Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip

337,894 views ใƒป 2013-12-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ariella Cwikel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Maya Dagan
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
00:14
in our hands today,
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ืื™ืชื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื,
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื•
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื
00:36
are not getting them,
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ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื,
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช.
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ.
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง.
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ืžืžืž...
00:55
So what's going on here?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“,
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืชืขื‘ื•ื“,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ืžื ื‘ืื™ื
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
01:23
at our disposal.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•.
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™.
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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ืชืื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
01:38
of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes,
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ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืฆืœื—ืช,
01:41
and expect them to work.
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ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”. ื”ื ืœื.
01:45
They don't like that environment
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:46
because it's nothing like
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ
01:48
what they have in the body.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:51
What about animal testing?
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ืžื” ืขื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช
01:55
extremely useful information.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
01:59
in the complex organism.
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ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”.
02:05
However, more often than not,
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ืื•ืœื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
02:08
animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
02:15
So we need better tools.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:17
We need human cells,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
02:22
outside the body.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช.
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื.
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ื—
02:39
outside our bodies,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ืชืื™ื.
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื“ืก
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืื™ื.
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ViS,
02:52
we've done just that.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืื™ื‘ืจ-ืขืœ-ืฉื‘ื‘.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible.
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ื™ืคื™ืคื”, ืœื? ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™, ื ื•ืฉืžืช ื•ื—ื™ื”,
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื™ืคื™ืคื”.
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช.
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:22
There's been many people
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ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:29
They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื™ื ื™-ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
03:35
in this tiny chip
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžื›ื ื™
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช
03:55
manufacturing industry
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื ืœืชื ื•ื’ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•.
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช.
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืจื•ื ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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ืžื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ ื ื™ืžื™ื,
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื‘
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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ืฉืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื•ื,
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
04:37
through the blood channel.
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ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ื”ื“ื.
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื” ืžืื“,
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
04:47
inside these little chips.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:49
Let me show you.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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ืืคืฉืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืชืื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื”.
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื,
05:03
and when they sense this inflammation due to infection,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื ืืœ ื”ืจื™ืื”
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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ื•ื™ื‘ืœืขื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through,
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ืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืจื›ื”,
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
05:22
they begin to stick.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง.
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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ื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื, ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš
05:28
side from blood channel.
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ืฆื“ ื”ืจื™ืื” ืžืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื“ื.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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ื‘ืชื ื“ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืง, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื—ืœ
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื, ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื,
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง
05:47
labeled in green.
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ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง.
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ืจืื™ืชื ื”ืจื’ืข
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœ -- ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”,
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous amount of information
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืชืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื.
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื•
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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ืžืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช-ืฉื™ืขืจ
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื”.
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืœื™ื”,
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจื™ืื”.
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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ื›ืŸ, ืœื™ื—ื”. ื™ืืง.
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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ืœื™ื—ื” ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
06:33
potential allergens,
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ืืœืจื’ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื,
06:35
and these little cilia move
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื–ื–ื™ื
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉืŸ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช,
06:43
they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out.
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ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื”.
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึนื ึฐื›ึดื™ื˜ึดื™ืก.
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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ืกื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื—ื”
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก.
06:57
But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื,
07:00
we can begin to look
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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ืœื ืขืฆืจื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขื™ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
07:08
You can see one right here.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ.
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืชืื™ ืžืขื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘,
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื“ืžื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžืขื™ื™ื,
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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ืžืŸ ื–ืจื–ื™ืฃ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืื™ื,
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:26
in the human intestine.
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ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืžืขื™ ืจื’ื™ื–.
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื™ืฉื”,
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”.
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
07:46
of different organ chips
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:56
really comes from the fact
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช
08:04
multiple different chips together
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื“ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉ.
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
08:23
sufficient functionality
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ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื”
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
08:32
what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคืช ืืจื•ืกื•ืœ.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler,
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ืœืžื™ ืžื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืžื” ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืืฃ
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”, ื ื ื™ื—, ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœืš.
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœืš?
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช?
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื ืงื” ืื•ืชื”?
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื“?
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš?
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชืจื•ืคื”.
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื”
09:01
and be a game changer
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
09:18
that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin
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ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:24
We could test the safety
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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ืื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื”.
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื•ืœื”
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืืจืก.
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืฃ ืœืฉื ื•ืช
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื”: ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”.
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
10:10
in which children are involved,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื,
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืžืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
10:22
Children are not adults.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
10:29
in populations
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื ื’ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืคื”.
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
10:40
put them on chips,
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ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื,
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
10:44
This could really change the way
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
10:48
And this is the team and the people that are doing this.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืจืคื•ืื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ViS.
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื”
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ,
11:24
instead of one of these,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”,
11:26
millions of these chips,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื•
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืฉืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื ื•
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ 10 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืื™ื‘ืจ.
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“.
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื ื•ื—.
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช-ืชื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื,
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื‘ื‘, ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืกื ื™ืช
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”,
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื CD,
12:08
and away you go.
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ื•ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื“ืจืš.
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคืขืœ. ืงืœื™ ืงืœื•ืช.
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฆืช
12:14
what the future might look like
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ืื™ืš ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœืš
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘,
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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ืื• ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื,
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
12:32
that we could react very differently
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache,
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ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different."
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื‘ืจ, ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ."
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ. ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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ืขื ื”ืชืงืฃ ืืกื˜ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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ืื™ืš ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื’'ืจืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘,
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘,
13:09
having you on a chip.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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