A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets | Ed Boyden

147,219 views ・ 2016-08-29

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Gayun Kim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Hello, everybody.
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μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ„Έμš”, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„.
00:14
I brought with me today a baby diaper.
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였늘 μ „ μ•„κΈ° κΈ°μ €κ·€λ₯Ό 가지고 μ™”λŠ”λ°μš”.
00:18
You'll see why in a second.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” μž μ‹œ 후에 μ•„μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
Baby diapers have interesting properties.
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κΈ°μ €κ·€μ—λŠ” ν₯미둜운 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
They can swell enormously when you add water to them,
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물을 κ°€ν•˜λ©΄ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λΆ€ν’€μ–΄μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” 점은
00:25
an experiment done by millions of kids every day.
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맀일 수백만 λͺ…μ˜ 아이듀이 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ΄μ£ .
00:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:29
But the reason why
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κΈ°μ €κ·€μ˜ ν‘μˆ˜μ„±μ΄ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ μ΄μœ λŠ” μš°μˆ˜ν•œ λ””μžμΈμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
is that they're designed in a very clever way.
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00:33
They're made out of a thing called a swellable material.
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κΈ°μ €κ·€λŠ” λΆ€ν’€μ–΄μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” μ†Œμž¬λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€λ©°
00:35
It's a special kind of material that, when you add water,
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이 특수 μ†Œμž¬λŠ” 물을 κ°€ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λΆ€ν’€μ–΄μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ”λ°μš”.
00:38
it will swell up enormously,
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μ•½ 천 λ°° μ •λ„μ˜ λΆ€ν”Όλ‘œ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
maybe a thousand times in volume.
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00:42
And this is a very useful, industrial kind of polymer.
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μ‚°μ—…μƒμœΌλ‘œλ„ 맀우 μœ μš©ν•˜κ²Œ 쓰이죠.
00:45
But what we're trying to do in my group at MIT
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MIT의 제 νŒ€μ€ ν˜„μž¬
00:48
is to figure out if we can do something similar to the brain.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 원리λ₯Ό 인간 λ‡Œμ— 적용 κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Can we make it bigger,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ•ˆμ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 ν™•λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬
00:52
big enough that you can peer inside
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00:54
and see all the tiny building blocks, the biomolecules,
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각각의 λ‹¨μœ„μ²΄μ™€ 생체 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ 
3μ°¨μ›μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘°μ§λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€
00:57
how they're organized in three dimensions,
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κ·Έ ꡬ쑰와, λ‡Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 진싀을 μ•Œκ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:59
the structure, the ground truth structure of the brain, if you will?
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01:02
If we could get that,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ„±κ³΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
01:03
maybe we could have a better understanding of how the brain is organized
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우리 λ‡Œλ₯Ό 보닀 잘 이해할 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 생각을 ν•˜κ³ , 감정을 느끼며
01:07
to yield thoughts and emotions
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행동을 ν•˜κ³  ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό λŠλΌλŠ”μ§€λ₯Όμš”.
01:09
and actions and sensations.
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01:10
Maybe we could try to pinpoint the exact changes in the brain
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λ‡Œμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ •ν™•νžˆ μ§šμ–΄λ‚΄μ–΄
01:14
that result in diseases,
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μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œλ“€
특히 μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έ, κ°„μ§ˆ, νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘κ³Ό 같이
01:16
diseases like Alzheimer's and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
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01:19
for which there are few treatments, much less cures,
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μ™„μ „ν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ΄ 거의 μ—†κ³ 
근본을 μ•Œ 수 μ—†λŠ” λ³‘μ˜
01:22
and for which, very often, we don't know the cause or the origins
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01:25
and what's really causing them to occur.
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원인을 규λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Now, our group at MIT
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자, MIT의 저희 νŒ€μ€
01:30
is trying to take a different point of view
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μ§€λ‚œ λ°± λ…„κ°„ 신경과학이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ 온 방식을
01:33
from the way neuroscience has been done over the last hundred years.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보고자 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:36
We're designers. We're inventors.
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λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆμ΄μž, 발λͺ…κ°€λ‘œμ„œ
01:37
We're trying to figure out how to build technologies
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 듀여닀보고 κ³ μΉ  κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ³ μ•ˆν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:40
that let us look at and repair the brain.
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01:42
And the reason is,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
우리 λ‡Œκ°€ λ†€λž„λ§ŒνΌ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
the brain is incredibly, incredibly complicated.
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01:47
So what we've learned over the first century of neuroscience
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μ˜ 첫 μ„ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό 거치며 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ 것은
λ‡Œκ°€ 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 신경망이며
01:50
is that the brain is a very complicated network,
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01:52
made out of very specialized cells called neurons
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νŠΉν™”λœ 세포인 λ‰΄λŸ°μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ 있고 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰에
01:55
with very complex geometries,
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01:56
and electrical currents will flow through these complexly shaped neurons.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ‰΄λŸ°μ— μ „λ₯˜κ°€ 흐λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
Furthermore, neurons are connected in networks.
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또, λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ€ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
02:04
They're connected by little junctions called synapses that exchange chemicals
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λ‰΄λŸ°μ€ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ 있고
02:08
and allow the neurons to talk to each other.
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μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ° κ°„μ˜ μ†Œν†΅μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
The density of the brain is incredible.
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λ‡Œμ˜ λ°€λ„λŠ” λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
In a cubic millimeter of your brain,
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λ‡Œμ˜ 1 μ„Έμ œκ³± λ°€λ¦¬λ―Έν„°μ•ˆμ—λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ μ•½ 10만 κ°œκ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ©°
02:14
there are about 100,000 of these neurons
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10μ–΅ 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ 연결고리가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
and maybe a billion of those connections.
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02:20
But it's worse.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이보닀 더 μ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
So, if you could zoom in to a neuron,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ‰΄λŸ° ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
02:24
and, of course, this is just our artist's rendition of it.
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λ¬Όλ‘  이건 ν™”κ°€μ˜ μ—°μΆœμΌ λΏμ΄μ§€λ§Œμš”.
수천 가지 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 생체 λΆ„μžμ™€ λ‚˜λ…ΈκΈ°κ³„κ°€
02:27
What you would see are thousands and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
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02:31
little nanoscale machines organized in complex, 3D patterns,
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3μ°¨μ›μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰둜 된 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
λ‚˜λ…ΈκΈ°κ³„λŠ” 전기적인 박동을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λ©°
02:36
and together they mediate those electrical pulses,
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02:38
those chemical exchanges that allow neurons to work together
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μ΄λ•Œμ˜ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆ κ΅ν™˜μ΄ λ‰΄λŸ°μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ
생각과 감정을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
to generate things like thoughts and feelings and so forth.
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02:46
Now, we don't know how the neurons in the brain are organized
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‡Œ 속 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ„λ‘ μ‘°μ§λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ 
02:50
to form networks,
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02:51
and we don't know how the biomolecules are organized
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ λ‰΄λŸ° 내뢀에
02:53
within neurons
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λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ μ •λˆλœ 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:55
to form these complex, organized machines.
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02:57
If we really want to understand this,
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이λ₯Ό λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 기술이 ν•„μš”ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
we're going to need new technologies.
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03:01
But if we could get such maps,
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μ•žμ„œ λ§ν•œ 지도λ₯Ό μ ‘ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:03
if we could look at the organization of molecules and neurons
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즉, μƒλ¬Όμ˜ λΆ„μžμ™€ λ‰΄λŸ°, 그리고
λ‰΄λŸ° κ°„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:06
and neurons and networks,
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03:07
maybe we could really understand how the brain conducts information
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°κ°κΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 정보λ₯Ό νšλ“ν•˜κ³ 
03:11
from sensory regions,
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03:12
mixes it with emotion and feeling,
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감정, λŠλ‚Œκ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ„žμ–΄
03:14
and generates our decisions and actions.
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νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ³  ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•„λ§ˆ λ‡Œ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”
03:17
Maybe we could pinpoint the exact set of molecular changes that occur
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λΆ„μž λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ§šμ–΄λ‚Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
in a brain disorder.
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λΆ„μž κ°„ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ§šμ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” μˆœκ°„λΆ€ν„°
03:22
And once we know how those molecules have changed,
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즉, λΆ„μžμ˜ μˆ˜λŸ‰ λ³€ν™”λ‚˜ νŒ¨ν„΄ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³ λΆ€ν„°λŠ”
03:25
whether they've increased in number or changed in pattern,
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03:27
we could use those as targets for new drugs,
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그것을 ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ 신약을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κ³ 
03:30
for new ways of delivering energy into the brain
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λ‡Œμ— μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄μ–΄
λ‡Œ μ§ˆν™˜μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° κ³ ν†΅λ°›λŠ” μ΄λ“€μ˜
03:33
in order to repair the brain computations that are afflicted
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
in patients who suffer from brain disorders.
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03:39
We've all seen lots of different technologies over the last century
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μ§€λ‚œ ν•œ μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό λŒ€λ©΄ν•  κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ λ³΄μ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
to try to confront this.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ ν•œ λ²ˆμ―€μ€ MRI둜 찍힌
03:44
I think we've all seen brain scans
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λ‡Œ 사진을 λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
taken using MRI machines.
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03:48
These, of course, have the great power that they are noninvasive,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μ€ 큰 νž˜μ„ κ°–λŠ”λ°μš”.
μˆ˜μˆ μ—†μ΄ μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ 쓰일 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
they can be used on living human subjects.
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03:54
But also, they're spatially crude.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” κ³΅κ°„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Each of these blobs that you see, or voxels, as they're called,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 덩어리
'ν™”μ†Œ'듀은
03:59
can contain millions and millions of neurons.
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수백만 개의 λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ λ‹΄μ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
아직 μ •ν™•ν•œ λΆ„μž λ³€ν™”λ‚˜ μ—°κ²° ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°ν˜€ λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆκΈ°μ—
04:02
So it's not at the level of resolution
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04:04
where it can pinpoint the molecular changes that occur
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04:06
or the changes in the wiring of these networks
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜μ‹μ„ κ°–κ³  νž˜μžˆλŠ” 쑴재둜 μ‚¬λŠ” 원리 λ˜ν•œ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
that contributes to our ability to be conscious and powerful beings.
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04:13
At the other extreme, you have microscopes.
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ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
빛을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μž‘μ€ 것을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ€
04:17
Microscopes, of course, will use light to look at little tiny things.
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수 μ„ΈκΈ°λ™μ•ˆ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ λ“±μ˜ 관찰에 μ“°μ˜€κ³ 
04:20
For centuries, they've been used to look at things like bacteria.
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ€
04:23
For neuroscience,
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04:24
microscopes are actually how neurons were discovered in the first place,
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λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ 처음으둜 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œ μž₯λ³ΈμΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•½ 130μ—¬λ…„ μ „μ—μš”.
04:28
about 130 years ago.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ˜ λΉ›μ—λŠ” 근본적인 ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
But light is fundamentally limited.
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04:31
You can't see individual molecules with a regular old microscope.
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λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ°œλ³„ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ©°
λ―Έμ„Έν•œ μ—°κ²°κ³ λ¦¬λŠ” λ”λ”μš± λ³Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
You can't look at these tiny connections.
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04:37
So if we want to make our ability to see the brain more powerful,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‡Œλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 ν–₯μƒν•˜κ³ 
λ‡Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰와 진싀에 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
04:41
to get down to the ground truth structure,
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04:43
we're going to need to have even better technologies.
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λ”μš± μ§„λ³΄λœ 기술이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
My group, a couple years ago, started thinking:
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제 νŒ€μ€ λͺ‡ λ…„μ „ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
Why don't we do the opposite?
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'μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒ?'
04:51
If it's so darn complicated to zoom in to the brain,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•΄ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€λ©΄
04:53
why can't we make the brain bigger?
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μ™œ λ‡Œ 자체λ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
04:56
It initially started
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이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” 제 νŒ€μ— μ†ν•œ 두 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒ
04:57
with two grad students in my group, Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
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페이 μ²Έκ³Ό 폴 틸버그에 μ˜ν•΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ–΄
ν˜„μž¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ νŒ€μ›λ“€μ˜ 도움을 λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Now many others in my group are helping with this process.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” κΈ°μ €κ·€ μ†μ˜ μ„±λΆ„κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 쀑합체λ₯Ό
05:03
We decided to try to figure out if we could take polymers,
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05:05
like the stuff in the baby diaper,
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λ‡Œ 속에 물리적으둜 심을 κ³„νšμ„ μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
and install it physically within the brain.
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이 κ³„νšμ΄ μ„±κ³΅ν•˜κ³ 
05:09
If we could do it just right, and you add water,
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κ·Έ λ’€ 물을 κ°€ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 우리 λ‡Œλ₯Ό λΆ€ν’€λ €
05:11
you can potentially blow the brain up
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μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 식별할 만큼의 크기둜 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
to where you could distinguish those tiny biomolecules from each other.
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λ‡Œ 속 연결고리λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ 
05:17
You would see those connections and get maps of the brain.
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λ‡Œ 지도λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
This could potentially be quite dramatic.
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μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 극적인 μž₯면이죠.
μž‘μ€ μ‹œλ²”μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
We brought a little demo here.
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05:25
We got some purified baby diaper material.
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μ •ν™”λœ κΈ°μ €κ·€ μž¬λ£Œκ°€ 쑰금 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
μ΄λ•Œ 기저귀에 λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
05:28
It's much easier just to buy it off the Internet
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 성뢄을 μ œκ±°ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
05:30
than to extract the few grains that actually occur in these diapers.
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μΈν„°λ„·μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λŠ” 게 더 μ‰¬μšΈ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
05:33
I'm going to put just one teaspoon here
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이제 여기에 ν‹°μŠ€ν‘Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ μ •λ„μ˜
05:36
of this purified polymer.
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μ •ν™”λœ 쀑합체λ₯Ό κ°€ν•˜κ³ 
물을 λΆ€μœΌλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
And here we have some water.
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05:41
What we're going to do
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° ν•  일은
05:42
is see if this teaspoon of the baby diaper material
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이 ν•œ ν‹°μŠ€ν‘Όμ˜ κΈ°μ €κ·€ 성뢄이
05:45
can increase in size.
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컀질 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
You're going to see it increase in volume by about a thousandfold
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이 μ†Œμž¬μ˜ λΆ€ν”Όκ°€
천 λ°° κ°€λŸ‰ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 것을
05:52
before your very eyes.
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직접 보싀 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
I could pour much more of this in there,
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이걸 더 많이 λΆ€μ–΄ λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 벌써 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹  것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
but I think you've got the idea
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ν₯미둜운 λΆ„μžλΌλŠ” 것과
06:05
that this is a very, very interesting molecule,
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06:07
and if can use it in the right way,
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μ•Œλ§žκ²Œ 쓰일 경우
06:09
we might be able to really zoom in on the brain
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μ§€λ‚œ κΈ°μˆ λ‘œλŠ” ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
06:11
in a way that you can't do with past technologies.
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
자, 이제 μ•½κ°„μ˜ 화학을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
OK. So a little bit of chemistry now.
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κΈ°μ €κ·€ 쀑합체 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ κ³Όμ—° 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
06:17
What's going on in the baby diaper polymer?
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06:19
If you could zoom in,
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ν™•λŒ€ν•΄λ³΄λ©΄
06:21
it might look something like what you see on the screen.
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ν™”λ©΄κ³Ό 같은 μž₯면을 보싀 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ€‘ν•©μ²΄λž€ μ‚¬μŠ¬ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ›μžλ“€μ΄
06:24
Polymers are chains of atoms arranged in long, thin lines.
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κΈΈκ³  κ°€λŠ” μ€„λ‘œ λ°°μ—΄λœ 것을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:28
The chains are very tiny,
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각각의 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ€ 맀우 μž‘μ€λ°μš”.
생체 λΆ„μž ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ„ˆλΉ„μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
about the width of a biomolecule,
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06:31
and these polymers are really dense.
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μ€‘ν•©μ²΄μ˜ 밀도 λ˜ν•œ 맀우 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
They're separated by distances
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μ„œλ‘œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 생체 λΆ„μž ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 거리λ₯Ό 두고 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ 있죠.
06:35
that are around the size of a biomolecule.
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06:37
This is very good
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μ΄λŠ” κΈμ •μ μΈλ°μš”.
06:38
because we could potentially move everything apart in the brain.
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λ‡Œ 속 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ € 놓을 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
If we add water, what will happen is,
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μ΄λ•Œ 물을 κ°€ν•˜λ©΄
06:43
this swellable material is going to absorb the water,
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λΆ€ν’€μ–΄μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” μ†Œμž¬κ°€ 물을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³ 
μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ–¨μ–΄μ Έλ‚˜κ°€
06:46
the polymer chains will move apart from each other,
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μ†Œμž¬μ˜ λΆ€ν”Όκ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
and the entire material is going to become bigger.
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06:51
And because these chains are so tiny
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이 μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ΄ λ―Έμ„Έν•˜κ³ 
생체 λΆ„μž λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ ΈμžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
06:53
and spaced by biomolecular distances,
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06:55
we could potentially blow up the brain
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμ„ μ •λ„μ˜ 크기둜
06:57
and make it big enough to see.
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뢀풀릴 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
Here's the mystery, then:
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ‹ λΉ„λ‘œμš΄ 것은
07:01
How do we actually make these polymer chains inside the brain
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쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‡Œμ— μ‚½μž…ν•˜μ—¬
07:04
so we can move all the biomolecules apart?
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λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬μ‹œν‚¬ 것인가 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것을 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
07:07
If we could do that,
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κ°€μž₯ 근본적이고 μ§„μ‹€λœ λ‡Œ 지도λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
07:08
maybe we could get ground truth maps of the brain.
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07:10
We could look at the wiring.
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회둜 ꡬ쑰와 λ‚΄λΆ€μ˜ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
We can peer inside and see the molecules within.
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07:15
To explain this, we made some animations
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μ„€λͺ…을 μœ„ν•΄ μ• λ‹ˆλ©”μ΄μ…˜μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
07:18
where we actually look at, in these artist renderings,
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화가에 μ˜ν•΄ μ—°μΆœλœ κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
07:21
what biomolecules might look like and how we might separate them.
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 생체 λΆ„μžλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘은 λ¬Όλ‘ 
뢄리방법을 κ³ μ•ˆν•΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
Step one: what we'd have to do, first of all,
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κ°€μž₯ 처음 ν•΄μ•Όν•  일은
ν™”λ©΄ 속 κ°ˆμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘
07:27
is attach every biomolecule, shown in brown here,
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07:30
to a little anchor, a little handle.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 닻에 λ¬ΆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
We need to pull the molecules of the brain apart from each other,
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μš°μ„  λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
07:35
and to do that, we need to have a little handle
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쀑합체듀이 λΆ„μžμ™€ κ²°ν•©ν•˜κ³  νž˜μ„ λ°œνœ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν• 
07:38
that allows those polymers to bind to them
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07:40
and to exert their force.
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닻이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
Now, if you just take baby diaper polymer and dump it on the brain,
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κΈ°μ €κ·€ 쀑합체λ₯Ό λ°”λ‘œ λ‡Œμ— νˆ¬μž…ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
λ‡Œ ν‘œλ©΄μ— μ–Ήν˜€ 있게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
obviously, it's going to sit there on top.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 쀑합체듀이 μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
07:48
So we need to find a way to make the polymers inside.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 우리의 ν–‰μš΄μ„ μ‹€κ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
And this is where we're really lucky.
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07:52
It turns out, you can get the building blocks,
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μ•žμ„œ λ§ν–ˆλ˜ 'λͺ¨λ…Έλ¨Έ', 즉 λ‹¨μœ„μ²΄λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ•„
07:55
monomers, as they're called,
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λ‡Œ μ†μœΌλ‘œ μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
07:56
and if you let them go into the brain
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ν™”ν•™λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨λ‹€λ©΄
07:58
and then trigger the chemical reactions,
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λ‹¨μœ„μ²΄κ°€ λ‡Œ 쑰직 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
08:00
you can get them to form those long chains,
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μ‚¬μŠ¬ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 쑰직되게 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
right there inside the brain tissue.
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이 μ‚¬μŠ¬λ“€μ€ μƒμ²΄λΆ„μž μ£Όμœ„λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘ 
08:05
They're going to wind their way around biomolecules
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08:07
and between biomolecules,
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κ·Έ 사이에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€
08:08
forming those complex webs
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 그물ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“¦μœΌλ‘œμ¨
08:10
that will allow you, eventually, to pull apart the molecules
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μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ„œλ‘œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ € λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
from each other.
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08:14
And every time one of those little handles is around,
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또 μ•žμ„œ λ§ν•œ 닻이 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ 올 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
08:17
the polymer will bind to the handle, and that's exactly what we need
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μ€‘ν•©μ²΄λŠ” 닻에 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄
λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬μ‹œν‚€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
in order to pull the molecules apart from each other.
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08:23
All right, the moment of truth.
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자, 이제 진싀을 μ•„μ‹€ λ•Œκ°€ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
We have to treat this specimen
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이 ν‘œλ³Έμ€ 화학적 처리λ₯Ό 톡해
08:27
with a chemical to kind of loosen up all the molecules from each other,
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λΆ„μž κ°„ 연결이 λŠμŠ¨ν•΄μ§ˆ 것이고
물을 κ°€ν•  λ•Œ λΆ€ν’€μ–΄μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” μ†Œμž¬λŠ”
08:31
and then, when we add water,
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08:32
that swellable material is going to start absorbing the water,
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물을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
the polymer chains will move apart,
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쀑합체 μ‚¬μŠ¬μ€ λ©€μ–΄μ§ˆν…Œμ§€λ§Œ
μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ λ”°λΌμ˜€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
but now, the biomolecules will come along for the ride.
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08:40
And much like drawing a picture on a balloon,
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그리고 풍선에 그림을 그리고
08:42
and then you blow up the balloon,
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풍선을 뢀풀릴 λ•Œμ²˜λŸΌ
μ΄λ―Έμ§€λŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ‚¨κ²Œ λ˜μ§€λ§Œ
08:44
the image is the same,
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μž‰ν¬ μž…μžλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
but the ink particles have moved away from each other.
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 3μ°¨μ›μ˜ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ ν•΄λ‚Έ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
And that's what we've been able to do now, but in three dimensions.
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08:51
There's one last trick.
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이제 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 단계가 λ‚¨μ•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
08:53
As you can see here,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 보싀 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
08:54
we've color-coded all the biomolecules brown.
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μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ κ°ˆμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ μΉ ν•΄μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
That's because they all kind of look the same.
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이듀이 λͺ¨λ‘ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ 생겼기 λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈλ°μš”.
λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ λ™μΌν•œ μ›μžλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ§€λ§Œ
08:59
Biomolecules are made out of the same atoms,
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09:01
but just in different orders.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡬ쑰둜 λ°°μ—΄λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
So we need one last thing
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λΆ„μžκ°€ 잘 보이게 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν•œ 단계가 더 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
in order to make them visible.
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09:06
We have to bring in little tags,
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빛이 λ‚˜λŠ” μ—Όμƒ‰μ•½μœΌλ‘œ 칠해진
09:08
with glowing dyes that will distinguish them.
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κΌ¬λ¦¬ν‘œλ₯Ό λΆ€μ°©ν•΄ κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
So one kind of biomolecule might get a blue color.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλŠ” νŒŒλž€μƒ‰
또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜λŠ” 빨간색
09:14
Another kind of biomolecule might get a red color.
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09:16
And so forth.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œμš”.
09:17
And that's the final step.
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν•œ λ‹¨κ³„μΈλ°μš”.
09:19
Now we can look at something like a brain
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ‡Œλ₯Ό 보고
09:21
and look at the individual molecules,
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λ‚±κ°œμ˜ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
because we've moved them far apart enough from each other
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λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ ꡬ뢄이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•  만큼
λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ € λ†“μ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:26
that we can tell them apart.
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09:27
So the hope here is that we can make the invisible visible.
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제 μ†Œλ§μ€ λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것을 보이게 ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
We can turn things that might seem small and obscure
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μž‘κ³  μ• λ§€ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것을 ν™•λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬
09:33
and blow them up
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생λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ›μ²œμ΄ 되게 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
until they're like constellations of information about life.
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09:37
Here's an actual video of what it might look like.
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μ‹€μ œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 담은 μ˜μƒμ„ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
μž‘μ€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ ‘μ‹œμ— μ–Ήκ³ 
09:40
We have here a little brain in a dish --
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09:42
a little piece of a brain, actually.
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사싀, λ‡Œμ˜ μž‘μ€ μ‘°κ°μΈλ°μš”.
09:44
We've infused the polymer in,
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쀑합체λ₯Ό μΉ¨νˆ¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 단계λ₯Ό μ§€λ‚˜
09:45
and now we're adding water.
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물을 κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 단계에 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
What you'll see is that, right before your eyes --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이제 두 눈으둜
09:49
this video is sped up about sixtyfold --
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60λ°°μ†μ˜ 이 μ˜μƒ μ†μ—μ„œ
09:51
this little piece of brain tissue is going to grow.
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λ‡Œ 쑰직이 μ»€μ§€λŠ” 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
It can increase by a hundredfold or even more in volume.
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λΆ€ν”Όκ°€ 100λ°° 이상 ν™•λŒ€λ˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
09:57
And the cool part is, because those polymers are so tiny,
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μ£Όλͺ©ν• λ§Œν•œ 점은
쀑합체듀이 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μž‘κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
10:00
we're separating biomolecules evenly from each other.
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μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μΌμ •ν•œ 거리λ₯Ό 두고 λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
It's a smooth expansion.
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λ§€λ„λŸ¬μš΄ ν™•μž₯이죠.
10:04
We're not losing the configuration of the information.
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ •λ³΄λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μœ μ‹€λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 채
10:07
We're just making it easier to see.
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크기만 컀져 관찰이 μš©μ΄ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
So now we can take actual brain circuitry --
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이제 μ‹€μ œ λ‡Œμ˜ 회둜λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:13
here's a piece of the brain involved with, for example, memory --
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 기얡에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œ 쑰직이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
10:16
and we can zoom in.
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λ°”λ‘œ ν™•λŒ€κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
10:17
We can start to actually look at how circuits are configured.
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ‹€μ œ 회둜의 ꡬ성을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
Maybe someday we could read out a memory.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ 기얡을 읽을 수 μžˆλŠ” 날도 였겠죠.
10:22
Maybe we could actually look at how circuits are configured
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또 μ•„λ§ˆ λ‡Œμ˜ νšŒλ‘œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
감정을 λŠλΌλ„λ‘ λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ”μ§€
10:25
to process emotions,
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10:26
how the actual wiring of our brain is organized
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각각의 회둜 연결이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
10:29
in order to make us who we are.
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우리 μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μš”.
10:32
And of course, we can pinpoint, hopefully,
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또 ν•œ 가지 희망사항은
λΆ„μžλ‹¨μœ„μ˜ λ‡Œ 문제λ₯Ό μ§šμ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
the actual problems in the brain at a molecular level.
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10:37
What if we could actually look into cells in the brain
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ‹€μ œ λ‡Œμ„Έν¬λ₯Ό λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”.
10:40
and figure out, wow, here are the 17 molecules that have altered
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'μ—¬κΈ° 이 17개의 λΆ„μžκ°€ λ‡Œμ‘°μ§μ˜ 뢀정적 λ³€ν™”
10:43
in this brain tissue that has been undergoing epilepsy
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κ°„μ§ˆμ΄λ‚˜ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ 등에
10:46
or changing in Parkinson's disease
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κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄" 와 같은 정보λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄μš”.
10:48
or otherwise being altered?
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λ‡Œ λ‚΄λΆ€μ—μ„œ μ˜€μž‘λ™ν•œ κ΅¬μ‘°λ“€μ˜
10:50
If we get that systematic list of things that are going wrong,
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λͺ©λ‘μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
치료의 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•„
10:53
those become our therapeutic targets.
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μ•Œλ§žμ€ 약을 μ‘°μ œν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이고
10:55
We can build drugs that bind those.
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λ‡Œμ˜ 각 뢀뢄에 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ‘°μ€€ν•˜μ—¬
10:57
We can maybe aim energy at different parts of the brain
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10:59
in order to help people with Parkinson's or epilepsy
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νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ΄λ‚˜ κ°„μ§ˆμ²˜λŸΌ
11:02
or other conditions that affect over a billion people
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전세계 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”
11:04
around the world.
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μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ 밝힐 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
우리 μ£Όμœ„μ—λŠ” ν₯미둜운 일듀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
Now, something interesting has been happening.
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11:09
It turns out that throughout biomedicine,
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ν™•λŒ€μ˜ 방식이 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆμ„
11:12
there are other problems that expansion might help with.
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μƒλ¬Όμ˜μ•½μ  λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 것이죠.
11:14
This is an actual biopsy from a human breast cancer patient.
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μ΄λŠ” μ‹€μ œ μœ λ°©μ•” ν™˜μžμ˜ 생체검사 κ²°κ³Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ„μΆœλœ κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
11:18
It turns out that if you look at cancers,
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암세포듀을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
11:20
if you look at the immune system,
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λ©΄μ—­μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ
λ…Έν™”, λ°œλ‹¬ 등을 λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
11:22
if you look at aging, if you look at development --
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11:24
all these processes are involving large-scale biological systems.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  과정듀은
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μƒμ²΄μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— 속해 μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ—λ„
11:29
But of course, the problems begin with those little nanoscale molecules,
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λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ μž‘μ€ λ‚˜λ…Έ 규λͺ¨μ˜ λΆ„μžλ“€
11:33
the machines that make the cells and the organs in our body tick.
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인체의 세포와 기관을 μž‘λ™μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ†ŒκΈ°κ³„λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
So what we're trying to do now is to figure out
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은
11:39
if we can actually use this technology to map the building blocks of life
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 기술둜 생λͺ…μ˜ λ‹¨μœ„μ²΄λ₯Ό μ§€λ„ν™”ν•˜μ—¬
μΉ˜λ£Œμ— μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
in a wide variety of diseases.
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11:44
Can we actually pinpoint the molecular changes in a tumor
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쒅양이 λ°œμƒν•  λ•Œμ˜ λΆ„μž λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ§šμ–΄λ‚΄μ–΄
11:47
so that we can actually go after it in a smart way
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보닀 효과적으둜 쒅양을 μ«“κ³ 
μ œκ±°ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ„Έν¬λ§Œ μ œκ±°ν•  약을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:50
and deliver drugs that might wipe out exactly the cells that we want to?
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약을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ³Όμ •μ—λŠ”
11:54
You know, a lot of medicine is very high risk.
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큰 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ λ”°λ₯΄κ³ 
11:56
Sometimes, it's even guesswork.
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가끔은 좔리λ ₯이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
My hope is we can actually turn what might be a high-risk moon shot
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제 μ†Œμ›μ€
이처럼 μ—¬νƒœκ» 큰 μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°–λ˜ λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό
12:02
into something that's more reliable.
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보닀 μ˜μ§€ν•  λ§Œν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
If you think about the original moon shot,
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μ‹€μ œ 달 μ°©λ₯™
즉, 달에 λ„μ°©ν•œ 과정을 μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄
12:06
where they actually landed on the moon,
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λͺ¨λ“  과정이 과학을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
it was based on solid science.
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12:09
We understood gravity;
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쀑λ ₯을 μ΄ν•΄ν–ˆκ³ 
곡기역학을 ν„°λ“ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
12:11
we understood aerodynamics.
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12:12
We knew how to build rockets.
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λ‘œμΌ“μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
과학적 μœ„ν—˜μ€ ν†΅μ œ λ²”μœ„μ— μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
12:14
The science risk was under control.
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12:16
It was still a great, great feat of engineering.
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곡학 역사에 길이 남을 μœ„μ—…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
But in medicine, we don't necessarily have all the laws.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜ν•™μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
그만큼의 정보가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
Do we have all the laws that are analogous to gravity,
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쀑λ ₯에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 법칙이 μ—†κ³ 
곡기역학과 λΉ„λ“±ν•˜κ²Œ 쓰일 정보가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:25
that are analogous to aerodynamics?
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12:27
I would argue that with technologies
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μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ 였늘 μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•œ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ΄
12:29
like the kinds I'm talking about today,
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μ˜ν•™μ˜ ν•„μˆ˜ 정보λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•΄λ‚΄λ¦¬λΌ λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:31
maybe we can actually derive those.
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μƒλ¬Όμ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ 기둝해
12:33
We can map the patterns that occur in living systems,
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12:35
and figure out how to overcome the diseases that plague us.
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우리λ₯Ό κ΄΄λ‘­ν˜€μ˜¨ μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ„
이겨낼 방법을 찾을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
You know, my wife and I have two young kids,
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제 아내와 μ €λŠ” 두 λͺ…μ˜ μžλ…€κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°
12:43
and one of my hopes as a bioengineer is to make life better for them
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생λͺ…κ³΅ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ μ €μ˜ κΏˆμ€
κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν˜„μž¬ 우리의 삢보닀
12:46
than it currently is for us.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ 삢을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
And my hope is, if we can turn biology and medicine
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제 μ†Œλ§μ€, 생물학과 μ˜ν•™μ΄ 더 이상
12:52
from these high-risk endeavors that are governed by chance and luck,
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운과 κΈ°νšŒμ— μ˜ν•΄ μ’Œμ§€μš°μ§€λ˜λŠ” λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ
12:56
and make them things that we win by skill and hard work,
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μ‹€λ ₯κ³Ό λ…Έλ ₯으둜 성곡을 μ΄λ€„λ‚΄λŠ” λΆ„μ•Όλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
then that would be a great advance.
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κ·Έκ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ 큰 λ°œμ „μ΄ 되리라고 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
Thank you very much.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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