Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

335,969 views ใƒป 2013-12-03

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Surie Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sanghyun Hahn
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:14
in our hands today,
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ , ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ,
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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์„ฑ๊ณต๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด
00:36
are not getting them,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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๋ณ‘์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 10์–ต๋ถˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์Šน์ธ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š”
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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์ ์  ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ ๋„ ๋” ์ ์€ ์•ฝ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
So what's going on here?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์•ž์„œ
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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์•ฝ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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ํšจ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ์ด
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋Š”
01:23
at our disposal.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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์‹คํ—˜ ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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๋จผ์ € ์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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์ž, ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์›๋ž˜ ์‚ด๋˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋œฏ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด
01:38
of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ‘์‹œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋˜์ ธ๋‘๊ณ 
01:41
and expect them to work.
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชป ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
They don't like that environment
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
because it's nothing like
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์—์„œ
01:48
what they have in the body.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:51
What about animal testing?
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๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„
01:55
extremely useful information.
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์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ
01:59
in the complex organism.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
However, more often than not,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
02:08
animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans
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๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
So we need better tools.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
We need human cells,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„
02:22
outside the body.
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'ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„' ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ 
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„
02:39
outside our bodies,
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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์„ธํฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ์ง‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘์„
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง“๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š”
02:52
we've done just that.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ '์žฅ๊ธฐ์นฉ' ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ฃ ? ์ •๋ง ๊ต‰์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๊ณ , ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์นฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์นฉ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
There's been many people
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ '์ž‘์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค'์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
03:35
in this tiny chip
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์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์นฉ์—
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š”
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋‹จ์œ„์™€
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์••๋ฐ•์„
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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์žฌ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์นฉ ์ œ์กฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
03:55
manufacturing industry
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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์ค‘์•™์—๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ง‰์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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๊ทธ ๋ง‰ ์œ„์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์ด ์นฉ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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๋ง‰์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ด ๋•Œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์„
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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์œ— ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ 
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ
04:37
through the blood channel.
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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์ž, ์ด ์นฉ์ด ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ฃ ?
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์นฉ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
04:47
inside these little chips.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
Let me show you.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์–ด
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ์นจ์ž…์— ๋งž์„œ
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์„ธํฌ์ธ๋ฐ
05:03
and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,
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๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์™€ ํ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๋จน์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์นฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ์—์„œ
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:22
they begin to stick.
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๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋”ฑ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ†ต๋กœ์—์„œ
05:28
side from blood channel.
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ํ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ . ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ์„ธํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฟˆํ‹€ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉฐ
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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๋ง‰์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ
05:47
labeled in green.
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์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๋จน์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์นฉ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ฃ ?
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous amount of information
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์ด ์นฉ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์—์„œ
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ฌ๋ชจ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ์—์„œ ์ ์•ก์„ ๋นผ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, ์ ์•ก. ์œผ์›ฉ.
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ์•ก์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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์ ์•ก์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค,
06:33
potential allergens,
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์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋‘๋ฉด
06:35
and these little cilia move
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์„œ
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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์ ์•ก์„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ฌ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:43
they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.
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์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ ์ ์•ก์„ ์น˜์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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์„ฌ๋ชจ์™€ ์ ์•ก์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์นฉ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
07:00
we can begin to look
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นฉ์— ํ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นฉ์— ์žฅ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
07:08
You can see one right here.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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์นฉ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์กธ์กธ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์—ฐ๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„
07:26
in the human intestine.
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ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‹ฌ์‹ ์„ ์‡ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:46
of different organ chips
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์นฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํž˜์€
07:56
really comes from the fact
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์นฉ๋“ค์„ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นฉ๋“ค์„
08:04
multiple different chips together
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ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์„œ
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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์นฉ์œ„์— ์†Œ์œ„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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์ž, ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜์‹œ์ฃ .
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,
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์ด ์นฉ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:23
sufficient functionality
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด
08:32
what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,
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์ฒœ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํก์ž…๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์˜€์„ ๋•Œ
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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๋ชธ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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๋…์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€,
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€,
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€,
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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์‹ ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์„
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ
09:01
and be a game changer
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์—๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นฉ์œ„์— ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋„
09:18
that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฟ์•„๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
We could test the safety
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ • ์ฒญ์†Œ์šฉํ’ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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๋˜ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง„ ์นฉ์„
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์—๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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์‚ฌ์Šค(SARS)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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์นฉ์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ํŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฆ‰์‹œ, ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋…„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
10:10
in which children are involved,
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์ž„์ƒ์‹œ ํ—˜์€ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ๋“ค์€
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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์•ฝ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
Children are not adults.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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์ด๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
10:29
in populations
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์œ ์ „์  ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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์•ฝ์— ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ
10:40
put them on chips,
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์นฉ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:44
This could really change the way
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ํŒ๋„๋ฅผ
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
And this is the team and the people that are doing this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์นฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž, ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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์ž„์ƒ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ๋“ค์„
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œ์กฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์„œ
11:24
instead of one of these,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์นฉ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:26
millions of these chips,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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์ด ์นฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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์ด์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์ด
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ์นฉ์„ 10๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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๊ณตํ•™์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋‚˜ ๋ช…๋ น ์ฒด๊ณ„)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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์นฉ์„ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์”จ๋””๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
12:08
and away you go.
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๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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๊ฝ‚์œผ๋ฉด ์ž‘๋™๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‰ฝ์ฃ .
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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์ด์ œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
12:14
what the future might look like
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์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ํ•œํ…Œ์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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์นฉ์†์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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์ฆ‰ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์นฉ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์นฉ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ 
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๋Š”
12:32
that we could react very differently
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋ฉฐ
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,
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์ € ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ „์— ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋‘ํ†ต์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."
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์ฐธ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ์ง€"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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์ €๋Š” '์• ๋“œ๋นŒ'์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 15๋ถ„ ๋’ค์—๋Š”
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์ฒœ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค๋กœ ์‹ค๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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'์ œ๋ž„๋”˜ ์นฉ',
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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'๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ์นฉ' ๋“ฑ
13:09
having you on a chip.
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'์ž์‹ ์˜ ์นฉ'์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋งž์ถค์•ฝ์ด์ฃ . ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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