Jacqueline Novogratz: Investing in Africa's own solutions

Prevodilac: Sandra Gojic Lektor: Ivana Korom

I want to start with a story, a la Seth Godin,

Želim da počnem sa pričom, a la Set Godin,

from when I was 12 years old.

iz perioda kada sam imala 12 godina.

My uncle Ed gave me a beautiful blue sweater --

Moj ujak Ed mi je poklonio prelepi plavi džemper -

at least I thought it was beautiful.

bar sam mislila da je bio lep.

And it had fuzzy zebras walking across the stomach,

I imao je čupave zebre preko stomaka,

and Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru were kind of

i planina Kilimandžaro i Mont Meru su bile

right across the chest, that were also fuzzy.

tačno preko grudi i isto bile čupave.

And I wore it whenever I could,

I nosila sam ga kad god sam mogla,

thinking it was the most fabulous thing I owned.

misleći da je to najveličanstvenija stvar koju posedujem.

Until one day in ninth grade,

Sve do jednog dana u prvom razredu srednje škole,

when I was standing with a number of the football players.

kada sam stajala sa nekim fudbalerima.

And my body had clearly changed, and Matt,

I moje telo se očigledno promenilo, a Mat Musolina,

who was undeniably my nemesis in high school,

koji je neosporno bio moj neprijatelj u srednjoj školi,

said in a booming voice that

rekao je gromkim glasom da

we no longer had to go far away to go on ski trips,

više ne moramo da putujemo daleko na skijanje,

but we could all ski on Mount Novogratz.

već da svi možemo da skijamo na planini Novograc.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

And I was so humiliated and mortified

I bila sam toliko ponižena i osramoćena

that I immediately ran home to my mother and chastised her

da sam istog trena otrčala kući kod mame i napala je

for ever letting me wear the hideous sweater.

zbog toga što mi je ikada dozvolila da nosim taj odvratan džemper.

We drove to the Goodwill and we threw the sweater away

Odvezli smo se do "Gudvila" i bacile džemper

somewhat ceremoniously,

pomalo svečano,

my idea being that I would never have to think about the sweater

sa idejom da više nikada neću morati o njemu da razmišljam

nor see it ever again.

ili da ga vidim.

Fast forward -- 11 years later, I'm a 25-year-old kid.

Da ubrzam - 11 godina kasnije, ja sam dvadesetpetogodišnje dete.

I'm working in Kigali, Rwanda, jogging through the steep slopes,

Radim u Kigaliju, Ruanda, trčim kroz strme padine,

when I see, 10 feet in front of me, a little boy -- 11 years old --

kada ugledam, na nekih 10 metara od mene, malog dečaka - 11 godina -

running toward me, wearing my sweater.

koji trči prema meni, noseći moj džemper.

And I'm thinking, no, this is not possible.

I mislim, ne, ovo nije moguće.

But so, curious, I run up to the child -- of course

Ali tako radoznala, otrčala sam do deteta - naravno

scaring the living bejesus out of him --

uplašila sam boga oca u njemu -

grab him by the collar, turn it over, and there is my name

zgrabila sam ga za kragnu, okrenula je i tamo je bilo moje ime,

written on the collar of this sweater.

napisano na kragni džempera.

I tell that story, because it has served and continues to serve

Pričam ovu priču, jer meni predstavlja metaforu

as a metaphor to me about the level of connectedness

za nivo povezanosti koji svi na Zemlji imamo,

that we all have on this Earth.

i tome mi i dalje služi.

We so often don't realize what our action and our inaction

Mi često ne shvatamo šta naše akcije ili ne-akcije

does to people we think we will never see and never know.

čine ljudima za koje mislimo da nikada nećemo videti ili znati.

I also tell it because it tells a larger contextual story

Takođe je pričam jer govori o većoj obuhvatnoj priči

of what aid is and can be.

o tome šta pomoć jeste i šta može biti.

That this traveled into the Goodwill in Virginia,

Da je ovo putovalo od "Gudvila" u Virdžiniji

and moved its way into the larger industry,

i našlo svoj put do veće industrije,

which at that point was giving millions of tons of secondhand clothing to Africa and Asia.

koja je u tom trenutku davala milione tona upotrebljavane odeće Africi i Aziji.

Which was a very good thing, providing low cost clothing.

Što je odlična stvar, obezbediti odeću po niskoj ceni.

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda,

U isto vreme, zasigurno je u Ruandi

it destroyed the local retailing industry.

uništilo lokalnu maloprodajnu proizvodnju.

Not to say that it shouldn't have,

Ne kažem da nije trebalo,

but that we have to get better at answering the questions

već da moramo da budemo bolji u nalaženju odgovora na pitanja

that need to be considered when we think about consequences

koja treba da razmotrimo kada razmišljamo o posledicama

and responses.

i odgovorima.

So, I'm going to stick in Rwanda, circa 1985, 1986,

Dakle, zadržaću se na Ruandi, negde oko 1985 - 86.,

where I was doing two things.

gde sam radila dve stvari.

I had started a bakery with 20 unwed mothers.

Otvorila sam pekaru sa 20 neudatih majki.

We were called the "Bad News Bears," and our notion was

Zvale smo se "Medvedi Loših Vesti", a naša ideja je bila

we were going to corner the snack food business in Kigali,

da osvojimo tržište poslom sa pecivom u Kigaliju,

which was not hard because there were no snacks before us.

što nije bilo teško, jer pre nas to uopšte nije postojalo.

And because we had a good business model, we actually did it,

I zato što smo imale dobar biznis model, i uspele smo u tome

and I watched these women transform on a micro-level.

i posmatrala sam ove žene kako se menjaju na mikro nivou.

But at the same time, I started a micro-finance bank,

Ali u isto vreme, otvorila sam banku za mikro finansiranje,

and tomorrow Iqbal Quadir is going to talk about Grameen,

a sutra će o "Graminu" da govori Ikbal Kadir,

which is the grandfather of all micro-finance banks,

koji je rodonačelnik svih banaka za mikro finansiranje,

which now is a worldwide movement -- you talk about a meme --

što sada predstavlja svetski pokret - govoreći o idejama -

but then it was quite new, especially in an economy

ali tada je to bio novitet, naročito u našoj ekonomiji

that was moving from barter into trade.

koja se kretala od razmene ka trgovini.

We got a lot of things right.

Mnoge stvari smo dobro uradili.

We focused on a business model; we insisted on skin in the game.

Usmerile smo se na biznis model i zahtevale da se predamo poslu.

The women made their own decisions at the end of the day

Na kraju dana, žene su same donosile odluke

as to how they would use this access to credit

o tome kako će iskoristiti ovaj pristup kapitalu

to build their little businesses, earn more income

za izgradnju malih biznisa, zaraditi više,

so they could take care of their families better.

kako bi mogle bolje da se brinu o svojim porodicama.

What we didn't understand, what was happening all around us,

Ono što nismo razumele, ono što se dešavalo svuda oko nas,

with the confluence of fear, ethnic strife

pomešane emocije straha, etnički sukobi,

and certainly an aid game, if you will, that was playing into

i igre oko pomoći, koja se vodila u

this invisible but certainly palpable movement inside Rwanda,

ovom nevidljivom ali opipljivom pokretu unutar Ruande,

that at that time, 30 percent of the budget was all foreign aid.

u kojoj je u tom trenutku 30 posto budžeta predstavljalo stranu pomoć.

The genocide happened in 1994,

Genocid se dogodio 1994.,

seven years after these women all worked together

sedam godina pošto su sve ove žene radile zajedno

to build this dream.

na izgradnji ovog sna.

And the good news was that the institution,

A dobra vest je da je institucija,

the banking institution, lasted.

institucija banke trajala.

In fact, it became the largest rehabilitation lender in the country.

Ustvari, postala je najveći zajmodavac za oporavak u zemlji.

The bakery was completely wiped out,

Pekara je bila potpuno zbrisana,

but the lessons for me were that accountability counts --

ali ono što sam naučila je da je odgovornost važna -

got to build things with people on the ground,

morate da gradite stvari uz pomoć ljudi na terenu,

using business models where, as Steven Levitt would say,

koristeći modele poslovanja u kojima, kao što bi Stiven Levit rekao,

the incentives matter.

je motivacija važna.

Understand, however complex we may be, incentives matter.

Razumite, koliko god kompleksni da smo, podsticaj je bitan.

So when Chris raised to me how wonderful everything

I kada mi je Kris pomenuo kako je sve što se

that was happening in the world,

u svetu dešava divno,

that we were seeing a shift in zeitgeist,

da vidimo promenu duha vremena,

on the one hand I absolutely agree with him,

sa jedne strane se potpuno slažem,

and I was so thrilled to see what happened with the G8 --

i bila sam oduševljena da vidim šta se dešava sa G8 -

that the world, because of people like Tony Blair and Bono

da svet, zbog ljudi poput Tonija Blera i Bonoa

and Bob Geldof -- the world is talking about global poverty;

i Boba Geldofa - svet govori o globalnom siromaštvu,

the world is talking about Africa

svet govori o Africi

in ways I have never seen in my life.

na načine koji nikada ranije u svom životu nisam videla.

It's thrilling.

To je sjajno.

And at the same time, what keeps me up at night

Ali opet, ono što me drži budnom noću

is a fear that we'll look at the victories of the G8 --

jeste strah da ćemo gledati na uspehe G8 grupe -

50 billion dollars in increased aid to Africa,

50 milijardi dolara sakupljene pomoći za Afriku,

40 billion in reduced debt -- as the victory,

40 milijardi dolara smanjenog duga - kao na pobedu,

as more than chapter one, as our moral absolution.

kao na više od prvog poglavlja, kao naše moralno oslobođenje.

And in fact, what we need to do is see that as chapter one,

A zapravo, trebalo bi da vidimo to kao prvo poglavlje

celebrate it, close it, and recognize that we need a chapter two

slavimo ga, zatvorimo i prepoznamo da nam je potrebno poglavlje broj dva

that is all about execution, all about the how-to.

koje je o delanju - o tome "kako da".

And if you remember one thing from what I want to talk about today,

I ako zapamtite samo jednu stvar iz ovoga što vam danas pričam,

it's that the only way to end poverty, to make it history,

zapamtite da jedini način da se okonča siromaštvo, da pređe u istoriju

is to build viable systems on the ground

jeste izgradnja održivih sistema na terenu

that deliver critical and affordable goods and services to the poor,

koji donose ključna i pristupačna dobra i usluge siromašnima,

in ways that are financially sustainable and scaleable.

na načine koji su finansijski održivi i merljivi.

If we do that, we really can make poverty history.

Ako to uradimo, zaista možemo učiniti da siromaštvo bude prošlost.

And it was that -- that whole philosophy --

I to je bilo ono - čitava ta filozofija -

that encouraged me to start my current endeavor

što me je podstaklo da započnem svoj trenutni poduhvat

called "Acumen Fund,"

nazvan "Akumen Fond",

which is trying to build some mini-blueprints

koji pokušava da napravi neke nacrte

for how we might do that in water, health and housing

koje bismo mogli primeniti na vodu, zdravstvo i stanovanje

in Pakistan, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Egypt.

u Pakistanu, Indiji, Keniji, Tanzaniji i Egiptu.

And I want to talk a little bit about that, and some of the examples,

I želim da malo više govorim o tome i da vam predstavim neke primere

so you can see what it is that we're doing.

da vidite šta je to čime se bavimo.

But before I do this -- and this is another one of my pet peeves --

Ali pre nego što to učinim - ovo je nešto oko čega stalno džangrizam -

I want to talk a little bit about who the poor are.

želim da vam govorim još malo o tome ko su siromašni.

Because we too often talk about them as these

Zato što previše često o njima govorimo kao o

strong, huge masses of people yearning to be free,

jakim, velikim masama ljudi koji čeznu da budu slobodni,

when in fact, it's quite an amazing story.

a ustvari je njihova priča vrlo zanimljiva.

On a macro level, four billion people on Earth make less than four dollars a day.

Na makro nivou, četiri milijarde ljudi na Zemlji zarađuje manje od četiri dolara na dan.

That's who we talk about when we think about "the poor."

O njima govorimo kada mislimo na siromašne.

If you aggregate it, it's the third largest economy on Earth,

Ako saberete, to je treća najveća ekonomija na svetu,

and yet most of these people go invisible.

a opet, većina ovih ljudi je nevidljiva.

Where we typically work, there's people making between

Tamo gde obično radimo, ljudi zarađuju između

one and three dollars a day.

jednog i tri dolara na dan.

Who are these people?

Ko su ovi ljudi?

They are farmers and factory workers.

To su seljaci i fabrički radnici.

They work in government offices. They're drivers.

Rade u vladinim kancelarijama. Vozači su.

They are domestics.

Oni su domaći.

They typically pay for critical goods and services like water,

Oni obično plaćaju za osnovna dobra i usluge poput vode,

like healthcare, like housing, and they pay 30 to 40 times

zdravstva, stanovanja, a plaćaju 30 do 40 puta

what their middleclass counterparts pay --

više nego što njihove kolege iz srednje klase plate -

certainly where we work in Karachi and Nairobi.

zasigurno u mesitma u kojima radimo, Karačiju i Najrobiju.

The poor also are willing to make, and do make, smart decisions,

I siromašni su voljni da donose pametne odluke, a to i rade,

if you give them that opportunity.

ako im date priliku.

So, two examples.

Dakle, dva primera.

One is in India, where there are 240 million farmers,

Jedan je iz Indije, gde postoji 240 miliona seljaka,

most of whom make less than two dollars a day.

većina od njih zarađuje manje od dva dolara dnevno.

Where we work in Aurangabad, the land is extraordinarily parched.

Tamo gde radimo u Urangbadu, zemlja je neverovatno suva.

You see people on average making 60 cents to a dollar.

Vidite ljude koji prosečno zarađuju 60 centi do dolara.

This guy in pink is a social entrepreneur named Ami Tabar.

Ovaj momak u rozom je društveni preduzentik Ami Tabar.

What he did was see what was happening in Israel, larger approaches,

On je video šta se dešava u Izraelu, uzeo je veći pristup,

and figure out how to do a drip irrigation,

i osmislio kako da napravi sistem za navodanjavanje - kap po kap,

which is a way of bringing water directly to the plant stock.

što je način donošenja vode direktno do rasada.

But previously it's only been created for large-scale farms,

Ali do tada je to bilo osmišljeno samo za velike farme,

so Ami Tabar took this and modularized it down to an eighth of an acre.

pa je Ami Tabar modifikovao ovo na 500m kvadratnih.

A couple of principles:

Nekoliko principa -

build small.

Gradite malo.

Make it infinitely expandable and affordable to the poor.

Da može beskonačno da se širi i da bude pristupačno siromašnima.

This family, Sarita and her husband, bought a 15-dollar unit

Ova porodica, Sarita i njen muž, kupili su spravu za 15 dolara

when they were living in a -- literally a three-walled lean-to

kada su živeli - ali bukvalno u sobi od tri zida

with a corrugated iron roof.

sa krovom od talasastog gvožđa.

After one harvest, they had increased their income enough

Posle jedne žetve, povećali su svoj dohodak dovoljno

to buy a second system to do their full quarter-acre.

da kupe još jedan sistem za čitavo imanje kvadratnog kilometra.

A couple of years later, I meet them.

Nekoliko godina kasnije, srela sam ih.

They now make four dollars a day, which is pretty much middle class for India,

Oni sada zarađuju četiri dolara na dan, što je skoro srednja klasa u Indiji,

and they showed me the concrete foundation they had just laid

i pokazali su mi osnovu od betona koju su tek postavili

to build their house.

za izgradnju svoje kuće.

And I swear, you could see the future in that woman's eyes.

I kunem se, mogli ste da vidite budućnost u očima te žene.

Something I truly believe.

Nešto u šta potpuno verujem.

You can't talk about poverty today without talking about malaria bed nets,

Ne možete govoriti o siromaštvu danas, a da ne govorite o mrežama za krevet protiv malarije,

and I again give Jeffrey Sachs of Harvard

i još jednom čestitam Džefriju Saksu sa Harvarda

huge kudos for bringing to the world

što je svetu približio

this notion of his rage -- for five dollars you can save a life.

svoju strast - za pet dolara možete da spasite život.

Malaria is a disease that kills one to three million people a year.

Malarija je bolest koja ubija od jednog do tri miliona ljudi godišnje.

300 to 500 million cases are reported.

300 do 500 miliona slučajeva se prijavi.

It's estimated that Africa loses

Procenjeno je da Afrika gubi

about 13 billion dollars a year to the disease.

oko 13 milijardi dolara godišnje na ovu bolest.

Five dollars can save a life.

Pet dolara može da spasi život.

We can send people to the moon; we can see if there's life on Mars --

Možemo da šaljemo ljude na mesec, možemo da vidimo da li ima života na Marsu -

why can't we get five-dollar nets to 500 million people?

zašto ne možemo da damo mreže od pet dolara za 500 miliona ljudi?

The question, though, is not "Why can't we?"

Doduše, pitanje nije zašto ne možemo,

The question is how can we help Africans do this for themselves?

pitanje je kako možemo pomoći Afrikancima da to učine sami za sebe?

A lot of hurdles.

Ima puno prepreka.

One: production is too low. Two: price is too high.

Jedan: proizvodnja je jako niska. Dva: cena je previsoka.

Three: this is a good road in -- right near where our factory is located.

Tri: ovo je dobar put za ulazak - odmah pored naše fabrike.

Distribution is a nightmare, but not impossible.

Distribucija je noćna mora, ali nije nemoguća.

We started by making a 350,000-dollar loan

Počeli smo sa pozajmicom od 350 000 dolara

to the largest traditional bed net manufacturer in Africa

koje smo dali najvećem proizvođaču tradicionalnih mreža za krevet, u Africi,

so that they could transfer technology from Japan

kako bi mogli da prenesu tehnologiju iz Japana

and build these long-lasting, five-year nets.

i mogli da prave dugotrajne, mreže od pet dolara.

Here are just some pictures of the factory.

Ovo su neke od slika fabrike.

Today, three years later, the company has employed

Danas, tri godine kasnije, kompanija je zaposlila

another thousand women.

još hiljadu žena.

It contributes about 600,000 dollars in wages to the economy of Tanzania.

Ekonomiji Tanzanije doprinosi sa oko 600 000 dolara u platama.

It's the largest company in Tanzania.

To je najveća kompanija u Tanzaniji.

The throughput rate right now is 1.5 million nets,

Proizvodna stopa u ovom momentu je 1, 5 miliona mreža,

three million by the end of the year.

tri miliona do kraja godine.

We hope to have seven million at the end of next year.

Nadamo se da ćemo imati sedam miliona na kraju sledeće godine.

So the production side is working.

Dakle, proizvodna strana radi.

On the distribution side, though,

Sa strane distribucije, ipak,

as a world, we have a lot of work to do.

kao svet, moramo mnogo da radimo.

Right now, 95 percent of these nets are being bought by the U.N.,

Trenutno, 95 posto ovih mreža kupuju UN,

and then given primarily to people around Africa.

a onda ih poklanjaju prvenstveno ljudima u Africi.

We're looking at building

Gledamo da gradimo

on some of the most precious resources of Africa: people.

na jednom od najvrednijih resursa u Africi - ljudima.

Their women.

Njihovim ženama.

And so I want you to meet Jacqueline,

Tako da želim da upoznate Žaklin,

my namesake, 21 years old.

moju imenjakinju, koja ima 21 godinu.

If she were born anywhere else but Tanzania,

Da je rođena bilo gde drugde osim u Tanzaniji,

I'm telling you, she could run Wall Street.

kažem vam, mogla bi da upravlja Vol Stritom.

She runs two of the lines, and has already saved enough money

Upravlja dvema proizvodnim linijama i već je uštedela dovoljno novca

to put a down payment on her house.

da uplati učešće za svoju kuću.

She makes about two dollars a day, is creating an education fund,

Zarađuje oko dva dolara dnevno, otvara edukativni fond,

and told me she is not marrying nor having children

i rekla mi je da se neće udavati ili imati decu

until these things are completed.

dok ne završi ove stvari.

And so, when I told her about our idea --

I tako, kada sam joj rekla za našu ideju -

that maybe we could take a Tupperware model from the United States,

da možda možemo da uzmemo "Taperver" model iz Amerike

and find a way for the women themselves to go out

i nađemo način da žene same

and sell these nets to others --

prodaju ove mreže drugima -

she quickly started calculating what she herself could make

brzo je počela da računa šta bi ona sama mogla da napravi

and signed up.

i prijavila se.

We took a lesson from IDEO, one of our favorite companies,

Naučili smo lekciju od "IDEO"-a, jedne od naših omiljenih kompanija,

and quickly did a prototyping on this,

brzo napravili prototip ovoga

and took Jacqueline into the area where she lives.

i odveli Žaklin u oblast u kojoj živi.

She brought 10 of the women with whom she interacts

Dovela je 10 žena sa kojima komunicira

together to see if she could sell these nets, five dollars apiece,

da vide da li mogu da prodaju ove mreže, za pet dolara za komad,

despite the fact that people say nobody will buy one,

uprkos činjenici da niko to neće kupiti, prema rečima drugih,

and we learned a lot about how you sell things.

i naučili smo mnogo o tome kako se prodaju stvari.

Not coming in with our own notions,

Ne dolaziti da sopstvenim idejama,

because she didn't even talk about malaria until the very end.

jer ona čak nije ni pričala o malariji sve do samog kraja.

First, she talked about comfort, status, beauty.

Prvo je pričala o komforu, statusu, lepoti.

These nets, she said, you put them on the floor, bugs leave your house.

Ove mreže, rekla je, stavite ih na pod, bube napuste vašu kuću.

Children can sleep through the night;

Deca mogu da prespavaju noć,

the house looks beautiful; you hang them in the window.

kuća izgleda lepo, okačite ih na prozor.

And we've started making curtains,

I počeli smo da pravimo zavese,

and not only is it beautiful, but people can see status --

i ne samo da je lepo, već ljudi mogu da vide status -

that you care about your children.

da vi brinete o svojoj deci.

Only then did she talk about saving your children's lives.

Tek onda je pričala o spašavanju dečijih života.

A lot of lessons to be learned in terms of how we sell

Mnogo lekcija treba naučiti o tome kako prodavati

goods and services to the poor.

stvari i usluge siromašnima.

I want to end just by saying that there's enormous opportunity

Želim da završim time da postoji ogromna prilika

to make poverty history.

da siromaštvo postane prošlost.

To do it right, we have to build business models that matter,

Da bi se to uradilo kako treba, moramo da gradimo biznis modele koji su važni,

that are scaleable and that work with Africans, Indians,

koji su merljivi i koji mogu da se primene na Afrikance, Indijce,

people all over the developing world

ljude širom zemalja u razvoju

who fit in this category, to do it themselves.

koji odgovaraju ovoj kategoriji, koje oni mogu sami da primene.

Because at the end of the day, it's about engagement.

Jer, na kraju krajeva, radi se o angažovanju.

It's about understanding that people really don't want handouts,

Radi se o razumevanju da ljudi ne žele donacije,

that they want to make their own decisions;

žele da sami donose odluke,

they want to solve their own problems;

žele sami da reše svoje probleme,

and that by engaging with them,

a time što se angažujemo sa njima,

not only do we create much more dignity for them,

ne samo da im podižemo dostojanstvo,

but for us as well.

već to činimo i sebi.

And so I urge all of you to think next time

I tako vas pozivam da sledeći put razmislite

as to how to engage with this notion and this opportunity

o tome kako da se povežete sa ovom idejom i ovom prilikom

that we all have -- to make poverty history --

koju svi imamo - da siromaštvo postane prošlost -

by really becoming part of the process

tako što ćete postati deo tog procesa

and moving away from an us-and-them world,

i tako što ćete se pomeriti od mi-i-oni sveta

and realizing that it's about all of us,

i shvatiti da se zapravo radi o svima nama,

and the kind of world that we, together, want to live in and share.

i svetu u kojem svi zajedno želimo da živimo i delimo.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(aplauz)