Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

We have a global health challenge

Danas imamo globalni zdravstveni problem

in our hands today,

u našim rukama,

and that is that the way we currently

a to je da je način na koji trenutno

discover and develop new drugs

otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lijekove

is too costly, takes far too long,

preskup, predugo traje,

and it fails more often than it succeeds.

i češće ne uspije no što uspije.

It really just isn't working, and that means

Jednostavno ne radi, a to znači

that patients that badly need new therapies

da pacijenti koji ozbiljno trebaju nove tretmane

are not getting them,

njih ne dobivaju,

and diseases are going untreated.

i bolesti ostaju neliječene.

We seem to be spending more and more money.

Čini se da trošimo sve više i više novca.

So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,

Svakom milijardom dolara koje potrošimo u istraživanje i razvoj,

we're getting less drugs approved into the market.

imamo manje i manje lijekova odobrenih za tržište.

More money, less drugs. Hmm.

Više novca, manje lijekova. Hmm.

So what's going on here?

Što se ovdje događa?

Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,

U igri je više faktora,

but I think one of the key factors

no mislim da je jedan od ključnih

is that the tools that we currently have

taj da nas alati koje trenutno imamo na raspolaganju

available to test whether a drug is going to work,

za provjeravanje hoće li lijek raditi,

whether it has efficacy,

biti učinkovit,

or whether it's going to be safe

ili pak biti siguran za uporabu

before we get it into human clinical trials,

prije nego što počnemo s kliničkim testiranjima na ljudima,

are failing us. They're not predicting

oni nas izdaju. Ne predviđaju

what's going to happen in humans.

što će se dogoditi u ljudima.

And we have two main tools available

I imamo dva glavna alata

at our disposal.

na raspolaganju.

They are cells in dishes and animal testing.

To su stanice u zdjelicama i testovi na životinjama.

Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.

Idemo popričati o prvom, stanicama u zdjelicama.

So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.

Dakle, stanice sretno obavljaju svoje zadatke u našim tijelima.

We take them and rip them out

Uzmemo ih, iščupamo

of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,

iz njihovog prirodnog okruženja, bacimo u jednu od ovih zdjelica,

and expect them to work.

i očekujemo da nastave raditi.

Guess what. They don't.

Pogodite što. Ne rade.

They don't like that environment

Ne sviđa im se ta okolina

because it's nothing like

jer nimalo ne sliči onoj

what they have in the body.

koju imaju u tijelu.

What about animal testing?

Što s testiranjima na životinjama?

Well, animals do and can provide

Pa, životinje mogu dati i daju nam

extremely useful information.

izuzetno korisne informacije.

They teach us about what happens

Poučavaju nas tomu što se događa

in the complex organism.

u kompleksnom organizmu.

We learn more about the biology itself.

Naučimo više o samoj biologiji.

However, more often than not,

No, životinjski modeli češće

animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans

ne mogu dobro predvidjeti što će se dogoditi u ljudima kada im damo neki lijek

when they're treated with a particular drug.

nego što mogu.

So we need better tools.

Stoga trebamo bolje alate.

We need human cells,

Trebamo humane stanice,

but we need to find a way to keep them happy

no trebamo naći načina da ih održimo sretnima

outside the body.

van tijela.

Our bodies are dynamic environments.

Naša tijela su dinamična okruženja.

We're in constant motion.

Stalno smo u pokretu.

Our cells experience that.

Naše stanice to osjete.

They're in dynamic environments in our body.

One su u našim tijelima u dinamičnom okruženju.

They're under constant mechanical forces.

Pod stalnim mehaničkim silama.

So if we want to make cells happy

Stoga ako ih želimo održati sretnima

outside our bodies,

van naših tijela,

we need to become cell architects.

trebamo postati arhitekti stanica.

We need to design, build and engineer

Trebamo dizajnirati, izgraditi i osmisliti

a home away from home for the cells.

dom izvan doma za stanice.

And at the Wyss Institute,

A na Institutu Wyss,

we've done just that.

smo učinili baš to.

We call it an organ-on-a-chip.

Zovemo ga organ-na-čipu.

And I have one right here.

I imam jedan upravo ovdje.

It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.

Predivno je, zar ne? Ali je vrlo nevjerojatno.

Right here in my hand is a breathing, living

Upravo ovdje na mojoj ruci je dišuće, živo

human lung on a chip.

plućno krilo na čipu.

And it's not just beautiful.

I nije samo predivno.

It can do a tremendous amount of things.

Može raditi golemu količinu stvari.

We have living cells in that little chip,

Imamo živuće stanice u tom malom čipu,

cells that are in a dynamic environment

stanice koje su u dinamičnom okolišu i

interacting with different cell types.

imaju interakcije s drugim tipovima stanica.

There's been many people

Puno je ljudi pokušalo

trying to grow cells in the lab.

uzgojiti stanice u labosu.

They've tried many different approaches.

Isprobali su različite pristupe.

They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.

Čak su probali i uzgojiti mini-organe u laboratoriju.

We're not trying to do that here.

Ovdje to ne pokušavamo.

We're simply trying to recreate

Samo pokušavamo rekreirati

in this tiny chip

u ovom malom čipu

the smallest functional unit

najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu

that represents the biochemistry,

koja predstavlja biokemiju,

the function and the mechanical strain

funkciju i mehanički napor

that the cells experience in our bodies.

koji stanice doživljavaju u našim tijelima.

So how does it work? Let me show you.

Pa kako to radi? Pokazat ću vam.

We use techniques from the computer chip

Koristimo tehnike iz industrije

manufacturing industry

računalnih čipova

to make these structures at a scale

da stvorimo ove strukture na razini

relevant to both the cells and their environment.

stanica i njihovog okoliša.

We have three fluidic channels.

Imamo tri kanala za fluide.

In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane

U sredini imamo poroznu, savitljivu membranu

on which we can add human cells

na koju postavimo humane stanice

from, say, our lungs,

iz recimo, naših pluća,

and then underneath, they had capillary cells,

pa potom ispod imaju kapilarne stanice,

the cells in our blood vessels.

stanice naših krvnih žila.

And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip

I možemo potom primijeniti mehaničke sile na čip

that stretch and contract the membrane,

što rasteže i kontrahira membranu,

so the cells experience the same mechanical forces

pa stanice doživljavaju iste mehaničke sile

that they did when we breathe.

kao kada dišemo.

And they experience them how they did in the body.

I to na isti način na koji su ih iskusile u tijelu.

There's air flowing through the top channel,

Zrak prolazi kroz gornji kanal,

and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients

pa potom uspostavimo protok hranjive tekućine

through the blood channel.

kroz krvnu mrežu.

Now the chip is really beautiful,

Sad, čip je stvarno prekrasan,

but what can we do with it?

no što zapravo možemo s njim?

We can get incredible functionality

Možemo dobiti izuzetnu funkcionalnost

inside these little chips.

u ovim malim čipovima.

Let me show you.

Pokazat ću vam.

We could, for example, mimic infection,

Možemo, na primjer, oponašati infekciju

where we add bacterial cells into the lung.

tako što dodamo bakterijske stanice u plućno krilo.

then we can add human white blood cells.

Potom možemo dodati humane bijele krvne stanice.

White blood cells are our body's defense

Bijele krvne stanice su obrambeni mehanizam

against bacterial invaders,

našeg tijela protiv uljeza,

and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,

i kad osjete ovu upalu zbog infekcije

they will enter from the blood into the lung

ući će u plućno krilo iz krvi

and engulf the bacteria.

i opkoliti bakterije.

Well now you're going to see this happening

Sada ćete vidjeti kako se to odvija

live in an actual human lung on a chip.

uživo na pravom ljudskom plućnom krilu na čipu.

We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,

Označili smo bijele krvne stanice tako da ih vidite kako prolaze,

and when they detect that infection,

i kada detektiraju infekciju,

they begin to stick.

počnu se priljubljivati.

They stick, and then they try to go into the lung

Priljube se i pokušavaju ući u plućno krilo

side from blood channel.

iz krvne žile.

And you can see here, we can actually visualize

Kako vidite, možemo zapravo prikazati

a single white blood cell.

pojedinu bijelu krvnu stanicu.

It sticks, it wiggles its way through

Priljubi se, promigolji se do

between the cell layers, through the pore,

međuslojeva stanica, kroz pore,

comes out on the other side of the membrane,

dođe na drugu stranu membrane,

and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria

i upravo ovdje, pokušava opkoliti bakteriju

labeled in green.

koja je zeleno obojana.

In that tiny chip, you just witnessed

U ovom minijaturnom čipu upravo ste svjedočili

one of the most fundamental responses

jednom od osnovnih odgovora

our body has to an infection.

našeg tijela na infekciju.

It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.

To je način na koji odgovaramo – imunosni odgovor.

It's pretty exciting.

Vrlo je uzbudljivo.

Now I want to share this picture with you,

Sad, želim podijeliti ovu sliku s vama

not just because it's so beautiful,

ne zato što je tako lijepa

but because it tells us an enormous amount of information

već zato što nam daje golemu količinu informacija

about what the cells are doing within the chips.

o tome što stanice rade unutar čipova.

It tells us that these cells

Pokazuje nam da ove stanice

from the small airways in our lungs,

iz malih hodnika u naši plućima

actually have these hairlike structures

zapravo imaju ovakve četkaste strukture

that you would expect to see in the lung.

koje biste i očekivali u plućima.

These structures are called cilia,

Ove stanice se zovu cilije,

and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.

i one zapravo miču mukozni sekret van pluća.

Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.

Da. Šlajm. Fuj.

But mucus is actually very important.

Ali mukozni sekret je vrlo važan.

Mucus traps particulates, viruses,

Mukoza zarobljava čestice, viruse,

potential allergens,

potencijalne alergene,

and these little cilia move

i ove cilije pomiču

and clear the mucus out.

i izbacuju mukozni sekret van.

When they get damaged, say,

Kada se oštete, recimo,

by cigarette smoke for example,

zbog dima cigarete,

they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.

ne rade kako trebaju, i ne mogu izbaciti mukozni sekret.

And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.

To može dovesti do bolesti poput bronhitisa.

Cilia and the clearance of mucus

Cilije i čišćenje mukoze

are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.

su također uključeni u teže bolesti poput cistične fibroze.

But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,

Ali sad, s funkcionalnošću dobivenom ovim čipovima

we can begin to look

možemo početi tražiti

for potential new treatments.

potencijalne nove tretmane

We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.

Nismo se zaustavili na plućima na čipu.

We have a gut on a chip.

Imamo i crijeva na čipu.

You can see one right here.

Možete vidjeti jedan čip ovdje.

And we've put intestinal human cells

I postavili smo humane crijevne stanice

in a gut on a chip,

u crijeva na čipu

and they're under constant peristaltic motion,

i rade pod konstantnim peristaltičkim kretnjama,

this trickling flow through the cells,

što provodi kroz stanice,

and we can mimic many of the functions

i možemo oponašati mnoge funkcije

that you actually would expect to see

koje biste očekivali

in the human intestine.

u ljudskim crijevima.

Now we can begin to create models of diseases

Sad možemo stvoriti model bolesti

such as irritable bowel syndrome.

poput sindroma iritabilnog crijeva.

This is a disease that affects

Ovo je bolest koja zahvaća

a large number of individuals.

velik broj osoba.

It's really debilitating,

Vrlo je otežavajuća,

and there aren't really many good treatments for it.

i ne postoji puno dobrih načina tretiranja za nju.

Now we have a whole pipeline

Sad imamo cijelo postrojenje

of different organ chips

različitih čipova s organima

that we are currently working on in our labs.

na kojima radimo u našim labosima.

Now, the true power of this technology, however,

No prava moć ove tehnologije, pak,

really comes from the fact

zapravo dolazi iz činjenice

that we can fluidically link them.

da ih možemo povezati fluidima.

There's fluid flowing across these cells,

Preko i kroz ove stanice prolazi fluid,

so we can begin to interconnect

tako da možemo povezati

multiple different chips together

različite čipove u seriju

to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.

i sastaviti ono što zovemo virtualnim čovjekom na čipu.

Now we're really getting excited.

Sad smo stvarno uzbuđeni.

We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,

Nećemo nikad sastaviti cijelog čovjeka na ovim čipovima,

but what our goal is is to be able to recreate

ali naš cilj je da budemo u mogućnosti osposobiti

sufficient functionality

dovoljnu funkcionalnost

so that we can make better predictions

koja će nam omogućiti bolja predviđanja

of what's going to happen in humans.

onoga što će se dogoditi u ljudima.

For example, now we can begin to explore

Na primjer, sad možemo početi istraživati

what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.

što se događa kad stavimo lijek, recimo aerosolni lijek.

Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,

Vi koji imate astmu kada uzmete vaš inhalator,

we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,

mi možemo istražiti kako taj lijek dolazi u vaša pluća,

how it enters the body,

kako ulazi u tijelo,

how it might affect, say, your heart.

kako može, recimo, utjecati na vaše srce.

Does it change the beating of your heart?

Mijenja li vam puls?

Does it have a toxicity?

Ima li otrovna svojstva?

Does it get cleared by the liver?

Uklanja li ga jetra?

Is it metabolized in the liver?

Metabolizira li ga?

Is it excreted in your kidneys?

Izlučuju li ga vaši bubrezi?

We can begin to study the dynamic

Možemo početi proučavati dinamiku

response of the body to a drug.

odgovora tijela na lijek.

This could really revolutionize

Ovo bi moglo stvarno revolucionizirati

and be a game changer

i promijeniti pravila igre

for not only the pharmaceutical industry,

ne samo farmaceutskoj industriji,

but a whole host of different industries,

već i jako puno drugih industrija

including the cosmetics industry.

uključujući kozmetičku industriju.

We can potentially use the skin on a chip

Možemo potencijalno koristiti kožu na čipu,

that we're currently developing in the lab

što upravo razvijamo u labosu,

to test whether the ingredients in those products

da testiramo jesu li sastojci proizvoda

that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin

koje koristite uistinu sigurni za staviti na vašu kožu,

without the need for animal testing.

i to bez potrebe za testovima na životinjama.

We could test the safety

Možemo testirati sigurnost

of chemicals that we are exposed to

kemikalija kojima smo izloženi

on a daily basis in our environment,

svakodnevno iz naše okoline,

such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.

poput kemikalija u preparatima za čišćenje kuće.

We could also use the organs on chips

Možemo isto tako koristiti organe na čipovima

for applications in bioterrorism

za primjene u bioterorizmu

or radiation exposure.

ili istraživanju radijacije-

We could use them to learn more about

Možemo ih iskoristiti da naučimo više o

diseases such as ebola

bolestima poput ebole

or other deadly diseases such as SARS.

ili drugim smrtonosnim bolestima poput SARS-a.

Organs on chips could also change

Organi na čipovima bi mogli promijeniti

the way we do clinical trials in the future.

i način na koji ćemo raditi klinička testiranja.

Right now, the average participant

U ovom trenutku prosječni član test grupe

in a clinical trial is that: average.

u kliničkom testiranju je upravo to; prosječan.

Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.

Najčešće srednje dobi, najčešće žena.

You won't find many clinical trials

Nećete naći puno kliničkih testova

in which children are involved,

u koje su uključena djeca,

yet every day, we give children medications,

no ipak svaki dan dajemo djeci lijekove,

and the only safety data we have on that drug

i jedini podaci o sigurnosti tog lijeka

is one that we obtained from adults.

su oni dobiveni od odraslih.

Children are not adults.

Djeca nisu odrasli.

They may not respond in the same way adults do.

Ne moraju odgovoriti na isti način kao mi.

There are other things like genetic differences

Postoje i druge stvari, poput genetske razlike

in populations

u populaciji

that may lead to at-risk populations

što može dovesti do rizičnih populacija

that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.

koje su rizične po tome što mogu dobiti negativnu reakciju zbog lijeka.

Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,

Sad zamislite kad bismo mogli uzeti stanice od svih tih različitih populacija,

put them on chips,

staviti na čipove,

and create populations on a chip.

i stvoriti populacije na čipu.

This could really change the way

Ovo zbilja može promijeniti način na koji

we do clinical trials.

radimo klinička istraživanja.

And this is the team and the people that are doing this.

A ovo je tim ljudi koji radi na ovome.

We have engineers, we have cell biologists,

Imamo inžinjere, stanične biologe,

we have clinicians, all working together.

imamo kliničare, svi rade zajedno.

We're really seeing something quite incredible

Zbilja vidimo nešto jako nevjerojatno

at the Wyss Institute.

na Institutu Wyss.

It's really a convergence of disciplines,

To je zapravo spajanje disciplina,

where biology is influencing the way we design,

gdje biologija utječe na način na koji dizajniramo,

the way we engineer, the way we build.

oblikujemo i izgrađujemo.

It's pretty exciting.

Vrlo je uzbudljivo.

We're establishing important industry collaborations

Uspostavljamo važnu kolaboraciju industrija

such as the one we have with a company

poput one koju smo osnovali s tvrtkom

that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.

koja ima iskustva u digitalnoj proizvodnji širokih razmjera.

They're going to help us make,

Pomoći će nam napraviti,

instead of one of these,

umjesto samo jednog,

millions of these chips,

milijune ovakvih čipova,

so that we can get them into the hands

da ih možemo predati u ruke

of as many researchers as possible.

što većem broju istraživača.

And this is key to the potential of that technology.

A ovo je ključ potencijala ove tehnologije.

Now let me show you our instrument.

Da vam pokažem naš instrument.

This is an instrument that our engineers

Ovo je instrument čiji prototip naši inženjeri

are actually prototyping right now in the lab,

upravo izgrađuju u labosu,

and this instrument is going to give us

i ovaj instrument će nam dati

the engineering controls that we're going to require

inženjerske kontrole potrebne da

in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.

povežemo deset ili više organskih čipova.

It does something else that's very important.

Također radi nešto drugo, vrlo bitno.

It creates an easy user interface.

Stvara lako sučelje za korisnika.

So a cell biologist like me can come in,

Tako da stanični biolog poput mene može doći,

take a chip, put it in a cartridge

uzeti čip, staviti ga u postolje

like the prototype you see there,

poput prototipa koji vidite ovdje,

put the cartridge into the machine

staviti postolje u stroj

just like you would a C.D.,

na isti način na koji biste stavili CD,

and away you go.

i to je to.

Plug and play. Easy.

Uključi i igraj. Vrlo lako.

Now, let's imagine a little bit

Idemo sad zamisliti malo

what the future might look like

kako bi mogla izgledati budućnost

if I could take your stem cells

kad bih mogla uzeti vaše matične stanice

and put them on a chip,

i staviti na čip,

or your stem cells and put them on a chip.

ili vaše stanice i staviti na čip.

It would be a personalized chip just for you.

To bi bio vaš personalizirani čip.

Now all of us in here are individuals,

Sad, svi ovdje smo individue,

and those individual differences mean

i sve naše individualne razlike znače

that we could react very differently

da možemo reagirati na lijekove vrlo različito

and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.

i na ponekad nepredvidljive načine.

I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,

I sama sam, prije nekoliko godina, imala tešku glavobolju,

just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."

nisam ju mogla otresti i pomislila sam, "Pa, idemo probati nešto drugačije."

I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,

Uzela sam jedan Advil. Petnaest minuta kasnije

I was on my way to the emergency room

bila sam na putu za hitan prijem u bolnicu

with a full-blown asthma attack.

sa izraženim napadajem astme.

Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,

Naime, očito je da nije bio smrtonosan.

but unfortunately, some of these

No nažalost, neke od ovakvih

adverse drug reactions can be fatal.

negativnih reakcija na lijekove mogu biti fatalne.

So how do we prevent them?

Pa kako da ih spriječimo?

Well, we could imagine one day

Mogli bismo zamisliti da jednog dana

having Geraldine on a chip,

imamo Geraldine na čipu,

having Danielle on a chip,

imamo Danielle na čipu,

having you on a chip.

imamo vas na čipu.

Personalized medicine. Thank you.

Personalizirana medicina. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)