ—μ„œ
05:28
side from blood channel.
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폐 μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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μ—¬κΈ° 화면을 톡해 λ³΄μ‹œμ£ . μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 백혈ꡬ μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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λ°±ν˜ˆκ΅¬λŠ” κΏˆν‹€κΏˆν‹€ 움직이며
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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세포막 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ ꡬ멍으둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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λ§‰μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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그리고 λ°”λ‘œ κ±°κΈ°μ„œ λ…Ήμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œλœ
05:47
labeled in green.
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세균을 먹어버리죠.
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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이 μž‘μ€ μΉ©μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ§€κΈˆ
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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우리의 λͺΈμ΄ 감염에 λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 기본적인 λ°˜μ‘μ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” 방법, 즉 λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜μ§€μš”.
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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맀우 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ£ ?
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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자, 이제 이 사진을 ν•¨κ»˜ λ³΄μ•˜μœΌλ©΄ ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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이것이 아름닡기 λ•Œλ¬Έλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous amount of information
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이 μΉ© μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 세포듀이 μ–΄λ–€ 일을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 정보듀을 μ•Œλ €μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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이것을 톡해 우리 폐에 μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ κΈ°κ³΅μ—μ„œ
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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μΆ”μΆœν•œ 세포듀이 νμ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 것과 같이
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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머리카락과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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띄고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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이런 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 섬λͺ¨λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”λ°
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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이것듀은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νμ—μ„œ 점앑을 λΉΌλƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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κ·Έλž˜μš”, 점앑. μœΌμ›©.
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 점앑은 사싀 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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점앑이 미립자, λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€,
06:33
potential allergens,
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μ•ŒλŸ¬μ§€λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 가두면
06:35
and these little cilia move
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이 μž‘μ€ 섬λͺ¨κ°€ μ›€μ§μ—¬μ„œ
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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점앑을 λ°”κΉ₯으둜 내보내 κΉ¨λ—ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 섬λͺ¨κ°€ λ‹΄λ°° μ—°κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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손상을 μž…κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄
06:43
they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.
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제기λŠ₯을 λͺ»ν•΄μ„œ 점앑을 치울 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 기관지염과 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μœ λ°œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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섬λͺ¨μ™€ 점앑을 μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” 것은
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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낭포성 μ„¬μœ μ¦κ³Ό 같은 λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Όλ„ 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:57
But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄μ œλŠ” 이 μΉ© μ•ˆμ— λ‚΄μž¬λœ κΈ°λŠ₯을 가지고
07:00
we can begin to look
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κ°€λŠ₯μ„± μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•λ“€μ„
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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연ꡬ할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 칩에 폐λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ €λ†“λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 칩에 μž₯을 μ˜¬λ €λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€..
07:08
You can see one right here.
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μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것이 λ°”λ‘œ 그것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μž₯에 μžˆλŠ” 세포λ₯Ό 가져와
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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μΉ©μ•ˆμ— λ„£μ—ˆκ³ 
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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μž₯ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 세포 사이사이λ₯Ό μ‘Έμ‘Έ 흐λ₯΄λ©°
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ—°λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μž₯μ—μ„œλ‚˜ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λ˜λŠ”
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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λ§Žμ€ κΈ°λŠ₯듀을
07:26
in the human intestine.
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흉내낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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ν˜„μž¬, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όλ―Όμ„± λŒ€μž₯ 증후ꡰ과 같은
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ˜ λͺ¨λΈλ“€μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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이것은 정말 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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이건 μ •λ§λ‘œ 심신을 μ‡ μ•½ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 쒋은 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ λ§Žμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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자, 이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
07:46
of different organ chips
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μž₯κΈ° 칩듀을 λͺ¨λ‘ μ—°κ²°ν•œ 전체λ₯Ό 가지고 있고
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 기술의 μ§„μ •ν•œ νž˜μ€
07:56
really comes from the fact
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 칩듀을 μœ λ™μ„±μžˆκ²Œ
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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μ—°κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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세포듀 사이에 앑체가 흐λ₯΄κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 칩듀을
08:04
multiple different chips together
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ν•œκΊΌλ²ˆμ— μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ„œ
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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μΉ©μœ„μ— μ†Œμœ„ κ°€μƒμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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자, 맀우 ν₯λΆ„λ˜μ‹œμ£ .
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,
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이 μΉ© μ•ˆμ— μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν†΅μ§Έλ‘œ μž¬κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λ €λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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우리의 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 우리 λͺΈμ΄ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
08:23
sufficient functionality
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κΈ°λŠ₯을 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μž¬κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜μ—¬
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ—μ–΄λ‘œμ‘Έκ³Ό 같은 약물이
08:32
what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.
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우리 λͺΈμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈ°λŠ”μ§€ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,
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μ²œμ‹μ„ 가진 μ € 같은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ ν‘μž…κΈ°λ‘œ λΉ¨μ•„λ“€μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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약물이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 폐둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ”μ§€,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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λͺΈ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ”μ§€,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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심μž₯κ³Ό 같은 곳에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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심μž₯ λ°•λ™μˆ˜λ₯Ό λ³€ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€,
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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독성은 μ—†λŠ”μ§€,
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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간에 μ˜ν•΄ 제거 λ˜λŠ”μ§€,
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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κ°„ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λŒ€μ‚¬λŠ” 잘 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€,
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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μ‹ μž₯을 톡해 λ°°μΆœλ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ”°μœ„λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 있죠.
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 약물에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리 λͺΈμ˜ 역동적인 λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ„
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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연ꡬ할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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이것은 정말 혁λͺ…과도 같은 일이며
09:01
and be a game changer
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ νŒλ„λ₯Ό λ’€μ§‘λŠ” 계기가 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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이것은 μ œμ•½ μ‚°μ—… 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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ν™”μž₯ν’ˆ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 산업에도 ν•΄λ‹Ήλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΉ©μœ„μ— ν”ΌλΆ€λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ €λ†“λŠ” 것을 κ°œλ°œμ€‘μΈλ°
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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이것을 μ΄μš©ν•˜λ©΄
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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동물 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ μ„œλ„
09:18
that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ œν’ˆμ˜ 성뢄듀이
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 피뢀에 닿아도 μ•ˆμ „ν•œμ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
We could test the safety
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그리고 κ°€μ • μ²­μ†Œμš©ν’ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” ν™”ν•™ μ„±λΆ„μ²˜λŸΌ
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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일상 μƒν™œμ—μ„œ 맀일 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ…ΈμΆœλ˜λŠ”
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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ν™”ν•™ μ„±λΆ„λ“€μ˜
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ„ μ‹€ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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λ˜ν•œ μž₯κΈ°κ°€ μ˜¬λ €μ§„ 칩을
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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생화학 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ‚˜
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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방사선 λ…ΈμΆœμ— μ μš©λ˜λŠ” μƒνƒœλ₯Ό λ³΄κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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κ·Έκ²ƒλ“€λ‘œ 에볼라 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— μ˜ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄λ‚˜
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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μ‚¬μŠ€(SARS)와 같은 치λͺ…적인 μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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더 잘 μ•Œ 수 있게 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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칩에 μ˜¬λ €μ§„ μž₯기듀은
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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미래의 μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ˜ νŒλ„λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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μ§€κΈˆ μ¦‰μ‹œ, μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ˜ μ°Έκ°€μžλ₯Ό
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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평균적인 ꡰ으둜 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œμš”.
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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μ§€κΈˆ ν˜„μž¬λŠ” ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ 쀑년이며, 여성이 λŒ€μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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어린이듀이 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
10:10
in which children are involved,
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μž„μƒμ‹œ ν—˜μ€ μ°ΎκΈ° νž˜λ“€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ λ‚ λ§ˆλ‹€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¨Ήμ΄λŠ” 약듀은
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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μ–΄λ₯Έλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ•ˆμ „ ν—ˆκ°€λ₯Ό 받은
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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μ•½λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
Children are not adults.
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μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λŠ” μ–΄λ₯Έκ³Ό λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ€ μ–΄λ₯Έλ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘κ³Ό 같지 μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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이것 외에도 인ꡬ 집단에 따라
10:29
in populations
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μœ μ „μ  차이와 같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ 인해
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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약에 λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ”
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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μœ„ν—˜ 인ꡬ 집단이 생길 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,
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자, 이제, λͺ¨λ“  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μΈκ΅¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 세포λ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•˜μ—¬
10:40
put them on chips,
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μΉ© μ•ˆμ— λ„£κ³ 
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 인ꡬλ₯Ό λŒ€λ³€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 칩을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
10:44
This could really change the way
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 이것은 μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ˜ νŒλ„λ₯Ό
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ 놓을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
And this is the team and the people that are doing this.
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그리고 이뢄듀이 칩을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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기술자, 세포 μƒλ¬Όν•™μž,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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μž„μƒ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 정말 λ―ΏκΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 일듀을
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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μœ„μŠ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생물학이 섀계 방법,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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계산 방법, ꡬ좕 방법에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 지식 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μœ΅ν•©μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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맀우 ν₯미둜운 μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 디지털 제쑰 μ‚°μ—…μœΌλ‘œ 널리 μ•Œλ €μ§„
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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νšŒμ‚¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•˜λŠ” 것과 같이
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‚°μ—…μ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯ 관계λ₯Ό μΆ”μ§„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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κ·Έ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 우리λ₯Ό λ„μ™€μ„œ
11:24
instead of one of these,
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이런 칩을 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:26
millions of these chips,
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수백만 개λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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이 칩듀을 보낼 수 있겠죠.
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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μ΄κ²ƒμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ κ·Έ 기술의 잠재λ ₯을 ν‘ΈλŠ” μ—΄μ‡ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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이제 κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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이 κΈ°κΈ°λŠ” 우리 κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€μ΄
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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μ§€κΈˆ μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ‹œμ œν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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이 κΈ°κΈ°λŠ”
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό 넣은 칩을 10개 이상 μ—°κ²°ν•  λ•Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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곡학적인 μ‘°μž‘μ„ ν•  수 있게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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λ˜ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일을 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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μ“°κΈ° μ‰¬μš΄ μ‚¬μš©μž μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€(μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ 컴퓨터와 λŒ€ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κΈ°ν˜Έλ‚˜ λͺ…λ Ή 체계)λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저같은 세포 μƒλ¬Όν•™μžκ°€ λ“€μ–΄μ™€μ„œ
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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칩을 μΉ΄νŠΈλ¦¬μ§€μ— λ„£κ³ 
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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μ‹œμ œν’ˆμ—μ„œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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μΉ΄νŠΈλ¦¬μ§€λ₯Ό 기계 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 씨디λ₯Ό λ„£κ³ 
12:08
and away you go.
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λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œλ“―μ΄ 말이죠.
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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κ½‚μœΌλ©΄ μž‘λ™λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 쉽죠.
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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이제 λ―Έλž˜κ°€
12:14
what the future might look like
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어떨지 쑰금 상상해 보죠.
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ν•œν…Œμ„œ 쀄기 세포λ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•΄μ„œ
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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칩속에 λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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즉 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 쀄기 세포λ₯Ό 칩에 λ„£λŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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그건 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μžμ‹ λ§Œμ„ μœ„ν•œ λ§žμΆ€ν˜• 칩이 되겠죠.
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°œλ³„μ μ΄κ³ 
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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κ°œμΈμ°¨λŠ”
12:32
that we could react very differently
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약물에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이며
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,
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μ € μžμ‹ μ€ λͺ‡ 년전에 μ•„μ£Ό μ‹¬ν•œ 두톡이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."
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참을 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ "λ­”κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ±Έ μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ΄μ•Όμ§€"라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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μ €λŠ” 'μ• λ“œλΉŒ'을 λ¨Ήμ—ˆλŠ”λ°, 15λΆ„ λ’€μ—λŠ”
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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κΈ‰μ„± μ²œμ‹ λ°œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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μ‘κΈ‰μ‹€λ‘œ μ‹€λ €κ°€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 치λͺ…μ μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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λΆ€μž‘μš©λ“€μ€‘ μΌλΆ€λŠ” 치λͺ…적일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 일을 방지할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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음, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–Έμ  κ°€
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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'μ œλž„λ”˜ μΉ©',
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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'λ‹€λ‹ˆμ—˜ μΉ©' λ“±
13:09
having you on a chip.
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'μžμ‹ μ˜ μΉ©'을 κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” 날을 상상할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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κ°œκ°œμΈμ— λ§žλŠ” λ§žμΆ€μ•½μ΄μ£ . κ³ λ§™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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