Nancy Kanwisher: A neural portrait of the human mind

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Madeleine Aronson

Prevodilac: Maja Budišin Lukin Lektor: Mile Živković

Today I want to tell you

Danas želim da vam govorim

about a project being carried out

o projektu slikanja

by scientists all over the world

nervnog portreta ljudskog uma,

to paint a neural portrait of the human mind.

koji izvode naučnici širom sveta.

And the central idea of this work

Glavna ideja ovog rada

is that the human mind and brain

je da ljudski um i mozak

is not a single, general-purpose processor,

nije samo procesor s opštom svrhom,

but a collection of highly specialized components,

već je skup usko specijalizovanih komponenti,

each solving a different specific problem,

od kojih svaka posebno rešava različit problem,

and yet collectively making up

a ipak one zajedno određuju

who we are as human beings and thinkers.

ko smo mi kao ljudska bića i mislioci.

To give you a feel for this idea,

Da biste stekli osećaj te ideje,

imagine the following scenario:

zamislite sledeći scenario:

You walk into your child's day care center.

Ulazite u obdanište svog deteta.

As usual, there's a dozen kids there

Kao i obično, tu je tuce dece

waiting to get picked up,

koja čekaju da se po njih dođe,

but this time,

ali ovoga puta,

the children's faces look weirdly similar,

sva lica dece su neobično slična

and you can't figure out which child is yours.

i ne možete da prepoznate svoje dete.

Do you need new glasses?

Da li su vam potrebne nove naočare?

Are you losing your mind?

Gubite li razum?

You run through a quick mental checklist.

Prelećete kroz sažetu mentalnu kontrolnu listu.

No, you seem to be thinking clearly,

No, čini se da razmišljate jasno,

and your vision is perfectly sharp.

i da vam je vid savršeno oštar.

And everything looks normal

Sve izgleda normalno

except the children's faces.

osim dečijih lica.

You can see the faces,

Vidite lica

but they don't look distinctive,

koja se ne razlikuju,

and none of them looks familiar,

niko ne deluje poznato

and it's only by spotting an orange hair ribbon

i tek uočavanjem narandžaste trake u kosi

that you find your daughter.

pronalazite svoju ćerku.

This sudden loss of the ability to recognize faces

Ovaj iznenadni gubitak sposobnosti prepoznavanja lica

actually happens to people.

zaista se događa ljudima.

It's called prosopagnosia,

To se zove prosopagnozija

and it results from damage

i posledica je oštećenja

to a particular part of the brain.

određenog dela mozga.

The striking thing about it

Pri tome je upadljivo

is that only face recognition is impaired;

da je samo prepoznavanje lica poremećeno,

everything else is just fine.

dok je sve ostalo sasvim u redu.

Prosopagnosia is one of many surprisingly specific

Prosopagnozija je jedan od mnogih neočekivano specifičnih

mental deficits that can happen after brain damage.

mentalnih nedostataka koji mogu da nastanu posle oštećenja mozga.

These syndromes collectively

Ovi sindromi zajedno

have suggested for a long time

su već dugo vremena nagoveštavali

that the mind is divvied up into distinct components,

da je um podeljen na različite komponente,

but the effort to discover those components

a njihovo otkrivanje odskočilo je

has jumped to warp speed

u brzinu višu od svetlosne

with the invention of brain imaging technology,

pronalaskom tehnike snimanja mozga,

especially MRI.

naročito magnetne rezonance.

So MRI enables you to see internal anatomy

Magnetna rezonanca vam omogućava da vidite unutrašnju anatomiju

at high resolution,

u visokoj rezoluciji,

so I'm going to show you in a second

pa ću vam pokazati

a set of MRI cross-sectional images

sklop MR snimaka poprečnih preseka

through a familiar object,

kroz poznat predmet

and we're going to fly through them

preletajući ih

and you're going to try to figure out what the object is.

a vi ćete pokušati da shvatite o kom predmetu je reč.

Here we go.

Krećemo.

It's not that easy. It's an artichoke.

Nije tako jednostavno. To je artičoka.

Okay, let's try another one,

Ok, pokušajmo sa još jednim,

starting from the bottom and going through the top.

polazi od dna i prolazi kroz vrh.

Broccoli! It's a head of broccoli.

Brokoli! Glava brokolija.

Isn't it beautiful? I love that.

Zar to nije lepo? Meni se sviđa.

Okay, here's another one. It's a brain, of course.

Ok, evo još jednog. To je mozak, naravno.

In fact, it's my brain.

U stvari, to je moj mozak.

We're going through slices through my head like that.

Prolazimo kroz režnjeve moje glave.

That's my nose over on the right, and now

To je moj nos na desnoj strani, a sada

we're going over here, right there.

idemo ovamo, baš tu.

So this picture's nice, if I do say so myself,

Ova slika je lepa, ako mene pitate,

but it shows only anatomy.

ali ona pokazuje samo anatomiju.

The really cool advance with functional imaging

Zaista velik napredak je nastao funkcionalnim snimanjem

happened when scientists figured out how to make

kada su naučnici pronašli kako se prave

pictures that show not just anatomy but activity,

slike koje ne prikazuju samo anatomiju već i aktivnost,

that is, where neurons are firing.

odnosno, gde se neuroni pale.

So here's how this works.

Evo kako to funkcioniše.

Brains are like muscles.

Mozgovi su kao i mišići.

When they get active,

Kada su aktivni,

they need increased blood flow to supply that activity,

potreban im je povećani protok krvi za snabdevanje te aktivnosti

and lucky for us, blood flow control to the brain is local,

i na našu sreću, kontrola protoka krvi u mozgu je lokalna,

so if a bunch of neurons, say, right there

pa ako se gomila neurona, recimo tamo

get active and start firing,

počne aktivirati i paliti,

then blood flow increases just right there.

baš tamo se i protok krvi povećava.

So functional MRI picks up on that blood flow increase,

Tako funkcionalna magnetna rezonanca detektuje ta povećanja protoka krvi,

producing a higher MRI response

prikazujući veći MR odziv

where neural activity goes up.

tamo gde nervna aktivnost raste.

Da biste dobili konkretan osećaj

So to give you a concrete feel

for how a functional MRI experiment goes

kako se odvija eksperiment sa funkcionalnom magnetnom rezonancom,

and what you can learn from it

i šta možete iz njega da naučite,

and what you can't,

a šta ne možete,

let me describe one of the first studies I ever did.

opisaću vam jedno od svojih prvih istraživanja.

We wanted to know if there was a special part of the brain for recognizing faces,

Hteli smo da saznamo da li postoji poseban deo mozga za prepoznavanje lica

and there was already reason to think there might be such a thing

i kako je već postojao razlog za takvo mišljenje

based on this phenomenon of prosopagnosia

na osnovu fenomena prosopagnozije

that I described a moment ago,

koji sam ranije opisala,

but nobody had ever seen that part of the brain

a kako niko nikada nije video taj deo mozga

in a normal person,

kod normalne osobe,

so we set out to look for it.

latili smo se traženja.

So I was the first subject.

Prvi predmet posmatranja sam bila ja.

I went into the scanner, I lay on my back,

Ležala sam na leđima u skeneru,

I held my head as still as I could

glavu sam držala mirno koliko sam mogla

while staring at pictures of faces like these

dok sam posmatrala slike ovakvih lica

and objects like these

i ovakvih stvari

and faces and objects for hours.

satima.

So as somebody who has pretty close to the world record

Kao neko ko ima ukupan broj sati unutar MR skenera

of total number of hours spent inside an MRI scanner,

prilično blizu svetskom rekordu,

I can tell you that one of the skills

reći ću vam da je kontrola bešike

that's really important for MRI research

jedna od jako važnih veština

is bladder control.

za MR istraživanja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

When I got out of the scanner,

Kada sam izašla iz skenera,

I did a quick analysis of the data,

napravila sam brzu analizu podataka,

looking for any parts of my brain

u potrazi za delovima mozga

that produced a higher response when I was looking at faces

koji su izazvali veću reakciju kada sam gledala lica

than when I was looking at objects,

nego kada sam gledala stvari

and here's what I saw.

i evo šta sam videla.

Now this image looks just awful by today's standards,

Ova slika izgleda strašno po današnjim standardima,

but at the time I thought it was beautiful.

ali u to vreme sam mislila da je lepa.

What it shows is that region right there,

Ona pokazuje taj deo tamo,

that little blob,

tu mrljicu,

it's about the size of an olive

otprilike veličine masline,

and it's on the bottom surface of my brain

na dnu površine mog mozga

about an inch straight in from right there.

oko 2,5 cm pravo unutra odavde.

And what that part of my brain is doing

Taj deo mog mozga

is producing a higher MRI response,

je proizveo veću fMR reakciju,

that is, higher neural activity,

odnosno, veću nervnu aktivnost,

when I was looking at faces

dok sam gledala lica

than when I was looking at objects.

nego dok sam gledala stvari.

So that's pretty cool,

To je prilično dobro,

but how do we know this isn't a fluke?

ali kako ćemo znati da to nije slučajnost?

Well, the easiest way

Pa, najlakši način je

is to just do the experiment again.

da ponovimo eksperiment.

So I got back in the scanner,

Tako sam se vratila u skener,

I looked at more faces and I looked at more objects

gledajući još više lica i stvari

and I got a similar blob,

i dobila sam sličnu mrljicu,

and then I did it again

a onda sam to ponovila

and I did it again

i ponavljala

and again and again,

nebrojeno puta

and around about then

posle čega sam

I decided to believe it was for real.

odlučila da poverujem da je to stvarno tako.

But still, maybe this is something weird about my brain

No, možda je to nešto čudno u mom mozgu

and no one else has one of these things in there,

što niko drugi nema,

so to find out, we scanned a bunch of other people

pa kako bismo to saznali, skenirali smo gomilu drugih ljudi

and found that pretty much everyone

i utvrdili da skoro svi

has that little face-processing region

imaju to malo područje za obradu lica

in a similar neighborhood of the brain.

u sličnom delu mozga.

So the next question was,

Sledeće pitanje je bilo,

what does this thing really do?

šta to područje stvarno radi?

Is it really specialized just for face recognition?

Da li je stvarno specijalizovano samo za prepoznavanje lica?

Well, maybe not, right?

Pa, možda i nije, zar ne?

Maybe it responds not only to faces

Možda reaguje ne samo na lica

but to any body part.

već na bilo koji deo tela.

Maybe it responds to anything human

Možda reaguje na bilo šta ljudsko

or anything alive

ili živo

or anything round.

ili okruglo.

The only way to be really sure that that region

Jedini način da se stvarno uverimo da je to područje

is specialized for face recognition

specijalizovano za prepoznavanje lica

is to rule out all of those hypotheses.

jeste da isključimo sve te hipoteze.

So we spent much of the next couple of years

Tako smo proveli većinu sledećih nekoliko godina

scanning subjects while they looked at lots

skenirajući osobe dok su gledale

of different kinds of images,

mnoštvo različitih slika

and we showed that that part of the brain

i pokazali smo da taj deo mozga

responds strongly when you look at

snažno reaguje kada posmatrate

any images that are faces of any kind,

slike lica bilo koje vrste,

and it responds much less strongly

a da reaguje mnogo slabije

to any image you show that isn't a face,

na bilo koju sliku koja nije lice,

like some of these.

kao što su neke od ovih.

So have we finally nailed the case

Da li smo time konačno utvrdili

that this region is necessary for face recognition?

da je taj deo potreban za prepoznavanje lica?

No, we haven't.

Ne, nismo.

Brain imaging can never tell you

Snimanje mozga vam nikada ne može pokazati

if a region is necessary for anything.

da je neki deo potreban za bilo šta.

All you can do with brain imaging

Možete jedino da posmatrate

is watch regions turn on and off

područja koja se uključuju i isključuju

as people think different thoughts.

dok ljudi imaju različite misli.

To tell if a part of the brain is necessary for a mental function,

Za tvrdnju da je deo mozga nužan za mentalnu funkciju,

you need to mess with it and see what happens,

potrebno je posmatranje šta će se desiti u zbrci,

and normally we don't get to do that.

na koju normalno ne nailazimo.

But an amazing opportunity came about

Ali ukazala se neverovatna prilika

very recently when a couple of colleagues of mine

nedavno, kada je nekoliko kolega

tested this man who has epilepsy

testiralo ovog čoveka koji ima epilepsiju

and who is shown here in his hospital bed

i koji je ovde prikazan u bolničkom krevetu

where he's just had electrodes placed

sa upravo stavljenim elektrodama

on the surface of his brain

na površinu mozga

to identify the source of his seizures.

da bi se identifikovao izvor njegovih napada.

So it turned out by total chance

Tako je sasvim slučajno ispalo

that two of the electrodes

da su dve od elektroda

happened to be right on top of his face area.

tačno na vrhu područja za lica.

So with the patient's consent,

Uz pacijentov pristanak,

the doctors asked him what happened

lekari su ga pitali šta se dogodilo

when they electrically stimulated that part of his brain.

kada su strujom stimulisali taj deo njegovog mozga.

Now, the patient doesn't know

Pacijent ne zna

where those electrodes are,

gde su elektrode

and he's never heard of the face area.

i nikada nije čuo za područje lica.

So let's watch what happens.

Pogledajmo šta se dešava.

It's going to start with a control condition

Počeće sa kontrolom stanja

that will say "Sham" nearly invisibly

sa "stimulant" skoro nevidljivim

in red in the lower left,

crvene boje dole levo,

when no current is delivered,

dok još nije struja puštena

and you'll hear the neurologist speaking to the patient first. So let's watch.

i prvo ćete čuti neurologa koji govori pacijentu. Pogledajmo.

(Video) Neurologist: Okay, just look at my face

(Video) Neurolog: Ok, samo posmatrajte moje lice

and tell me what happens when I do this.

i recite mi šta se dešava kada uradim ovo.

All right?

U redu?

Patient: Okay.

Pacijent: Ok.

Neurologist: One, two, three.

Neurolog: Jedan, dva, tri.

Patient: Nothing. Neurologist: Nothing? Okay.

Pacijent: Ništa. Neurolog: Ništa? Ok.

I'm going to do it one more time.

Ponoviću.

Look at my face.

Pogledajte moje lice.

One, two, three.

Jedan, dva, tri.

Patient: You just turned into somebody else.

Pacijent: Upravo ste se pretvorili u nekog drugog.

Your face metamorphosed.

Vaše lice se preobrazilo.

Your nose got saggy, it went to the left.

Vaš nos se spljoštio i iskrivio u levo

You almost looked like somebody I'd seen before,

Izgledali ste skoro kao neko koga sam ranije video

but somebody different.

ali neko drugačiji.

That was a trip.

To je bio "izlet".

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Nancy Kanwisher: So this experiment —

Nensi Kenvišer: Ovaj eksperiment -

(Applause) —

(Aplauz) -

this experiment finally nails the case

ovaj eksperiment konačno potvrđuje

that this region of the brain is not only

da se to područje mozga ne samo

selectively responsive to faces

selektivno odaziva na lica,

but causally involved in face perception.

već da je uzročno uključeno u percepciju lica.

So I went through all of these details

Prošla sam kroz sve te detalje

o području za lica da bi vam pokazala šta je sve potrebno

about the face region to show you what it takes

to really establish that a part of the brain

za stvarno utvrđivanje da je deo mozga

is selectively involved in a specific mental process.

selektivno uključen u određenom mentalnom procesu.

Next, I'll go through much more quickly

U nastavku ću proći mnogo brže

some of the other specialized regions of the brain

kroz neke druge specijalizovane delove mozga

that we and others have found.

koje smo mi i drugi otkrili.

So to do this, I've spent a lot of time

Da bih to uradila, provela sam dosta vremena

in the scanner over the last month

u skeneru u poslednjih mesec dana

so I can show you these things in my brain.

pa to mogu i da vam pokažem u svom mozgu.

So let's get started. Here's my right hemisphere.

Počnimo. Ovo je moja desna hemisfera.

So we're oriented like that. You're looking at my head this way.

Tako smo orijentisani. Na taj način gledate moju glavu.

Imagine taking the skull off

Zamislite skinutu lobanju

and looking at the surface of the brain like that.

i takav pogled na površinu mozga.

Okay, now as you can see,

Ok, sad kao što vidite,

the surface of the brain is all folded up.

površina mozga je sva ispresavijana.

So that's not good. Stuff could be hidden in there.

To ne valja. Svašta bi se tu moglo kriti.

We want to see the whole thing,

Želimo da vidimo celu stvar,

so let's inflate it so we can see the whole thing.

pa ćemo je napumpati.

Next, let's find that face area I've been talking about

Zatim, nađimo to područje za lica o kom sam govorila,

that responds to images like these.

koje se odaziva na slike nalik ovim.

To see that, let's turn the brain around

Da biste to videli, obrnućemo mozak

and look on the inside surface on the bottom,

i gledaćete unutrašnju površinu na dnu

and there it is, that's my face area.

i evo ga, to je moje područje za lica.

Just to the right of that is another region

Desno od njega je još jedno područje

that is shown in purple

koje je prikazano ljubičasto

that responds when you process color information,

i odaziva se dok obrađujete informacije o boji,

and near those regions are other regions

a blizu tih područja su druga područja

that are involved in perceiving places,

koja su uključena u percepciju mesta,

like right now, I'm seeing this layout of space around me

kao i sada dok gledam ovaj raspored prostora oko mene,

and these regions in green right there

ova područja prikazana zelenim

are really active.

su stvarno aktivna.

There's another one out on the outside surface again

Tamo je još jedno na spoljašnjoj površini

where there's a couple more face regions as well.

gde takođe postoje još nekoliko područja za lica.

Also in this vicinity

Takođe je u blizini

is a region that's selectively involved

područje koje se selektivno uključuje

in processing visual motion,

u obradu vizuelnog kretanja,

like these moving dots here,

kao kod ovih pokretnih tačaka

and that's in yellow at the bottom of the brain,

i prikazano je žutim na dnu mozga,

and near that is a region that responds

a blizu njega je područje koje se odaziva

when you look at images of bodies and body parts

kada gledate slike tela i delove tela

like these, and that region is shown in lime green

nalik ovim i to područje je prikazano žutozelenim

at the bottom of the brain.

na dnu mozga.

Now all these regions I've shown you so far

Sva ova područja koja sam vam do sada pokazala

are involved in specific aspects of visual perception.

uključena su u posebne aspekte vizuelne percepcije.

Do we also have specialized brain regions

Da li imamo i specijalizovana područja mozga

for other senses, like hearing?

za druga čula, recimo za sluh?

Yes, we do. So if we turn the brain around a little bit,

Da, imamo. Ako malo obrnemo mozak,

here's a region in dark blue

evo ga, područje prikazano tamno plavim,

that we reported just a couple of months ago,

o čemu smo izveštavali pre par meseci

and this region responds strongly

i to područje se snažno odaziva

when you hear sounds with pitch, like these.

kada slušate visoke tonove, kao što je ovaj.

(Sirens)

(Sirene)

(Cello music)

(Zvuk violončela)

(Doorbell)

(Zvonce na vratima)

In contrast, that same region does not respond strongly

S druge strane, to isto područje se slabije odaziva

when you hear perfectly familiar sounds

kada slušate savršeno poznate zvuke

that don't have a clear pitch, like these.

koji nemaju jasnoću visine tona, kao ovi.

(Chomping)

(Glasno žvakanje)

(Drum roll)

(Bubnjanje)

(Toilet flushing)

(Puštanje vode na WC šolji)

Okay. Next to the pitch region

OK. Pored područja za visoke tonove

is another set of regions that are selectively responsive

je još jedan skup područja koja se selektivno odazivaju

when you hear the sounds of speech.

kada čujete zvuke govora.

Okay, now let's look at these same regions.

Ok, pogledajmo sada ta ista područja.

In my left hemisphere, there's a similar arrangement —

U mojoj levoj hemisferi je sličan razmeštaj -

not identical, but similar —

nije identičan, već sličan -

and most of the same regions are in here,

i većina istih područja su tu unutra,

albeit sometimes different in size.

iako su ponekad različite veličine.

Now, everything I've shown you so far

Sva područja koja sam vam do sada pokazala

are regions that are involved in different aspects of perception,

su uključena u različite aspekte percepcije

vision and hearing.

vida i sluha.

Do we also have specialized brain regions

Imamo li i specijalizovana područja mozga

for really fancy, complicated mental processes?

za zahtevne, složene mentalne procese?

Yes, we do.

Da, imamo.

So here in pink are my language regions.

U rozoj boji su moja jezička područja.

So it's been known for a very long time

Već dugo vremena je poznato

that that general vicinity of the brain

da otrpike taj region u mozgu

is involved in processing language,

učestvuje u obradi jezika,

but we showed very recently

ali nedavno smo pokazali

that these pink regions

da se ova ružičasta područja

respond extremely selectively.

odazivaju krajnje selektivno.

They respond when you understand the meaning of a sentence,

Odazivaju se kada shvatite značenje rečenice

but not when you do other complex mental things,

ali ne i kada obavljate druge složene mentalne radnje,

like mental arithmetic

kao što je mentalna aritmetika,

or holding information in memory

zadržavanje podatka u memoriji

or appreciating the complex structure

ili uvažavanje složene strukture

in a piece of music.

u muzičkom komadu.

The most amazing region that's been found yet

Najneverovatnije pronađeno područje do sada

is this one right here in turquoise.

je ovo ovde tirkizno.

This region responds

To područje se odaziva

when you think about what another person is thinking.

kada razmišljamo šta druga osoba misli.

So that may seem crazy,

Možda izgleda čudno,

but actually, we humans do this all the time.

ali mi, ljudi, to stalno radimo.

You're doing this when you realize

To radimo kad shvatimo

that your partner is going to be worried

da će se naš partner zabrinuti

if you don't call home to say you're running late.

ako se ne javimo da ćemo zakasniti.

I'm doing this with that region of my brain right now

Upravo to radim sa tim područjem mozga

when I realize that you guys

shvatajući da se

are probably now wondering about

verovatno sada pitate

all that gray, uncharted territory in the brain,

o svoj onoj sivoj, neistraženoj teritoriji u mozgu

and what's up with that?

i šta je s njom?

Well, I'm wondering about that too,

Sama se takođe o tome pitam

and we're running a bunch of experiments in my lab right now

i sada se odvija gomila eksperimenata u mojoj laboratoriji

to try to find a number of other

radi pronalaska niza drugih

possible specializations in the brain

mogućih specijalizacija u mozgu

for other very specific mental functions.

za druge vrlo specifične mentalne funkcije.

But importantly, I don't think we have

No, važno je, da ne mislim

specializations in the brain

da imamo specijalizacije u mozgu

for every important mental function,

za svaku važnu mentalnu funkciju,

even mental functions that may be critical for survival.

čak ni za mentalne funkcije koje mogu biti presudne za opstanak.

In fact, a few years ago,

Naime, pre nekoliko godina je naučnik

there was a scientist in my lab

u mojoj laboratoriji

who became quite convinced

bio prilično ubeđen

that he'd found a brain region

da je pronašao područje mozga

for detecting food,

za otkrivanje hrane,

and it responded really strongly in the scanner

koje se snažno odazivalo na skeneru

when people looked at images like this.

kada su ljudi gledali slike kao što je ova.

And further, he found a similar response

Zatim je pronašao sličan odziv

in more or less the same location

na više ili manje istom mestu

in 10 out of 12 subjects.

kod 10 od 12 osoba.

So he was pretty stoked,

Bio je prilično zagrejan

and he was running around the lab

i svima je u laboratoriji

telling everyone that he was going to go on "Oprah"

govorio da će ići kod Opre Vinfri

with his big discovery.

sa svojim velikim otkrićem.

But then he devised the critical test:

No, tada je smislio kritični test:

He showed subjects images of food like this

Prikazao je slike hrane kao što je ova

and compared them to images with very similar

i uporedio ih sa vrlo sličnim slikama

color and shape, but that weren't food, like these.

po boji i obliku, koje nisu bile hrana, kao ove.

And his region responded the same

I njegovo područje se odazivalo jednako

to both sets of images.

na obe grupe slika.

So it wasn't a food area,

To nije bilo područje za hranu,

it was just a region that liked colors and shapes.

već samo područje kojem su se sviđale boje i oblici.

So much for "Oprah."

Ništa od Opre Vinfri.

But then the question, of course, is,

Naravno, ostaje pitanje

how do we process all this other stuff

kako obrađujemo sve drugo za šta

that we don't have specialized brain regions for?

nemamo specijalizovana područja mozga?

Well, I think the answer is that in addition

Mislim da je odgovor u tome da pored

to these highly specialized components that I've been describing,

ovih visoko specijalizovanih komponenata koje sam opisala,

we also have a lot of very general- purpose machinery in our heads

imamo takođe mnogo mašinerije za opšte svrhe u našim glavama

that enables us to tackle

koja nam omogućava da se pozabavimo

whatever problem comes along.

bilo kojim problemom koji se pojavi.

In fact, we've shown recently that

U stvari, nedavno smo pokazali

these regions here in white

da se ova područja ovde, bele boje,

respond whenever you do any difficult mental task

odazivaju pri svakom teškom mentalnom zadatku

at all —

uopšte -

well, of the seven that we've tested.

pa, bar pri sedam koje smo testirali.

So each of the brain regions that I've described

Dakle, svako područje mozga

to you today

koje sam vam danas opisala

is present in approximately the same location

prisutno je na približno istom mestu

in every normal subject.

u svakoj normalnoj osobi.

I could take any of you,

Mogla sam uzeti bilo koga od vas,

pop you in the scanner,

ubaciti u skener

and find each of those regions in your brain,

i pronaći svaki od tih delova u vašem mozgu,

and it would look a lot like my brain,

koji bi izgledao veoma nalik mom mozgu,

although the regions would be slightly different

iako bi područja bila malo drugačija

in their exact location and in their size.

što se tiče tačne lokacije i veličine.

What's important to me about this work

Ono što je meni važno u ovom poslu

is not the particular locations of these brain regions,

nisu posebne lokacije tih područja mozga,

but the simple fact that we have

već pre svega jednostavna činjenica

selective, specific components of mind and brain

da imamo selektivne, posebne komponente

in the first place.

uma i mozga.

I mean, it could have been otherwise.

Hoću reći, moglo je biti i drugačije.

The brain could have been a single,

Mozak je mogao biti jedinstven

general-purpose processor,

procesor za opštu svrhu,

more like a kitchen knife

više nalik na kuhinjski nož

than a Swiss Army knife.

nego na švajcarski vojni nož.

Instead, what brain imaging has delivered

Umesto toga, oslikavanje mozga je pružilo

is this rich and interesting picture of the human mind.

ovu raskošnu i zanimljivu sliku ljudskog uma.

So we have this picture of very general-purpose

Tako imamo ovu sliku mašinerije opšte svrhe

machinery in our heads

u našim glavama

in addition to this surprising array

uz ovaj iznenađujući niz

of very specialized components.

specijalizovanih komponenti.

It's early days in this enterprise.

To su tek počeci.

We've painted only the first brushstrokes

Naslikali smo tek prve poteze

in our neural portrait of the human mind.

našeg nervnog portreta ljudskog uma.

The most fundamental questions remain unanswered.

Najosnovnija pitanja ostaju bez odgovora.

So for example, what does each of these regions do exactly?

Tako, na primer, šta svako od tih područja tačno radi?

Why do we need three face areas

Zašto su nam potrebna tri područja za lica

and three place areas,

i tri područja za mesta

and what's the division of labor between them?

i kakva je podela rada među njima?

Second, how are all these things

Drugo, kako su sve te stvari

connected in the brain?

povezane u mozgu?

With diffusion imaging,

Sa difuznim snimanjem

you can trace bundles of neurons

možete pratiti skupove neurona

that connect to different parts of the brain,

koji povezuju različite delove mozga,

and with this method shown here,

a sa metodom prikazanom ovde,

you can trace the connections of individual neurons in the brain,

možete da pratite veze pojedinih neurona u mozgu,

potentially someday giving us a wiring diagram

što može jednoga dana da nam pruži dijagram

of the entire human brain.

celokupnog ljudskog mozga.

Third, how does all of this

Treće, kako se sva ta

very systematic structure get built,

vrlo sistematična struktura gradi

both over development in childhood

razvojem u detinjstvu

and over the evolution of our species?

i evolucijom naše vrste?

To address questions like that,

Da obratimo pažnju takvim pitanjima

scientists are now scanning

naučnici sada skeniraju

other species of animals,

druge vrste životinja

and they're also scanning human infants.

i decu takođe.

Many people justify the high cost of neuroscience research

Mnogi ljudi opravdavaju visoke troškove neuroloških istraživanja

by pointing out that it may help us someday

ističući da će nam to možda jednom pomoći

to treat brain disorders like Alzheimer's and autism.

u lečenju poremećaja mozga kao što je Alchajmerova bolest i autizam.

That's a hugely important goal,

To je izuzetno važan cilj i bila bih

and I'd be thrilled if any of my work contributed to it,

počastvovana kad bi bilo koji od mojih radova tome doprineo,

but fixing things that are broken in the world

ali popravljanje onog što je u svetu pokvareno

is not the only thing that's worth doing.

nije jedina stvar vredna bavljenja njome.

The effort to understand the human mind and brain

Trud na razumevanju ljudskog uma i mozga

is worthwhile even if it never led to the treatment

je vredan čak i ako nikada ne dovede do lečenja

of a single disease.

i jedne bolesti.

What could be more thrilling

Šta može biti uzbudljivije

than to understand the fundamental mechanisms

od razumevanja osnovnih mehanizama

that underlie human experience,

na kojima se zasniva ljudsko iskustvo,

to understand, in essence, who we are?

od suštinskog razumevanja, ko smo mi?

This is, I think, the greatest scientific quest

To je po mom mišljenju najveće naučno traganje

of all time.

svih vremena.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)