A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets | Ed Boyden

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Hello, everybody.

Zdravo svima.

I brought with me today a baby diaper.

Doneo sam danas pelenu za bebe.

You'll see why in a second.

Videćete uskoro zašto.

Baby diapers have interesting properties.

Pelene za bebe imaju zanimljiva svojstva.

They can swell enormously when you add water to them,

Mogu da se izuzetno naduju kada im dodate vode,

an experiment done by millions of kids every day.

što je eksperiment koji sprovode milioni dece svakoga dana.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But the reason why

Međutim, razlog tome

is that they're designed in a very clever way.

je to što su osmišljene na vrlo pametan način.

They're made out of a thing called a swellable material.

Napravljene su od nečeg što se zove upijajući materijal.

It's a special kind of material that, when you add water,

To je specijalna vrsta materijala koji se, kada mu dodate vodu, znatno naduje,

it will swell up enormously,

možda hiljadu puta po veličini.

maybe a thousand times in volume.

And this is a very useful, industrial kind of polymer.

To je vrlo korisna, industrijska vrsta polimera.

But what we're trying to do in my group at MIT

Međutim, ono što pokušavamo u mojoj grupi na MIT-u

is to figure out if we can do something similar to the brain.

je da otkrijemo da li možemo da nešto slično uradimo sa mozgom,

Can we make it bigger,

da li ga možemo povećati,

big enough that you can peer inside

dovoljno da možete da zavirite unutra

and see all the tiny building blocks, the biomolecules,

i vidite sve te sićušne sastavne delove, biomolekule,

how they're organized in three dimensions,

kako su organizovani u tri dimenzije,

the structure, the ground truth structure of the brain, if you will?

da direktno steknete uvid u strukturu mozga, ako hoćete.

If we could get that,

Ako bismo to uspeli,

maybe we could have a better understanding of how the brain is organized

možda bismo bolje razumeli kako je mozak organizovan

to yield thoughts and emotions

tako da proizvodi misli, osećanja,

and actions and sensations.

radnje i osećaje.

Maybe we could try to pinpoint the exact changes in the brain

Možda bismo mogli da pokušamo da odredimo upravo one promene u mozgu

that result in diseases,

koje imaju za posledicu bolesti

diseases like Alzheimer's and epilepsy and Parkinson's,

kao što su Alchajmerova, epilepsija i Parkinsonova bolest,

for which there are few treatments, much less cures,

za koje ima malo lečenja, a još manje lekova,

and for which, very often, we don't know the cause or the origins

i za koje vrlo često ne znamo uzrok, poreklo,

and what's really causing them to occur.

niti šta zaista dovodi do toga da se jave.

Now, our group at MIT

Naša grupa na MIT-u

is trying to take a different point of view

pokušava da zauzme drugačiju tačku gledišta

from the way neuroscience has been done over the last hundred years.

od načina na koji su neuronauke radile poslednjih sto godina.

We're designers. We're inventors.

Mi smo programeri. Mi smo pronalazači.

We're trying to figure out how to build technologies

Pokušavamo da otkrijemo kako da izgradimo tehnologije

that let us look at and repair the brain.

koje nam dozvoljavaju da posmatramo mozak i popravimo ga.

And the reason is,

Razlog tome je to što je mozak neverovatno komplikovan.

the brain is incredibly, incredibly complicated.

So what we've learned over the first century of neuroscience

Ono što smo naučili tokom prvog veka neuronauka

je da je mozak veoma komplikovana mreža

is that the brain is a very complicated network,

made out of very specialized cells called neurons

sačinjena od vrlo specijalizovanih ćelija

zvanih neuroni sa vrlo složenom geometrijom,

with very complex geometries,

and electrical currents will flow through these complexly shaped neurons.

a električna struja će proticati kroz te neurone složenog oblika.

Furthermore, neurons are connected in networks.

Osim toga, neuroni se povezuju u mreže.

They're connected by little junctions called synapses that exchange chemicals

Povezani su malim spojevima zvanim sinapse koje razmenjuju hemikalije

and allow the neurons to talk to each other.

i omogućavaju neuronima da međusobno razgovaraju.

The density of the brain is incredible.

Gustina mozga je neverovatna.

In a cubic millimeter of your brain,

U kubnom milimetru vašeg mozga

there are about 100,000 of these neurons

postoji oko 100 000 ovih neurona

and maybe a billion of those connections.

i možda milijardu tih veza.

But it's worse.

Međutim, još je gore od toga.

So, if you could zoom in to a neuron,

Tako, ako biste uveličali neuron -

and, of course, this is just our artist's rendition of it.

a naravno, ovo je samo umetnički prikaz -

ono što biste videli jesu hiljade vrsta biomolekula,

What you would see are thousands and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,

little nanoscale machines organized in complex, 3D patterns,

male mašine na nano nivou organizovane u složene 3D obrasce,

and together they mediate those electrical pulses,

a oni zajedno posreduju između tih električnih impulsa,

those chemical exchanges that allow neurons to work together

tih hemijskih razmena koje omogućavaju neuronima da sarađuju

to generate things like thoughts and feelings and so forth.

da bi proizveli stvari poput misli, osećanja i tako dalje.

Now, we don't know how the neurons in the brain are organized

Ne znamo kako su neuroni organizovani u mozgu

to form networks,

tako da formiraju mreže

and we don't know how the biomolecules are organized

i ne znamo kako se biomolekuli organizuju

within neurons

unutar neurona

da bi formirali te složene, organizovane mašine.

to form these complex, organized machines.

If we really want to understand this,

Ako zaista želimo da ovo razumemo,

we're going to need new technologies.

biće nam potrebne nove tehnologije.

But if we could get such maps,

Međutim, kada bismo dobili takve mape,

if we could look at the organization of molecules and neurons

kada bismo mogli da sagledamo organizaciju molekula i neurona,

and neurons and networks,

neurona i mreža,

maybe we could really understand how the brain conducts information

možda bismo zaista razumeli kako mozak upravlja informacijama

from sensory regions,

iz senzornih oblasti,

mixes it with emotion and feeling,

pomeša ih sa emocijama i osećanjima

and generates our decisions and actions.

i proizvodi naše odluke i postupke.

Maybe we could pinpoint the exact set of molecular changes that occur

Možda bismo mogli da tačno utvrdimo skup molekularnih promena koje se dešavaju

in a brain disorder.

pri poremećajima mozga.

And once we know how those molecules have changed,

Kada jednom saznamo kako su se ti molekuli promenili,

whether they've increased in number or changed in pattern,

bilo da su se brojčano povećali ili im se promenio obrazac,

we could use those as targets for new drugs,

možemo ih iskoristiti kao mete za nove lekove,

for new ways of delivering energy into the brain

za nove načine dopremanja energije u mozak

in order to repair the brain computations that are afflicted

da bismo popravili proračune mozga

koji su pogođeni kod pacijenata koji boluju od poremećaja mozga.

in patients who suffer from brain disorders.

We've all seen lots of different technologies over the last century

Svi smo tokom proteklog veka videli mnogo različitih tehnologija

koje nastoje da se suoče sa ovim.

to try to confront this.

I think we've all seen brain scans

Mislim da smo svi videli skeniranja mozga

taken using MRI machines.

pomoću mašina za magnetnu rezonancu.

These, of course, have the great power that they are noninvasive,

One, svakako, imaju veliku snagu u tome što su neinvazivne,

they can be used on living human subjects.

mogu se koristiti na živim ljudskim subjektima.

But also, they're spatially crude.

Međutim, takođe su prostorno nerafinirane.

Each of these blobs that you see, or voxels, as they're called,

Svaka od ovih mrlja koje vidite, ili voksela, kako se zovu,

can contain millions and millions of neurons.

može sadržati milione neurona.

So it's not at the level of resolution

Dakle, nemaju nivo rezolucije

na kome se mogu precizno odrediti molekularne promene koje se javljaju

where it can pinpoint the molecular changes that occur

or the changes in the wiring of these networks

ili promene povezivanja ovih mreža

that contributes to our ability to be conscious and powerful beings.

koje doprinose našoj sposobnosti da budemo svesna i moćna bića.

At the other extreme, you have microscopes.

Na drugom kraju, imate mikroskope.

Mikroskopi će, naravno, koristiti svetlo za posmatranje sićušnih stvari.

Microscopes, of course, will use light to look at little tiny things.

For centuries, they've been used to look at things like bacteria.

Vekovima su korišćeni za posmatranje stvari poput bakterija.

For neuroscience,

Za neuronauke,

microscopes are actually how neurons were discovered in the first place,

pomoću mikroskopa su neuroni zapravo prvobitno otkriveni

pre oko 130 godina.

about 130 years ago.

But light is fundamentally limited.

Međutim, svetlo je suštinski ograničeno.

You can't see individual molecules with a regular old microscope.

Ne možete videti pojedinačne molekule običnim starim mikroskopom.

You can't look at these tiny connections.

Ne možete videti ove sićušne veze.

So if we want to make our ability to see the brain more powerful,

Ako želimo da pojačamo našu sposobnost da vidimo mozak,

to get down to the ground truth structure,

da dođemo do direktnog uvida u strukturu,

we're going to need to have even better technologies.

biće nam potrebne još bolje tehnologije.

My group, a couple years ago, started thinking:

Moja grupa je pre par godina počela da razmišlja:

Why don't we do the opposite?

„Zašto ne uradimo suprotno?

If it's so darn complicated to zoom in to the brain,

Ako je toliko komplikovano uveličati sliku mozga,

why can't we make the brain bigger?

zašto ne uvećamo mozak?

It initially started

Najpre je počelo

with two grad students in my group, Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.

sa dva studenta u mojoj grupi, Feijem Čenom i Polom Tilbergom.

Now many others in my group are helping with this process.

Sada mnogi drugi u mojoj grupi pomažu u ovom procesu.

Rešili smo da probamo da otkrijemo da li možemo da uzmemo polimere,

We decided to try to figure out if we could take polymers,

like the stuff in the baby diaper,

kao ono u peleni za bebe,

and install it physically within the brain.

i da ih fizički ugradimo u mozak.

If we could do it just right, and you add water,

Ako to sprovedete baš kako treba i dodate vode,

you can potentially blow the brain up

potencijalno možete uvećati mozak

to where you could distinguish those tiny biomolecules from each other.

do tačke u kojoj možete međusobno razlikovati te male biomolekule.

Možete videti te veze i dobiti mape mozga.

You would see those connections and get maps of the brain.

This could potentially be quite dramatic.

To bi potencijalno moglo biti prilično dramatično.

We brought a little demo here.

Doneli smo malu demonstraciju ovde.

We got some purified baby diaper material.

Imamo malo prečišćenog materijala za pelene za bebe.

It's much easier just to buy it off the Internet

Mnogo je lakše samo ga kupiti preko interneta

than to extract the few grains that actually occur in these diapers.

nego izvući nekoliko zrna koja zapravo postoje u pelenama.

I'm going to put just one teaspoon here

Staviću ovde samo jednu kašičicu

of this purified polymer.

prečišćenog polimera.

And here we have some water.

A ovde imamo malo vode.

What we're going to do

Ono što ćemo da uradimo

is see if this teaspoon of the baby diaper material

jeste da vidimo da li ova kašičica materijala pelene za bebe

can increase in size.

može da se poveća.

You're going to see it increase in volume by about a thousandfold

Videćete kako mu se povećava obim oko hiljadu puta

before your very eyes.

pred vašim očima.

I could pour much more of this in there,

Mogao bih da sipam mnogo više ovoga,

but I think you've got the idea

ali mislim da imate predstavu

da je ovo veoma zanimljiv molekul

that this is a very, very interesting molecule,

and if can use it in the right way,

i ako ga iskoristimo na pravi način,

we might be able to really zoom in on the brain

mogli bismo zaista uveličati sliku mozga

in a way that you can't do with past technologies.

na način na koji to ne možete uraditi pomoću prethodnih tehnologija.

OK. So a little bit of chemistry now.

U redu. Sada malo hemije.

What's going on in the baby diaper polymer?

Šta se dešava u polimeru u pelenama za bebe?

If you could zoom in,

Ako biste ga uvećali,

it might look something like what you see on the screen.

mogli biste videti nešto poput onoga što vidite na ekranu.

Polymers are chains of atoms arranged in long, thin lines.

Polimeri su lanci atoma poređani u duge, tanke linije.

The chains are very tiny,

Lanci su vrlo mali,

about the width of a biomolecule,

otpilike širine biomolekula,

and these polymers are really dense.

a ti polimeri su veoma gusti.

They're separated by distances

Odvojeni su rastojanjima

that are around the size of a biomolecule.

koja su otpilike veličine biomolekula.

This is very good

To je veoma dobro

because we could potentially move everything apart in the brain.

jer bismo potencijalno mogli da razdvojimo sve u mozgu.

If we add water, what will happen is,

Ako dodamo vodu,

desiće se da će upijajući materijal apsorbovati vodu,

this swellable material is going to absorb the water,

the polymer chains will move apart from each other,

lanci polimera će se međusobno razdvojiti

and the entire material is going to become bigger.

i celokupni materijal će postati veći.

And because these chains are so tiny

Zato što su lanci tako mali

and spaced by biomolecular distances,

i odvojeni biomolekularnim rastojanjima,

we could potentially blow up the brain

potencijalno bismo mogli uvećati mozak

and make it big enough to see.

i učiniti ga dovoljno velikim da vidimo.

Here's the mystery, then:

Evo u čemu je misterija -

How do we actually make these polymer chains inside the brain

kako da zapravo napravimo te lance polimera u mozgu

so we can move all the biomolecules apart?

tako da možemo da razdvojimo sve biomolekule?

Ako bismo to uspeli,

If we could do that,

možda bismo mogli da dobijemo mape direktnog uvida u mozak.

maybe we could get ground truth maps of the brain.

We could look at the wiring.

Mogli bismo da sagledamo mrežu.

We can peer inside and see the molecules within.

Mogli bismo da zavirimo unutra i vidimo molekule.

To explain this, we made some animations

Da bismo ovo objasnili, napravili smo animacije

where we actually look at, in these artist renderings,

gde zapravo gledamo na umetničkim prikazima

what biomolecules might look like and how we might separate them.

kako bi biomolekuli mogli izgledati i kako bismo ih mogli razdvojiti.

Step one: what we'd have to do, first of all,

Prvi korak - morali bismo da, najpre,

is attach every biomolecule, shown in brown here,

prikačimo svaki biomolekul, prikazan braon bojom ovde,

to a little anchor, a little handle.

za malo sidro, malu dršku.

We need to pull the molecules of the brain apart from each other,

Morali bismo da molekule odvojimo jedne od drugih,

and to do that, we need to have a little handle

a da bismo to uradili, potrebna nam je mala drška

that allows those polymers to bind to them

koja omogućava polimerima da se vežu

and to exert their force.

i da primene svoju snagu.

Now, if you just take baby diaper polymer and dump it on the brain,

Ako samo uzmete polimer iz pelene za bebe i bacite ga na mozak,

obviously, it's going to sit there on top.

očigledno, stajaće tu na vrhu.

So we need to find a way to make the polymers inside.

Dakle, potrebno je da nađemo način da smestimo polimere unutra.

And this is where we're really lucky.

Po tom pitanju baš imamo sreće.

It turns out, you can get the building blocks,

Ispostavilo se da možete da uzmete sastavne delove,

monomers, as they're called,

monomere, kako se zovu,

and if you let them go into the brain

pa ako ih pustite da uđu u mozak

and then trigger the chemical reactions,

i zatim pokrenete hemijske reakcije,

you can get them to form those long chains,

možete da ih navedete da formiraju duge lance,

right there inside the brain tissue.

upravo unutar moždanog tkiva.

They're going to wind their way around biomolecules

Obmotaće se oko biomolekula

and between biomolecules,

i između biomolekula,

forming those complex webs

formirajući kompleksne mreže

that will allow you, eventually, to pull apart the molecules

koje će vam dozvoliti da, na kraju, razdvojite molekule

from each other.

jedne od drugih.

And every time one of those little handles is around,

Svaki put kada je prisutna jedna od tih malih drški,

the polymer will bind to the handle, and that's exactly what we need

polimer će se vezati za nju, a to je upravo ono što nam treba

in order to pull the molecules apart from each other.

da bismo međusobno razdvojili molekule.

All right, the moment of truth.

U redu, trenutak istine.

We have to treat this specimen

Moramo delovati na ovaj uzorak hemikalijom

with a chemical to kind of loosen up all the molecules from each other,

da bismo nekako otpustili molekule jedne od drugih,

and then, when we add water,

a zatim, kada dodamo vodu,

that swellable material is going to start absorbing the water,

taj upijajući materijal će početi da apsorbuje vodu,

the polymer chains will move apart,

lanci polimera će se razdvojiti,

but now, the biomolecules will come along for the ride.

ali će se sada biomolekuli pridružiti.

And much like drawing a picture on a balloon,

Kao kada nacrtate sliku na balonu,

and then you blow up the balloon,

a zatim nadujete balon -

the image is the same,

slika je ista,

but the ink particles have moved away from each other.

ali su se čestice mastila međusobno razdvojile.

And that's what we've been able to do now, but in three dimensions.

To je ono što smo uspeli da uradimo sada, ali u tri dimenzije.

There's one last trick.

Postoji još jedan trik.

As you can see here,

Kao što možete videti ovde,

we've color-coded all the biomolecules brown.

sve biomolekule smo označili braon bojom.

That's because they all kind of look the same.

To je zato što svi nekako izgledaju isto.

Biomolecules are made out of the same atoms,

Biomolekuli su sačinjeni od istih atoma,

but just in different orders.

samo imaju različit redosled.

So we need one last thing

Potrebna nam je još samo jedna stvar da bismo ih učinili vidljivim.

in order to make them visible.

We have to bring in little tags,

Moramo da unesemo male oznake,

with glowing dyes that will distinguish them.

kao svetleće boje po kojima će se raspoznavati.

So one kind of biomolecule might get a blue color.

Tako jedna vrsta biomolekula može dobiti plavu boju,

Another kind of biomolecule might get a red color.

druga vrsta biomolekula može dobiti crvenu boju

And so forth.

i tako dalje.

And that's the final step.

To je poslednji korak.

Now we can look at something like a brain

Sada možemo pogledati nešto kao što je mozak

and look at the individual molecules,

i sagledati pojedinačne molekule,

because we've moved them far apart enough from each other

jer smo ih dovoljno međusobno razdvojili

da ih možemo razlikovati.

that we can tell them apart.

So the hope here is that we can make the invisible visible.

Ovde postoji nada da možemo nevidljivo učiniti vidljivim.

We can turn things that might seem small and obscure

Možemo izmeniti stvari koje mogu delovati malo i nejasno

and blow them up

i uvećati ih

until they're like constellations of information about life.

sve dok ne postanu poput sazvežđa informacija o životu.

Here's an actual video of what it might look like.

Evo stvarnog snimka toga kako to može izgledati.

We have here a little brain in a dish --

Ovde imamo malo mozga u posudi,

a little piece of a brain, actually.

komadić mozga, zapravo.

We've infused the polymer in,

Ubrizgali smo polimer u njega

and now we're adding water.

i sada dodajemo vodu.

What you'll see is that, right before your eyes --

Videćete kako će pred vašim očima -

this video is sped up about sixtyfold --

snimak je ubrzan otprilike šest puta -

this little piece of brain tissue is going to grow.

ovaj komadić moždanog tkiva porasti.

It can increase by a hundredfold or even more in volume.

Može se povećati stotinu puta ili više u obimu.

And the cool part is, because those polymers are so tiny,

Zanimljiv deo je u tome što, zato što su ti polimeri tako mali,

we're separating biomolecules evenly from each other.

jednako razdvajamo biomolekule međusobno.

It's a smooth expansion.

To je ravnomerno širenje.

We're not losing the configuration of the information.

Ne gubimo raspored informacija.

We're just making it easier to see.

Samo olakšavamo da se vide.

So now we can take actual brain circuitry --

Sada možemo uzeti moždane puteve -

here's a piece of the brain involved with, for example, memory --

evo dela mozga koji je uključen, na primer, u pamćenje -

and we can zoom in.

i možemo ga uveličati.

We can start to actually look at how circuits are configured.

Moždamo početi da sagledavamo kako su putevi konfigurisani.

Maybe someday we could read out a memory.

Možda ćemo jednog dana moći da čitamo sećanja.

Maybe we could actually look at how circuits are configured

Možda bismo mogli da zaista vidimo kako su putevi podešeni

to process emotions,

da bi obrađivali emocije,

how the actual wiring of our brain is organized

kako je organizovana ta umreženost našeg mozga

in order to make us who we are.

da bi nas učinila onakvima kakvi smo.

And of course, we can pinpoint, hopefully,

Naravno, možemo odrediti, nadajmo se,

the actual problems in the brain at a molecular level.

stvarne probleme u mozgu na molekularnom nivou.

What if we could actually look into cells in the brain

Šta ako bismo mogli da pogledamo u ćelije mozga i otkrijemo -

and figure out, wow, here are the 17 molecules that have altered

vau, evo 17 molekula koji su izmenjeni

in this brain tissue that has been undergoing epilepsy

u ovom moždanom tkivu koje prolazi kroz epilepsiju

or changing in Parkinson's disease

ili promene zbog Parkinsonove bolesti ili su na neki drugi način izmenjeni?

or otherwise being altered?

If we get that systematic list of things that are going wrong,

Ako dobijemo tu sistematičnu listu stvari koje idu po zlu,

those become our therapeutic targets.

one postaju naše mete u terapiji.

We can build drugs that bind those.

Možemo napraviti lekove da se vežu za njih.

We can maybe aim energy at different parts of the brain

Možda možemo usmeriti energiju na različite delove mozga

in order to help people with Parkinson's or epilepsy

kako bismo pomogli ljudima sa Parkinsonovom bolešću, epilepsijom

or other conditions that affect over a billion people

ili drugim stanjima koja pogađaju više od milijardu ljudi širom sveta.

around the world.

Now, something interesting has been happening.

Nešto zanimljivo se dešavalo.

It turns out that throughout biomedicine,

Ispostavilo se da u okviru biomedicine

there are other problems that expansion might help with.

postoje drugi problemi u vezi sa kojima širenje može pomoći.

This is an actual biopsy from a human breast cancer patient.

Ovo je stvarna biopsija od pacijenta sa rakom dojke.

It turns out that if you look at cancers,

Ispostavilo se da, ako pogledate rak,

if you look at the immune system,

ako pogledate imuni sistem,

if you look at aging, if you look at development --

starenje, razvoj -

all these processes are involving large-scale biological systems.

svi ti procesi podrazumevaju biološke sisteme velikih razmera.

But of course, the problems begin with those little nanoscale molecules,

Međutim, naravno, problem počinje sa tim malim molekulima na nano nivou,

the machines that make the cells and the organs in our body tick.

mašinama koje čine da ćelije i organi u našem telu funkcionišu.

So what we're trying to do now is to figure out

Stoga pokušavamo da sada otkrijemo

if we can actually use this technology to map the building blocks of life

da li možemo zaista koristiti ovu tehnologiju

da bismo mapirali sastavne delove života u širokom spektru oboljenja.

in a wide variety of diseases.

Can we actually pinpoint the molecular changes in a tumor

Možemo li zaista odrediti molekularne promene kod tumora

so that we can actually go after it in a smart way

tako da možemo da ga napadnemo na pametan način

and deliver drugs that might wipe out exactly the cells that we want to?

i dostavimo lekove koji bi mogle uništiti upravo one ćelije koje želimo?

You know, a lot of medicine is very high risk.

Znate, dobar deo medicine je veoma rizičan.

Sometimes, it's even guesswork.

Ponekad čak podrazumeva nagađanje.

My hope is we can actually turn what might be a high-risk moon shot

Moja je nada da možemo pretvoriti

ono što može biti visoko rizičan poduhvat na Mesec

into something that's more reliable.

u nešto što je pouzdanije.

If you think about the original moon shot,

Ako razmislite

o prvobitnom poduhvatu na Mesec, kada su zapravo sleteli na Mesec,

where they actually landed on the moon,

it was based on solid science.

zasnovan je na čvrstoj nauci.

We understood gravity;

Razumeli smo gravitaciju,

we understood aerodynamics.

razumeli smo aerodinamiku.

We knew how to build rockets.

Znali smo kako da napravimo rakete.

The science risk was under control.

Naučni rizik je bio pod kontrolom.

It was still a great, great feat of engineering.

Ipak je to bio veliki podvig inženjerstva.

But in medicine, we don't necessarily have all the laws.

Međutim, u medicini, nemamo nužno sve zakone.

Do we have all the laws that are analogous to gravity,

Da li imamo sve zakone koji su analogni gravitaciji,

that are analogous to aerodynamics?

koji su analogni aerodinamici?

I would argue that with technologies

Tvrdim da ih sa tehnologijama

like the kinds I'm talking about today,

poput onih o kojima govorim danas,

maybe we can actually derive those.

možda zapravo možemo proizvesti.

Možemo napraviti mapu obrazaca koji se javljaju u živim sistemima

We can map the patterns that occur in living systems,

and figure out how to overcome the diseases that plague us.

i otkriti kako da prevaziđemo bolesti koje nas muče.

You know, my wife and I have two young kids,

Znate, moja žena i ja imamo dvoje dece

and one of my hopes as a bioengineer is to make life better for them

i jedna od mojih nada kao bioinženjera je da učinim život boljim za njih

than it currently is for us.

od onoga kakav je trenutno za nas.

And my hope is, if we can turn biology and medicine

Moja nada je, ako možemo da preokrenemo biologiju i medicinu

from these high-risk endeavors that are governed by chance and luck,

od tih visoko rizičnih poduhvata kojima rukovode slučaj i sreća

and make them things that we win by skill and hard work,

i učinimo ih stvarima u kojima pobeđujemo veštinama i napornim radom,

then that would be a great advance.

onda bi to bio veliki napredak.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)