Jacqueline Novogratz: Investing in Africa's own solutions

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Katarina Smetko

I want to start with a story, a la Seth Godin,

Želim početi s pričom u stilu Setha Godina,

from when I was 12 years old.

iz vremena kad sam imala 12 godina.

My uncle Ed gave me a beautiful blue sweater --

Moj ujak Ed dao mi je prekrasan plavi džemper –

at least I thought it was beautiful.

bar sam ja mislila da je prekrasan.

And it had fuzzy zebras walking across the stomach,

Imao je čupave zebre koje su hodale preko trbuha,

and Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru were kind of

a planine Kilimanjaro i Meru bile su

right across the chest, that were also fuzzy.

preko prsa, također čupave.

And I wore it whenever I could,

Nosila sam ga kad god sam mogla,

thinking it was the most fabulous thing I owned.

misleći da je to nešto najnevjerojatnije što sam posjedovala.

Until one day in ninth grade,

Sve do jednog dana u 1. razredu srednje škole,

when I was standing with a number of the football players.

kad sam stajala s nekoliko nogometaša.

And my body had clearly changed, and Matt,

Moje se tijelo očito promijenilo, a Matt Mussolina,

who was undeniably my nemesis in high school,

koji je nedvojbeno bio moj neprijatelj u srednjoj školi,

said in a booming voice that

izderao se

we no longer had to go far away to go on ski trips,

da više ne moramo ići nekamo daleko na skijanje,

but we could all ski on Mount Novogratz.

nego svi možemo skijati na planini Novogratz.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And I was so humiliated and mortified

Bila sam tako ponižena i osramoćena

that I immediately ran home to my mother and chastised her

da sam odmah pobjegla kući majci i izgrdila je

for ever letting me wear the hideous sweater.

zato što mi je dopustila da uopće nosim taj grozni džemper.

We drove to the Goodwill and we threw the sweater away

Odvezle smo se u Crveni križ i pomalo ceremonijalno

somewhat ceremoniously,

ostavile džemper ondje,

my idea being that I would never have to think about the sweater

i ja sam mislila da više nikad neću morati misliti na njega

nor see it ever again.

niti ga ikad više vidjeti.

Fast forward -- 11 years later, I'm a 25-year-old kid.

Premotajmo naprijed – 11 godina kasnije, imam 25 godina.

I'm working in Kigali, Rwanda, jogging through the steep slopes,

Radim u Kigaliju, u Ruandi, trčim strmim padinama,

when I see, 10 feet in front of me, a little boy -- 11 years old --

kad ugledam, 3 metra ispred sebe, malog dječaka – jedanaestogodišnjaka –

running toward me, wearing my sweater.

kako trči prema meni, u mojem džemperu.

And I'm thinking, no, this is not possible.

A ja mislim, ne, to nije moguće.

But so, curious, I run up to the child -- of course

Ipak, znatiželjna, otrčim do djeteta i – naravno,

scaring the living bejesus out of him --

nasmrt ga preplašivši –

grab him by the collar, turn it over, and there is my name

zgrabim ga za ovratnik, pogledam unutra i vidim svoje ime,

written on the collar of this sweater.

napisano na ovratniku tog džempera.

I tell that story, because it has served and continues to serve

Pričam ovu priču jer je meni poslužila, a i dalje služi

as a metaphor to me about the level of connectedness

kao metafora o stupnju povezanosti

that we all have on this Earth.

koji svi mi imamo na ovoj Zemlji.

We so often don't realize what our action and our inaction

Toliko često ne shvaćamo kako naše djelovanje i pasivnost

does to people we think we will never see and never know.

utječu na ljude za koje mislimo da ih nikad nećemo vidjeti ni upoznati.

I also tell it because it tells a larger contextual story

Također je pričam jer je to dio veće kontekstualne priče

of what aid is and can be.

o tome što humanitarna pomoć jest i može biti.

That this traveled into the Goodwill in Virginia,

O tome kako je džemper došao u Crveni križ u Virginiji,

and moved its way into the larger industry,

i našao se dalje, u većoj industriji,

which at that point was giving millions of tons of secondhand clothing to Africa and Asia.

koja je tada slala milijune tona rabljene odjeće u Afriku i Aziju.

Which was a very good thing, providing low cost clothing.

Što je bila vrlo dobra stvar, dobavljanje jeftine odjeće.

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda,

U isto vrijeme, a Ruandi sigurno,

it destroyed the local retailing industry.

to je uništilo lokalnu maloprodajnu industriju.

Not to say that it shouldn't have,

Ne želim reći da to nisu trebali učiniti,

but that we have to get better at answering the questions

nego da moramo naći bolje odgovore na pitanja

that need to be considered when we think about consequences

koja moramo imati na umu kad razmišljamo o posljedicama

and responses.

i reakcijama.

So, I'm going to stick in Rwanda, circa 1985, 1986,

Dakle, držat ću se Ruande, oko 1985., 1986. godine,

where I was doing two things.

gdje sam radila dvije stvari.

I had started a bakery with 20 unwed mothers.

Otvorila sam pekarnicu s 20 neudanih majki.

We were called the "Bad News Bears," and our notion was

Zvali smo se «Bad News Bears» (Medvjedi s lošim vijestima), i naša je ideja bila

we were going to corner the snack food business in Kigali,

kontrolirati posao zalogajnicama u Kigaliju,

which was not hard because there were no snacks before us.

što nije bilo teško jer toga nije bilo prije nas.

And because we had a good business model, we actually did it,

Budući da smo imali dobar model poslovanja, zaista smo uspjeli.

and I watched these women transform on a micro-level.

Gledala sam kako se te žene preobražavaju na mikrorazini.

But at the same time, I started a micro-finance bank,

U isto vrijeme, osnovala sam mikrofinancijsku banku,

and tomorrow Iqbal Quadir is going to talk about Grameen,

a sutra će Iqbal Quadir govoriti o Grameenu,

which is the grandfather of all micro-finance banks,

djedu svih mikrofinancijskih banaka,

which now is a worldwide movement -- you talk about a meme --

što je sada svjetski pokret – pričamo o memi --

but then it was quite new, especially in an economy

ali tad je to bilo prilično novo, pogotovo u gospodarstvu

that was moving from barter into trade.

koje se pretvaralo iz trampe u trgovinu.

We got a lot of things right.

Dosta smo toga dobro napravili.

We focused on a business model; we insisted on skin in the game.

Fokusirali smo se na poslovni model; inzistirali smo na tome da svi ulože novac u posao.

The women made their own decisions at the end of the day

Žene su na kraju dana same odlučivale

as to how they would use this access to credit

kako će iskoristiti ovaj pristup kreditu

to build their little businesses, earn more income

kako bi izgradile svoje male obrte i više zaradile

so they could take care of their families better.

kako bi mogle bolje brinuti za svoje obitelji.

What we didn't understand, what was happening all around us,

Ono što nismo razumjeli, a što se događalo oko nas,

with the confluence of fear, ethnic strife

uz kombinaciju straha, etničkih sukoba

and certainly an aid game, if you will, that was playing into

i humanitarne pomoći, da tako kažem, koja se pretvarala

this invisible but certainly palpable movement inside Rwanda,

u nevidljiv, ali svakako opipljiv pokret u Ruandi,

that at that time, 30 percent of the budget was all foreign aid.

jest da je tada 30% sredstava bila pomoć iz inozemstva.

The genocide happened in 1994,

Genocid se dogodio 1994. godine,

seven years after these women all worked together

sedam godina nakon što su te žene zajedno radile

to build this dream.

da bi ostvarile svoj san.

And the good news was that the institution,

Dobra je vijest da je institucija,

the banking institution, lasted.

bankarska institucija, preživjela.

In fact, it became the largest rehabilitation lender in the country.

Zapravo, postala je najveći zajmodavac za oporavak u državi.

The bakery was completely wiped out,

Pekarnica je bila posve uništena,

but the lessons for me were that accountability counts --

ali naučila sam da se odgovornost cijeni –

got to build things with people on the ground,

morate graditi s lokalnim ljudima

using business models where, as Steven Levitt would say,

i primijeniti poslovne modele u kojima su, kako bi Steven Levitt rekao,

the incentives matter.

namjere bitne.

Understand, however complex we may be, incentives matter.

Shvatite da, koliko god da smo složeni, namjere su bitne.

So when Chris raised to me how wonderful everything

Stoga, kad mi je Chris pokazao kako je predivno

that was happening in the world,

sve što se događalo u svijetu,

that we were seeing a shift in zeitgeist,

da smo gledali kako se mijenja duh vremena,

on the one hand I absolutely agree with him,

u jednu se ruku potpuno slažem s njim,

and I was so thrilled to see what happened with the G8 --

i bila sam tako oduševljena onime što se događalo u G8 –

that the world, because of people like Tony Blair and Bono

da svijet, zbog ljudi kao što su Tony Blair i Bono

and Bob Geldof -- the world is talking about global poverty;

i Bob Geldof – svijet razgovara o globalnom siromaštvu,

the world is talking about Africa

svijet razgovara o Africi

in ways I have never seen in my life.

na načine koje nikad u životu nisam vidjela.

It's thrilling.

Uzbudljivo je.

And at the same time, what keeps me up at night

A istovremeno, ono zbog čega noćima ne spavam

is a fear that we'll look at the victories of the G8 --

jest strah da ćemo pobjede G8 –

50 billion dollars in increased aid to Africa,

50 milijardi dolara povećane pomoći Africi,

40 billion in reduced debt -- as the victory,

40 milijardi u smanjenju dugova – vidjeti kao pobjedu,

as more than chapter one, as our moral absolution.

kao prvo poglavlje, kao svoje moralno odrješenje.

And in fact, what we need to do is see that as chapter one,

A zapravo, to upravo i trebamo vidjeti to kao prvo poglavlje,

celebrate it, close it, and recognize that we need a chapter two

proslaviti ga, zatvoriti i shvatiti da trebamo drugo poglavlje

that is all about execution, all about the how-to.

koje se odnosi samo na izvršenje, na način izvršenja.

And if you remember one thing from what I want to talk about today,

Ako ćete zapamtiti samo jednu stvar od onoga o čemu želim danas govoriti,

it's that the only way to end poverty, to make it history,

neka to bude da je jedini način kako zaustaviti siromaštvo taj da ono postane stvar povijesti,

is to build viable systems on the ground

da izgredimo održive sustave

that deliver critical and affordable goods and services to the poor,

koji će osiguravati potrebna i jeftina dobra i usluge siromašnima,

in ways that are financially sustainable and scaleable.

na financijski održiv i mjerljiv način.

If we do that, we really can make poverty history.

Ako to učinimo, zaista možemo siromaštvo učiniti prošlošću.

And it was that -- that whole philosophy --

Upravo me to – ta cijela filozofija –

that encouraged me to start my current endeavor

potaknulo da započnem svoj trenutni projekt,

called "Acumen Fund,"

pod imenom «Acumen Fund» (Pametni fond),

which is trying to build some mini-blueprints

koji nastoji napraviti mini-planove

for how we might do that in water, health and housing

kako bismo to mogli izvesti s vodom, zdravstvom i stanovanjem

in Pakistan, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Egypt.

u Pakistanu, Indiji, Keniji, Tanzaniji i Egiptu.

And I want to talk a little bit about that, and some of the examples,

Htjela bih malo govoriti o tome i nekim primjerima,

so you can see what it is that we're doing.

tako da dobijete sliku o onome što radimo.

But before I do this -- and this is another one of my pet peeves --

No, prije toga – a ovo je još nešto što me iritira –

I want to talk a little bit about who the poor are.

htjela bih još malo govoriti o tome tko su siromašni.

Because we too often talk about them as these

Prečesto govorimo o njima kao o

strong, huge masses of people yearning to be free,

snažnim, ogromnim masama ljudi koji čeznu za slobodom,

when in fact, it's quite an amazing story.

a u stvarnosti, priča je zaista zapanjujuća.

On a macro level, four billion people on Earth make less than four dollars a day.

Gledno u cjelini, 4 milijarde ljudi na Zemlji zarađuje manje od 4 dolara dnevno.

That's who we talk about when we think about "the poor."

O njima govorimo kad mislimo na «siromašne».

If you aggregate it, it's the third largest economy on Earth,

Ako to skupite, to je treće najveće gospodarstvo na Zemlji,

and yet most of these people go invisible.

a većina tih ljudi ipak je nevidljiva.

Where we typically work, there's people making between

Ondje gdje mi obično radimo žive ljudi koji zarađuju između

one and three dollars a day.

jednog i tri dolara dnevno.

Who are these people?

Tko su ti ljudi?

They are farmers and factory workers.

To su seljaci i radnici u tvornicama.

They work in government offices. They're drivers.

Rade u vladinim uredima. Vozači su.

They are domestics.

Sluge su.

They typically pay for critical goods and services like water,

Većinom plaćaju potrebna dobra i usluge kao što su voda,

like healthcare, like housing, and they pay 30 to 40 times

zdravstvena skrb i stanovanje, a plaćaju 30 do 40 puta

what their middleclass counterparts pay --

više od svojih pandana iz srednje klase –

certainly where we work in Karachi and Nairobi.

barem ondje gdje radimo u Karachiju i Nairobiju.

The poor also are willing to make, and do make, smart decisions,

Siromašni su voljni donijeti, i donose, pametne odluke,

if you give them that opportunity.

ako im pružite tu mogućnost.

So, two examples.

Dakle, dva primjera.

One is in India, where there are 240 million farmers,

Jedan je u Indiji, gdje ima 240 milijuna seljaka,

most of whom make less than two dollars a day.

od kojih većina zaradi manje od 2 dolara dnevno.

Where we work in Aurangabad, the land is extraordinarily parched.

Ondje gdje radimo u Aurangabadu, zemlja je izuzetno isušena.

You see people on average making 60 cents to a dollar.

Ljudi u prosjeku zarađuju 60 centi do dolara.

This guy in pink is a social entrepreneur named Ami Tabar.

Ovaj momak u rozom socijalni je poduzetnik, ime mu je Ami Tabar.

What he did was see what was happening in Israel, larger approaches,

On je vidio što se događalo u Izraelu, to je nešto širi pristup,

and figure out how to do a drip irrigation,

i smislio kako provesti navodnjavanje sustavom kap po kap,

which is a way of bringing water directly to the plant stock.

što je način dovođenja vode izravno do uzgajanih biljaka.

But previously it's only been created for large-scale farms,

Međutim, prije je to bilo kreirano samo za velike farme,

so Ami Tabar took this and modularized it down to an eighth of an acre.

stoga je Ami Tabar to prilagodio za osminu jutra.

A couple of principles:

Nekoliko principa:

build small.

gradi malo,

Make it infinitely expandable and affordable to the poor.

ali da se može neograničeno proširivati i da si siromašni mogu to priuštiti.

This family, Sarita and her husband, bought a 15-dollar unit

Ova obitelj, Sarita i njen muž, kupili su zemljište za 15 dolara

when they were living in a -- literally a three-walled lean-to

kad su doslovno živjeli u šupi s tri zida

with a corrugated iron roof.

s valovitim željeznim krovom.

After one harvest, they had increased their income enough

Nakon jedne žetve, dovoljno su si povećali primanja

to buy a second system to do their full quarter-acre.

da kupe drugi sustav za svojih četvrt jutra.

A couple of years later, I meet them.

Srela sam ih nekoliko godina kasnije,

They now make four dollars a day, which is pretty much middle class for India,

kad su zarađivali 4 dolara dnevno, što je praktički srednji sloj u Indiji,

and they showed me the concrete foundation they had just laid

i pokazali su mi betonirane temelje koje su upravo postavili

to build their house.

za izgradnju svoje kuće.

And I swear, you could see the future in that woman's eyes.

Kunem se, mogli ste vidjeti budućnost u očima te žene.

Something I truly believe.

Uistinu to vjerujem.

You can't talk about poverty today without talking about malaria bed nets,

Danas ne možete govoritu o siromaštvu, a da ne spomenete i zaštitne mreže za krevet,

and I again give Jeffrey Sachs of Harvard

i opet, svaka čast Jeffreyu Sachsu s Harvarda

huge kudos for bringing to the world

jer je svijetu dao

this notion of his rage -- for five dollars you can save a life.

svoju ideju - za 5 dolara možete spasiti život.

Malaria is a disease that kills one to three million people a year.

Malarija je bolest koja ubija 1 do 3 milijuna ljudi godišnje.

300 to 500 million cases are reported.

Prijavljeno je 300 do 500 milijuna slučajeva.

It's estimated that Africa loses

Procjenjuje se da Afrika godišnje gubi

about 13 billion dollars a year to the disease.

13 milijardi dolara zbog te bolesti.

Five dollars can save a life.

5 dolara može spasiti život.

We can send people to the moon; we can see if there's life on Mars --

Možemo slati ljude na Mjesec, vidjeti ima li života na Marsu --

why can't we get five-dollar nets to 500 million people?

zašto ne možemo nabaviti mreže od 5 dolara za 500 milijuna ljudi?

The question, though, is not "Why can't we?"

No, pitanje zapravo nije: "Zašto ne možemo?".

The question is how can we help Africans do this for themselves?

Pitanje je kako možemo pomoći Afrikancima da to učine sami?

A lot of hurdles.

Mnogo je prepreka.

One: production is too low. Two: price is too high.

Prvo: preniska proizvodnja. Drugo: previsoka cijena.

Three: this is a good road in -- right near where our factory is located.

Treće: ovo je dobra cesta u – vrlo blizu lokacije naše tvornice.

Distribution is a nightmare, but not impossible.

Distribucija je prava noćna mora, ali nije nemoguća.

We started by making a 350,000-dollar loan

Počeli smo davanjem zajma od 350 000 dolara

to the largest traditional bed net manufacturer in Africa

najvećem tradicionalnom proizvođaču mreža za krevet u Africi

so that they could transfer technology from Japan

kako bi mogli prenijeti tehnologiju iz Japana

and build these long-lasting, five-year nets.

i napraviti izdržljive mreže, koje traju 5 godina.

Here are just some pictures of the factory.

Evo nekoliko slika tvornice.

Today, three years later, the company has employed

Danas, tri godine kasnije, tvrtka je zaposlila

another thousand women.

još tisuću žena.

It contributes about 600,000 dollars in wages to the economy of Tanzania.

S oko 600 000 dolara u plaćama doprinosi gospodarstvu Tanzanije.

It's the largest company in Tanzania.

To je najveća tvrtka u Tanzaniji.

The throughput rate right now is 1.5 million nets,

Kapacitet je trenutno 1,5 milijuna mreža,

three million by the end of the year.

do kraja godine 3 milijuna.

We hope to have seven million at the end of next year.

Nadamo se da će do kraja sljedeće godine biti 7 milijuna.

So the production side is working.

Dakle, proizvodnja funkcionira.

On the distribution side, though,

No, što se tiče distribucije,

as a world, we have a lot of work to do.

svijet u cjelini ima još mnogo posla.

Right now, 95 percent of these nets are being bought by the U.N.,

Sada 95% ovih mreža kupuje UN

and then given primarily to people around Africa.

i daje ih većinom ljudima u Africi.

We're looking at building

Promatramo izgradnju

on some of the most precious resources of Africa: people.

na temelju jednog od najdragocjenijih resursa Afrike: ljudi.

Their women.

Njihovih žena.

And so I want you to meet Jacqueline,

Želim da upoznate Jacqueline,

my namesake, 21 years old.

moju imenjakinju, koja ima 21 godinu.

If she were born anywhere else but Tanzania,

Da se rodila bilo gdje osim u Tanzaniji,

I'm telling you, she could run Wall Street.

vjerujte mi, mogla bi upravljati Wall Streetom.

She runs two of the lines, and has already saved enough money

Vodi dvije linije i već je uštedjela dovoljno novca

to put a down payment on her house.

za predujam za svoju kuću.

She makes about two dollars a day, is creating an education fund,

Zarađuje oko dva dolara dnevno, stvara fond za obrazovanje

and told me she is not marrying nor having children

i rekla mi je da se neće udati ni imati djecu

until these things are completed.

dok ovo ne završi.

And so, when I told her about our idea --

Stoga, kad sam joj rekla za našu ideju –

that maybe we could take a Tupperware model from the United States,

da bismo možda mogli uzeti model Tupperwarea iz SAD-a

and find a way for the women themselves to go out

i pronaći način kako bi žene same mogle ići

and sell these nets to others --

i prodavati te mreže drugima –

she quickly started calculating what she herself could make

brzo je počela kalkulirati koliko bi ona sama mogla zaraditi

and signed up.

i prijavila se za to.

We took a lesson from IDEO, one of our favorite companies,

Naučili smo lekciju od IDEO-a, jedne od naših najdražih tvrtki,

and quickly did a prototyping on this,

i brzo izradili prototip

and took Jacqueline into the area where she lives.

te smo odveli Jacqueline u područje gdje živi.

She brought 10 of the women with whom she interacts

Dovela je 10 žena s kojima inače komunicira

together to see if she could sell these nets, five dollars apiece,

da vidi može li prodati te mreže, 5 dolara po komadu,

despite the fact that people say nobody will buy one,

iako ljudi kažu da ih nitko neće kupiti,

and we learned a lot about how you sell things.

i mnogo smo naučili o prodavanju stvari.

Not coming in with our own notions,

Nije započela s našim idejama,

because she didn't even talk about malaria until the very end.

malariju nije ni spomenula sve do samog kraja.

First, she talked about comfort, status, beauty.

Prvo je govorila o udobnosti, statusu, ljepoti.

These nets, she said, you put them on the floor, bugs leave your house.

Ove mreže, rekla je, ako ih stavite na pod, kukci će izići iz kuće.

Children can sleep through the night;

Djeca mogu spavati noću;

the house looks beautiful; you hang them in the window.

kuća izgleda lijepo; možete ih objesiti na prozore.

And we've started making curtains,

Počeli smo praviti i zavjese,

and not only is it beautiful, but people can see status --

i ne samo da je lijepo, nego ljudi mogu vidjeti status –

that you care about your children.

da vam je stalo do vaše djece.

Only then did she talk about saving your children's lives.

Tek je tada spomenula spašavanje života djece.

A lot of lessons to be learned in terms of how we sell

Mnogo toga možemo naučiti o tome kako prodati

goods and services to the poor.

dobra i usluge siromašnima.

I want to end just by saying that there's enormous opportunity

Za kraj bih htjela reći da postoji ogromna prilika

to make poverty history.

da siromaštvo učinimo prošlošću.

To do it right, we have to build business models that matter,

Da bismo to izveli kako treba, moramo stvoriti korisne poslovne modele

that are scaleable and that work with Africans, Indians,

koji su mjerljivi i koji funkcioniraju za Afrikance, Indijce,

people all over the developing world

ljude iz svih zemalja u razvoju

who fit in this category, to do it themselves.

koji pripadaju u ovu kategoriju, i da to mogu raditi sami.

Because at the end of the day, it's about engagement.

Naposljetku, bitan je angažman.

It's about understanding that people really don't want handouts,

Bitno je shvatiti da ljudi ne žele ostatke,

that they want to make their own decisions;

da žele sami donositi svoje odluke;

they want to solve their own problems;

žele riješiti svoje probleme.

and that by engaging with them,

Ako uključite ljude u to,

not only do we create much more dignity for them,

ne omogućujete dostojanstvo samo njima,

but for us as well.

već i sebi.

And so I urge all of you to think next time

Stoga vas molim da sljedeći put razmislite

as to how to engage with this notion and this opportunity

kako se uključiti u ovu ideju i priliku

that we all have -- to make poverty history --

koju svi imamo – da ostavimo siromaštvo u prošlosti –

by really becoming part of the process

tako što ćete postati dijelom procesa,

and moving away from an us-and-them world,

napustiti podjelu svijeta na "nas" i "njih"

and realizing that it's about all of us,

i shvatiti da se radi o svima nama,

and the kind of world that we, together, want to live in and share.

i svijetu u kojem želimo zajedno živjeti i dijeliti ga.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)