Nancy Kanwisher: A neural portrait of the human mind

191,552 views ・ 2014-10-02

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Madeleine Aronson
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λ²ˆμ—­: Gemma Lee κ²€ν† : Sieun Lee
00:12
Today I want to tell you
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였늘 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜
00:13
about a project being carried out
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전세계 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
00:15
by scientists all over the world
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ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
to paint a neural portrait of the human mind.
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인간 μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ μ‹ κ²½ μ΄ˆμƒμ„ κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
And the central idea of this work
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이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 핡심적인 λ°œμƒμ€
00:23
is that the human mind and brain
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 사고와 λ‡Œκ°€
00:25
is not a single, general-purpose processor,
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ‹€λͺ©μ  ν”„λ‘œμ„Έμ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:28
but a collection of highly specialized components,
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μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉν™”λœ λΆ€λΆ„λ“€μ˜ 집합체이며
00:31
each solving a different specific problem,
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각 뢀뢄은 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ • κΈ°λŠ₯이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:34
and yet collectively making up
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그게 λ‹€ ν•©μ³μ Έμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
00:37
who we are as human beings and thinkers.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμΈμ§€, μ–΄λ–€ 생각을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
To give you a feel for this idea,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
00:43
imagine the following scenario:
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λ‹€μŒ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό 상상해보죠.
00:45
You walk into your child's day care center.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μ•„μ΄μ˜ 놀이방에 λ“€μ–΄μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
As usual, there's a dozen kids there
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ν‰μ†Œμ²˜λŸΌ μ—¬λŸ¬ 아이가
00:50
waiting to get picked up,
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ₯Ό 기닀리고 μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:51
but this time,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ”
00:53
the children's faces look weirdly similar,
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아이듀 얼꡴이 μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
and you can't figure out which child is yours.
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λˆ„κ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 아이인지 ꡬ별을 ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Do you need new glasses?
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μƒˆ μ•ˆκ²½μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:00
Are you losing your mind?
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정신이 이상해진 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:02
You run through a quick mental checklist.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ¨Έλ¦Ώμ†μœΌλ‘œ 재빨리 ν™•μΈν•΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
No, you seem to be thinking clearly,
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μ•„λ‹ˆ, 정신은 λ˜λ ·ν•œ 것 κ°™κ³ 
01:07
and your vision is perfectly sharp.
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μ‹œμ•Όλ„ μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μ„ λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
And everything looks normal
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λͺ¨λ“  게 μ •μƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ—¬μš”.
01:11
except the children's faces.
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아이듀 μ–Όκ΅΄λ§Œ λΉΌκ³ λŠ”μš”.
01:13
You can see the faces,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 얼꡴을 λ³Ό μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:15
but they don't look distinctive,
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ꡬ별할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
and none of them looks familiar,
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μ–΄λŠ 얼꡴도 μ΅μˆ™ν•΄ 보이지 μ•Šκ³ 
01:18
and it's only by spotting an orange hair ribbon
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주황색 머리 리본을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ μ„œμ•Ό
01:21
that you find your daughter.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 딸을 μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
This sudden loss of the ability to recognize faces
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얼꡴을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°‘μžκΈ° μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” 이 ν˜„μƒμ€
01:26
actually happens to people.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
It's called prosopagnosia,
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얼꡴인식 뢈λŠ₯증이라고 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:30
and it results from damage
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λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 뢀뢄이
01:31
to a particular part of the brain.
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μ†μƒλœ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
The striking thing about it
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이 μ¦μƒμ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 점은
01:35
is that only face recognition is impaired;
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μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식 μž₯μ•  μ™Έμ—λŠ”
01:37
everything else is just fine.
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λͺ¨λ“  인지 κΈ°λŠ₯이 μ •μƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
Prosopagnosia is one of many surprisingly specific
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얼꡴인식 뢈λŠ₯증은 λ‡Œ μ†μƒμœΌλ‘œ 일어날 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:44
mental deficits that can happen after brain damage.
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λ†€λžλ„λ‘ νŠΉμ •μ μΈ μ •μ‹  결핍 증세 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
These syndromes collectively
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였랜 κΈ°κ°„ 이런 증상듀은
01:49
have suggested for a long time
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우리의 λ‡Œ κΈ°λŠ₯이
01:52
that the mind is divvied up into distinct components,
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뚜렷히 κ΅¬λΆ„λœ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν–ˆκ³ 
01:55
but the effort to discover those components
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κ·Έ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μ°ΎμœΌλ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯은
01:58
has jumped to warp speed
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λ‡Œ μ˜μƒ 기술의 발λͺ…,
01:59
with the invention of brain imaging technology,
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특히 MRI와 ν•¨κ»˜
02:02
especially MRI.
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κΈ‰μ†λ„λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
So MRI enables you to see internal anatomy
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MRIλŠ” 신체 λ‚΄λΆ€ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό
02:08
at high resolution,
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κ³ ν•΄μƒλ„λ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
so I'm going to show you in a second
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μž μ‹œ 후에
02:11
a set of MRI cross-sectional images
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜λ„ μ΅μˆ™ν•  ν•œ 물체의
02:15
through a familiar object,
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MRI 단면도λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
and we're going to fly through them
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μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ν…λ°
02:17
and you're going to try to figure out what the object is.
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무엇인지 λ§žμΆ°λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
02:20
Here we go.
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μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
It's not that easy. It's an artichoke.
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쉽지 μ•Šμ£ . μ•„ν‹°μ΄ˆν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Okay, let's try another one,
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μ’‹μ•„μš”. λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 보죠.
02:27
starting from the bottom and going through the top.
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λ°‘μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ μœ„λ‘œ μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
Broccoli! It's a head of broccoli.
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브둜콜리! 브둜콜리 ν•œλ©μ΄μ—μš”.
02:33
Isn't it beautiful? I love that.
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아름닡지 μ•Šλ‚˜μš”? μ’‹μ•„μš”.
02:35
Okay, here's another one. It's a brain, of course.
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자, 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 게 μžˆμ–΄μš”. λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ λ‡Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
In fact, it's my brain.
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사싀은 제 λ‡Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
We're going through slices through my head like that.
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제 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ €λ ‡κ²Œ ν•œ 단면씩 λ³΄λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
02:41
That's my nose over on the right, and now
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 제 μ½”κ°€ 있고
02:43
we're going over here, right there.
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ 이μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ, λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
So this picture's nice, if I do say so myself,
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멋진 μ‚¬μ§„μ΄λ„€μš”. μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ.
02:51
but it shows only anatomy.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ MRI λŠ” ꡬ쑰만 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
The really cool advance with functional imaging
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정말 멋진 λ°œμ „μ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
02:55
happened when scientists figured out how to make
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λ‡Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:57
pictures that show not just anatomy but activity,
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λ‡Œμ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν™œλ™μ„ μ΄¬μ˜ν•˜λŠ”
03:00
that is, where neurons are firing.
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κΈ°λŠ₯ μ˜μƒμ„ κ°œλ°œν•¨μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
So here's how this works.
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κ·Έ 원리λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ£ .
03:04
Brains are like muscles.
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λ‡ŒλŠ” 근윑과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
When they get active,
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λ‡Œκ°€ ν™œλ™ν•  λ•Œ
03:07
they need increased blood flow to supply that activity,
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κ·Έ ν™œλ™μ„ μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” 혈λ₯˜κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
and lucky for us, blood flow control to the brain is local,
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ λ‡Œμ˜ 혈λ₯˜ μ‘°μ ˆμ€ ꡭ지적이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:14
so if a bunch of neurons, say, right there
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μ‹ κ²½ 세포 ν•œ λ‹€λ°œμ΄, 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ
03:16
get active and start firing,
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ν™œλ™μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°œμ‚¬ ν•˜λ©΄
03:17
then blood flow increases just right there.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—λ§Œ 혈λ₯˜κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
So functional MRI picks up on that blood flow increase,
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κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± MRIλŠ” κ·Έ 혈λ₯˜ μ¦κ°€λŸ‰μ„ κ°μ§€ν•΄μ„œ
03:24
producing a higher MRI response
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μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” κ³³μ—μ„œ
03:26
where neural activity goes up.
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더 높은 MRI λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
So to give you a concrete feel
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그럼 κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± MRI μ‹€ν—˜μ΄
03:30
for how a functional MRI experiment goes
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³ , 그런 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ
03:33
and what you can learn from it
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무엇을 μ•Œ 수 있고
03:34
and what you can't,
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μ•Œ 수 μ—†λŠ”μ§€
03:36
let me describe one of the first studies I ever did.
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제 첫 연ꡬ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 예둜 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
We wanted to know if there was a special part of the brain for recognizing faces,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식 κΈ°λŠ₯이 λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ • 뢀뢄에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
03:43
and there was already reason to think there might be such a thing
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ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ μ•„κΉŒ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆλ˜
03:46
based on this phenomenon of prosopagnosia
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얼꡴인식 뢈λŠ₯μ¦μ΄λž€ ν˜„μƒμ„ 톡해
03:48
that I described a moment ago,
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그럴 κ°€λŠ₯성을 μΆ”μΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:50
but nobody had ever seen that part of the brain
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정상적인 λ‡Œμ—μ„œ
03:52
in a normal person,
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μ΄μ „κΉŒμ§€ ν™•μΈλœ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆκΈ°μ—
03:54
so we set out to look for it.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚˜μ„°μ£ .
03:56
So I was the first subject.
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μ œκ°€ 첫번째 μ‹€ν—˜λŒ€μƒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:58
I went into the scanner, I lay on my back,
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μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ†μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€ λˆ„μ›Œμ„œ
04:01
I held my head as still as I could
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될 수 μžˆλŠ”λŒ€λ‘œ 머리λ₯Ό 움직이지 μ•Šκ³ 
04:03
while staring at pictures of faces like these
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이런 μ–Όκ΅΄λ“€κ³Ό
04:08
and objects like these
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이런 μ‚¬λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 사진을 λ°”λΌλ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
and faces and objects for hours.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ–Όκ΅΄κ³Ό 사물듀을 λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ λ΄€μ£ .
04:15
So as somebody who has pretty close to the world record
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MRI μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 보낸 총 μ‹œκ°„μˆ˜λ‘œ
04:18
of total number of hours spent inside an MRI scanner,
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세계 기둝에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 기둝을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ
04:22
I can tell you that one of the skills
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λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
04:23
that's really important for MRI research
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MRIμ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λŠ₯λ ₯은
04:26
is bladder control.
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λ°©κ΄‘ μ‘°μ ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:29
When I got out of the scanner,
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μŠ€μΊλ„ˆμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ €λŠ”
04:31
I did a quick analysis of the data,
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 데이터 λΆ„μ„μœΌλ‘œ
04:33
looking for any parts of my brain
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μ œκ°€ 사물을 λ³Ό λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€
04:35
that produced a higher response when I was looking at faces
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얼꡴을 봀을 λ•Œ 더 높은 λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”
04:38
than when I was looking at objects,
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λ‡Œ 뢀뢄을 μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
and here's what I saw.
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이것이 μ œκ°€ λ³Έ κ±°μ—μš”.
04:42
Now this image looks just awful by today's standards,
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μš”μ¦˜ κΈ°μ€€μ—μ„œλŠ” 정말 ꡬ식 μ˜μƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:45
but at the time I thought it was beautiful.
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κ·Έλ•ŒλŠ” 아름닡닀고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:48
What it shows is that region right there,
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이 μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°,
04:50
that little blob,
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μž‘μ€ λ©μ–΄λ¦¬μš”.
04:51
it's about the size of an olive
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올리브 ν•œ μ•Œμ˜ 크기인데
04:53
and it's on the bottom surface of my brain
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제 λ‡Œμ˜ μ•„λž«μͺ½μ— 있고
04:55
about an inch straight in from right there.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 2.5 cm λ“€μ–΄κ°„ κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And what that part of my brain is doing
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제 λ‡Œμ˜ λ°”λ‘œ μ € 뢀뢄이
05:01
is producing a higher MRI response,
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μ œκ°€ 물체λ₯Ό λ³Ό λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€ 얼꡴을 봀을 λ•Œ
05:04
that is, higher neural activity,
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더 높은 MRI λ°˜μ‘,
05:06
when I was looking at faces
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즉, 더 높은 μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ„
05:07
than when I was looking at objects.
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λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
So that's pretty cool,
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정말 멋진 κ²°κ³Όμ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
05:11
but how do we know this isn't a fluke?
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μš°μ—°μΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
05:13
Well, the easiest way
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κ°€μž₯ μ‰¬μš΄ 확인 방법은
05:15
is to just do the experiment again.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:17
So I got back in the scanner,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
05:18
I looked at more faces and I looked at more objects
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더 λ§Žμ€ μ–Όκ΅΄κ³Ό 더 λ§Žμ€ 사물을 λ΄€κ³ 
05:21
and I got a similar blob,
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 뢀뢄이 μ˜μƒμ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
and then I did it again
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κ·Έ 뒀에 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 또 ν•˜κ³ 
05:25
and I did it again
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λ‹€μ‹œ ν•˜κ³ 
05:27
and again and again,
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λ‹€μ‹œ, 또 λ‹€μ‹œ ν•˜κ³ 
05:30
and around about then
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그러고 λ‚˜μ„œμ•Ό
05:31
I decided to believe it was for real.
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κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ§„μ§œμž„μ„ 믿기둜 ν–ˆμ£ .
05:34
But still, maybe this is something weird about my brain
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 이것은 제 λ‡Œλ§Œ μ΄μƒν•œ 것이고
05:38
and no one else has one of these things in there,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 이런 게 없을 지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
so to find out, we scanned a bunch of other people
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μŠ€μΊ”ν–ˆκ³ 
05:43
and found that pretty much everyone
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거의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—μ„œ
05:45
has that little face-processing region
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λ‡Œμ˜ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 뢀뢄에
05:47
in a similar neighborhood of the brain.
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얼꡴을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ€ μ˜μ—­μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
So the next question was,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€μŒ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€
05:52
what does this thing really do?
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이 뢀뢄은 μ •ν™•νžˆ 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”κ±ΈκΉŒ?
05:53
Is it really specialized just for face recognition?
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μ •λ§λ‘œ μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식에 νŠΉν™”λœ 곳인가?
05:57
Well, maybe not, right?
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아닐지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ£ ?
05:58
Maybe it responds not only to faces
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 얼꡴뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
06:00
but to any body part.
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아무 신체 λΆ€μœ„λ‚˜
06:02
Maybe it responds to anything human
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜
06:05
or anything alive
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것,
06:07
or anything round.
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λ™κ·Έλž€ 것에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
The only way to be really sure that that region
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이 뢀뢄이 μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식에
06:10
is specialized for face recognition
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νŠΉν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•  μœ μΌν•œ 방법은
06:13
is to rule out all of those hypotheses.
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그런 λͺ¨λ“  가정을 λ°°μ œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:15
So we spent much of the next couple of years
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이후 λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
06:18
scanning subjects while they looked at lots
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μ‹€ν—˜μžλ“€μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ 사진을 λ³΄λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
06:20
of different kinds of images,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ΄¬μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
and we showed that that part of the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ κ·Έ 뢀뢄은
06:23
responds strongly when you look at
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μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜λ“  μ–Όκ΅΄μ˜ μ˜μƒμ—
06:25
any images that are faces of any kind,
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κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν–ˆκ³ 
06:29
and it responds much less strongly
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이런 μ‚¬μ§„λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ
06:31
to any image you show that isn't a face,
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얼꡴이 μ•„λ‹Œ 것을 λ³Ό λ•ŒλŠ”
06:34
like some of these.
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훨씬 덜 λ°˜μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
So have we finally nailed the case
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ 이 뢀뢄이
06:37
that this region is necessary for face recognition?
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μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식에 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 결둠을 λ‚΄λ Έμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:41
No, we haven't.
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μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜€. 그렇지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
Brain imaging can never tell you
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λ‡Œ μ˜μƒμ€ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜μ—­μ΄ νŠΉμ • μš©λ„μ—
06:44
if a region is necessary for anything.
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ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것은 κ²°μ½” μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
All you can do with brain imaging
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λ‡Œ μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 일은
06:48
is watch regions turn on and off
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생각을 ν•  λ•Œ
06:50
as people think different thoughts.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ˜μ—­λ“€μ΄ κΉœλΉ‘μ΄λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:52
To tell if a part of the brain is necessary for a mental function,
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λ‡Œμ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄이 μ •μ‹  κΈ°λŠ₯에 ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €λ©΄
06:55
you need to mess with it and see what happens,
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κ·Έ 뢀뢄을 λ°©ν•΄ν•΄ 봐야 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
06:58
and normally we don't get to do that.
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보톡 그런 κΈ°νšŒλŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
But an amazing opportunity came about
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό 졜근 λ†€λΌμš΄ κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
very recently when a couple of colleagues of mine
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제 λ™λ£Œ λͺ‡ λͺ…이
07:05
tested this man who has epilepsy
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κ°„μ§ˆμ„ μ•“λŠ” 이 λ‚¨μžλΆ„μ„ μ‹€ν—˜ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
and who is shown here in his hospital bed
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μ—¬κΈ° 병원 μΉ¨λŒ€μ— λˆ„μ›ŒμžˆλŠ” λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
where he's just had electrodes placed
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그의 λ‡Œ ν‘œλ©΄μ—
07:12
on the surface of his brain
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전극을 μ—°κ²°ν•΄
07:14
to identify the source of his seizures.
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λ°œμž‘μ˜ 원인을 찾으렀고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
So it turned out by total chance
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그런데 μ•„μ£Ό μš°μ—°ν•˜κ²Œλ„
07:20
that two of the electrodes
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μ „κ·Ή 2κ°œκ°€
07:22
happened to be right on top of his face area.
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μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식 μ˜μ—­ λ°”λ‘œ μœ„μ— λ†“μ΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
So with the patient's consent,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν™˜μžμ˜ λ™μ˜ν•˜μ—
07:27
the doctors asked him what happened
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ κ·Έ λ‡Œ 뢀뢄에
07:30
when they electrically stimulated that part of his brain.
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μ „κΈ° 자극이 κ°€ν•΄μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ μ–΄λ• λŠ”μ§€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
Now, the patient doesn't know
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자, ν™˜μžλŠ” κ·Έ 전극듀이
07:35
where those electrodes are,
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어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ 
07:37
and he's never heard of the face area.
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μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식 μ˜μ—­μ„ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 적도 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
07:39
So let's watch what happens.
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무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
07:41
It's going to start with a control condition
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비ꡐ 쑰건으둜 μ‹œμž‘ν•  텐데
07:43
that will say "Sham" nearly invisibly
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μ „λ₯˜κ°€ 흐λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”
07:45
in red in the lower left,
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"κ°€μ§œ"라고 거의 보이지 μ•Šκ²Œ
07:47
when no current is delivered,
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μ™Όμͺ½ μ•„λž˜μ— λΉ¨κ°„μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚ κ±°μ—μš”.
07:49
and you'll hear the neurologist speaking to the patient first. So let's watch.
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μ‹ κ²½ν•™μžκ°€ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ λ¨Όμ € λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 듀을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
07:53
(Video) Neurologist: Okay, just look at my face
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(μ˜μƒ) μ‹ κ²½ν•™μž: 제 얼꡴을 보고
07:55
and tell me what happens when I do this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•  λ•Œ 어떀지 λ§ν•΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
07:59
All right?
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
08:00
Patient: Okay.
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ν™˜μž: μ’‹μ•„μš”.
08:02
Neurologist: One, two, three.
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μ‹ κ²½ν•™μž: ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜, μ…‹.
08:07
Patient: Nothing. Neurologist: Nothing? Okay.
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ν™˜μž: 아무일도 μ—†μ–΄μš”. μ‹ κ²½ν•™μž: μ•„λ¬΄μΌλ„μš”? μ’‹μ•„μš”.
08:10
I'm going to do it one more time.
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ν•œ 번 더 ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
Look at my face.
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제 얼꡴을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:15
One, two, three.
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ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜, μ…‹.
08:20
Patient: You just turned into somebody else.
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ν™˜μž: μ˜μ‚¬ μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:23
Your face metamorphosed.
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μ„ μƒλ‹˜ 얼꡴이 λ³€ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:25
Your nose got saggy, it went to the left.
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μ½”κ°€ μΆ• μ²˜μ Έμ„œ μ™Όμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°”μ–΄μš”.
08:28
You almost looked like somebody I'd seen before,
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μ œκ°€ 이전에 λ³Έ μ‚¬λžŒν•˜κ³  λΉ„μŠ·ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
08:31
but somebody different.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:34
That was a trip.
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λ§ˆμ•½ ν™˜κ° κ°™μ•˜μ–΄μš”.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:39
Nancy Kanwisher: So this experiment β€”
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λ‚Έμ‹œ μΊ”μœ„μ…”: κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€
08:41
(Applause) β€”
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
08:45
this experiment finally nails the case
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 λ“œλ””μ–΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
08:48
that this region of the brain is not only
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λ‡Œμ˜ 이 μ˜μ—­μ΄
08:49
selectively responsive to faces
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얼꡴에 μ„ λ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‘ν•  뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:52
but causally involved in face perception.
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μ–Όκ΅΄ μΈμ‹μ˜ κ·Όμ›μ΄λΌλŠ” 결둠을 λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
So I went through all of these details
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식 μ˜μ—­μ„ 예둜
08:57
about the face region to show you what it takes
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ–΄λŠ λΆ€μœ„κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 인지 λŠ₯λ ₯에
08:59
to really establish that a part of the brain
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μ„ λ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 관련이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
09:02
is selectively involved in a specific mental process.
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ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” 과정을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
Next, I'll go through much more quickly
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그럼 저와 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έ
09:07
some of the other specialized regions of the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „λ¬Έ μ˜μ—­λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄
09:10
that we and others have found.
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μ’€ 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
So to do this, I've spent a lot of time
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이 강연을 μœ„ν•΄ μ €λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ 달
09:14
in the scanner over the last month
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μŠ€μΊλ„ˆμ—μ„œ λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ³΄λƒˆκ³ 
09:16
so I can show you these things in my brain.
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제 λ‡Œ 속 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ„ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
So let's get started. Here's my right hemisphere.
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그럼 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”. 제 λ‡Œμ˜ μš°μΈ‘λ°˜κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
So we're oriented like that. You're looking at my head this way.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 제 머리λ₯Ό 이μͺ½μ—μ„œ 보고 κ³„μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
Imagine taking the skull off
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ„ 벗겨내고
09:25
and looking at the surface of the brain like that.
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λ‡Œ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ³Έλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
09:27
Okay, now as you can see,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ³΄λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
09:29
the surface of the brain is all folded up.
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λ‡Œ ν‘œλ©΄μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ μ ‘ν˜€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
So that's not good. Stuff could be hidden in there.
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μ•ˆλ˜κ² μ£ . λ­”κ°€ μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:32
We want to see the whole thing,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 전체λ₯Ό 보고 μ‹ΆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ
09:34
so let's inflate it so we can see the whole thing.
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό λΆ€ν’€λ €μ„œ 전체λ₯Ό 보죠.
09:37
Next, let's find that face area I've been talking about
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λ‹€μŒμ€ 이런 이미지에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”
09:40
that responds to images like these.
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μ–Όκ΅΄ μ˜μ—­μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ°Ύμ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
09:42
To see that, let's turn the brain around
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό λŒλ €μ„œ,
09:43
and look on the inside surface on the bottom,
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μ•„λž˜μͺ½ λ‚΄λΆ€ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
09:45
and there it is, that's my face area.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ €κΈ°κ°€ 제 μ–Όκ΅΄ μ˜μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
Just to the right of that is another region
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κ±°κΈ° 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—
09:50
that is shown in purple
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λ³΄λΌμƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ€
09:52
that responds when you process color information,
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색깔 정보λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  λ•Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ³ 
09:55
and near those regions are other regions
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κ·Έ 근처의 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ€
09:58
that are involved in perceiving places,
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μž₯μ†Œλ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ”λ° κ΄€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
like right now, I'm seeing this layout of space around me
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μ§€κΈˆ μ œκ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 제 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ 곡간 배치λ₯Ό 보면
10:03
and these regions in green right there
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μ €κΈ° μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄
10:05
are really active.
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μ™•μ„±ν•˜κ²Œ ν™œλ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
There's another one out on the outside surface again
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μž₯μ†Œ μ˜μ—­μ€ λ‡Œ ν‘œλ©΄μ— ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 있고
10:08
where there's a couple more face regions as well.
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거기에 μ–Όκ΅΄ μ˜μ—­λ„ λ‘κ°œ 더 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
Also in this vicinity
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λ˜ν•œ 이 근처의 μ˜μ—­μ€
10:14
is a region that's selectively involved
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이런 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 점 같은
10:15
in processing visual motion,
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μ‹œκ°μ  μš΄λ™μ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ”λ°
10:17
like these moving dots here,
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μ„ λ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜κ³ 
10:19
and that's in yellow at the bottom of the brain,
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μ•„λž˜μͺ½ λ…Έλž€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œλœ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
and near that is a region that responds
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κ·Έ 근처의 μ˜μ—­μ€
10:25
when you look at images of bodies and body parts
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λͺΈμ΄λ‚˜ λͺΈ λΆ€μœ„μ˜ 이미지λ₯Ό λ³Ό λ•Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
like these, and that region is shown in lime green
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μ €κΈ° λ‡Œ μ•„λž˜μͺ½μ— λ³΄μ‹œλŠ”
10:30
at the bottom of the brain.
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밝은 μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
Now all these regions I've shown you so far
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μ—¬νƒœκΉŒμ§€ μ œκ°€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° μ˜μ—­λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘
10:35
are involved in specific aspects of visual perception.
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μ‹œμ§€κ°μ˜ νŠΉμ • 츑면에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
Do we also have specialized brain regions
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듣기와 같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 감각에
10:41
for other senses, like hearing?
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νŠΉν™”λœ λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­λ„ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:44
Yes, we do. So if we turn the brain around a little bit,
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예, κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ•½κ°„λ§Œ 돌렀보면
10:47
here's a region in dark blue
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μ—¬κΈ° 짙은 μ²­μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œλœ μ˜μ—­μ„
10:50
that we reported just a couple of months ago,
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저희 νŒ€μ΄ λͺ‡λ‹¬μ „에 λ°œν‘œν–ˆλŠ”λ°
10:52
and this region responds strongly
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이 μ˜μ—­μ€
10:54
when you hear sounds with pitch, like these.
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μŒμ •μžˆλŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œ μ΄κ²ƒλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:57
(Sirens)
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(μ‚¬μ΄λ Œ)
10:59
(Cello music)
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(첼둜 μŒμ•…)
11:01
(Doorbell)
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(μ΄ˆμΈμ’…)
11:03
In contrast, that same region does not respond strongly
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ 이 μ˜μ—­μ€ μ•„μ£Ό μ΅μˆ™ν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λΌλ„
11:07
when you hear perfectly familiar sounds
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μ„ λͺ…ν•œ μŒμ •μ΄ μ—†μœΌλ©΄
11:08
that don't have a clear pitch, like these.
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κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄
11:11
(Chomping)
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(λ°•μˆ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬)
11:13
(Drum roll)
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(λ“œλŸΌ μ†Œλ¦¬)
11:15
(Toilet flushing)
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(ν™”μž₯μ‹€ λ¬Ό λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬)
11:18
Okay. Next to the pitch region
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이 μŒμ • μ˜μ—­ μ˜†μ—λŠ”
11:21
is another set of regions that are selectively responsive
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λ§μ†Œλ¦¬μ— μ„ λ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”
11:23
when you hear the sounds of speech.
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μ˜μ—­μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
Okay, now let's look at these same regions.
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이제 제 λ‡Œ 쒌츑 반ꡬ의
11:28
In my left hemisphere, there's a similar arrangement β€”
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같은 뢀뢄을 보면 λ˜‘κ°™μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
11:30
not identical, but similar β€”
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:32
and most of the same regions are in here,
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이 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 크기만 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ
11:34
albeit sometimes different in size.
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쒌우반ꡬ λ‘˜λ‹€μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
Now, everything I've shown you so far
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬νƒœκΉŒμ§€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° λ‚΄μš©μ€ λͺ¨λ‘
11:38
are regions that are involved in different aspects of perception,
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감각의 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
vision and hearing.
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μ‹œκ°κ³Ό μ²­κ°μ΄μš”.
11:43
Do we also have specialized brain regions
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μ•„μ£Ό κ³ μ°¨μ›μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ •μ‹  과정에
11:44
for really fancy, complicated mental processes?
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νŠΉν™”λœ λ‡Œμ˜ μ˜μ—­λ„ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:48
Yes, we do.
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예, μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
So here in pink are my language regions.
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μ—¬κΈ° 뢄홍색은 μ–Έμ–΄ μ˜μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
So it's been known for a very long time
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ
11:54
that that general vicinity of the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄
11:56
is involved in processing language,
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μ–Έμ–΄ μ²˜λ¦¬μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
11:58
but we showed very recently
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μ•„μ£Ό μ΅œκ·Όμ—μ•Ό
12:00
that these pink regions
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이 뢄홍색 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ˜
12:02
respond extremely selectively.
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맀우 νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
They respond when you understand the meaning of a sentence,
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이 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ€ λ¬Έμž₯을 이해할 λ•ŒλŠ” λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
12:07
but not when you do other complex mental things,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 사고λ₯Ό ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
like mental arithmetic
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μ•”μ‚°μ΄λ‚˜,
12:12
or holding information in memory
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정보λ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
12:14
or appreciating the complex structure
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μŒμ•…μ—μ„œ
12:17
in a piece of music.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 감상할 λ•Œμ£ .
12:21
The most amazing region that's been found yet
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발견된 것 쀑 κ°€μž₯ λ†€λΌμš΄ μ˜μ—­μ€
12:24
is this one right here in turquoise.
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μ²­λ‘μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ΄κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
This region responds
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이 μ˜μ—­μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
12:30
when you think about what another person is thinking.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 무엇을 생각할지 생각할 λ•Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
So that may seem crazy,
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ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆμ—†λŠ” κ²ƒκ°™μ§€λ§Œ
12:35
but actually, we humans do this all the time.
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우리 인간듀이 λŠ˜μƒ ν•˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
You're doing this when you realize
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 집에 늦게 λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ λ•Œ
12:42
that your partner is going to be worried
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κ°€μ‘±μ—κ²Œ μ „ν™”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
12:43
if you don't call home to say you're running late.
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걱정할거라고 생각할 λ•Œ,
12:46
I'm doing this with that region of my brain right now
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그리고 저도 μ§€κΈˆ κ·Έ μ˜μ—­μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
when I realize that you guys
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μ§€κΈˆμ―€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 아직 λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€
12:51
are probably now wondering about
319
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μ € νšŒμƒ‰ 뢀뢄듀에 λŒ€ν•΄
12:53
all that gray, uncharted territory in the brain,
320
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κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•  거라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
12:56
and what's up with that?
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λŒ€μ²΄ 무슨 μ˜μ—­μΌκΉŒμš”?
12:58
Well, I'm wondering about that too,
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저도 그게 κΆκΈˆν•΄μ„œ
12:59
and we're running a bunch of experiments in my lab right now
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제 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 일련의 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해
13:02
to try to find a number of other
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782100
2013
λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ • μ •μ‹  κΈ°λŠ₯에
13:04
possible specializations in the brain
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νŠΉν™”λ˜μ—ˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” λ‡Œ 뢀뢄듀을
13:06
for other very specific mental functions.
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μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
But importantly, I don't think we have
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όμš” μ •μ‹  κΈ°λŠ₯이
13:12
specializations in the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ–΄λŠ νŠΉμ • 뢀뢄에
13:13
for every important mental function,
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ν•œμ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
even mental functions that may be critical for survival.
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생쑴에 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ μ •μ‹  κΈ°λŠ₯λ“€ μ‘°μ°¨λ„μš”.
13:19
In fact, a few years ago,
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사싀 λͺ‡λ…„μ „ 제 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ— 있던
13:21
there was a scientist in my lab
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ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλŠ”
13:23
who became quite convinced
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μŒμ‹μ„ κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ”
13:24
that he'd found a brain region
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λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ‹€κ³ 
13:26
for detecting food,
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ꡳ게 믿은 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
and it responded really strongly in the scanner
336
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κ·Έ μ˜μ—­μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이와 같은
13:30
when people looked at images like this.
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이미지λ₯Ό 봀을 λ•Œ κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν–ˆμ£ .
13:32
And further, he found a similar response
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더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μž 12λͺ…쀑 10λͺ…이
13:35
in more or less the same location
339
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거의 같은 κ³³μ—μ„œ
13:37
in 10 out of 12 subjects.
340
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
So he was pretty stoked,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν•œκ» κ³ λ¬΄λ˜μ–΄μ„œ
13:41
and he was running around the lab
342
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ„ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©°
13:43
telling everyone that he was going to go on "Oprah"
343
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2002
이 μ»€λ‹€λž€ 발견으둜
13:45
with his big discovery.
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"μ˜€ν”„λΌ μ‡Ό"에 λ‚˜κ°ˆ 거라고 μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
13:47
But then he devised the critical test:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 후에 κ·ΈλŠ” 결정적인 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:50
He showed subjects images of food like this
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이와 같은 μŒμ‹ 사진을 ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μžμ—κ²Œ 보여주고
13:53
and compared them to images with very similar
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색깔과 λͺ¨μ–‘은 μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
13:56
color and shape, but that weren't food, like these.
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μŒμ‹μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ 사진을 보여쀀 λ’€ 비ꡐλ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
And his region responded the same
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κ·Έ μ˜μ—­μ€ 두 가지 사진에
14:02
to both sets of images.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ λ°˜μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:04
So it wasn't a food area,
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μŒμ‹ μ˜μ—­μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
14:05
it was just a region that liked colors and shapes.
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 색깔과 λͺ¨μ–‘을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
14:08
So much for "Oprah."
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"μ˜€ν”„λΌ μ‡Ό"λŠ” λͺ» λ‚˜κ°€κ² μ£ .
14:12
But then the question, of course, is,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 이제 μ˜λ¬Έμ μ€
14:14
how do we process all this other stuff
355
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νŠΉν™”λœ λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­μ΄ μ—†λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯듀은
14:16
that we don't have specialized brain regions for?
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λ‹€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ²˜λ¦¬λ˜λŠ”κ°€, ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:19
Well, I think the answer is that in addition
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제 생각에 그에 λŒ€ν•œ 닡은
14:21
to these highly specialized components that I've been describing,
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λ‡Œμ—λŠ” μ œκ°€ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉν™”λœ λΆ€λΆ„λ“€ 외에도
14:25
we also have a lot of very general- purpose machinery in our heads
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λͺ©μ μΈ 뢀뢄듀이 많이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
14:28
that enables us to tackle
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ λ¬Έμ œλ“ 
14:30
whatever problem comes along.
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μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:32
In fact, we've shown recently that
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ—
14:34
these regions here in white
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μ—¬κΈ° 흰색 μ˜μ—­μ΄
14:36
respond whenever you do any difficult mental task
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무엇이든 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ •μ‹  노동에 λ°˜μ‘ν•¨μ„
14:39
at all β€”
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λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
well, of the seven that we've tested.
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ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μž 7λͺ…ν•œν…Œ 같은 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ™”μ£ .
14:44
So each of the brain regions that I've described
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μ œκ°€ 였늘 μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦°
14:46
to you today
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각각의 λ‡Œμ˜μ—­μ€
14:48
is present in approximately the same location
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λͺ¨λ“  κ±΄κ°•ν•œ ν”Όμ‹€ν—˜μžν•œν…Œμ„œ
14:50
in every normal subject.
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거의 같은 곳에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:52
I could take any of you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 μ–΄λ–€ 뢄이라도
14:54
pop you in the scanner,
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μŠ€μΊλ„ˆμ— λ„£μœΌλ©΄
14:55
and find each of those regions in your brain,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ—­λ“€μ„ 찾을 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:57
and it would look a lot like my brain,
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제 λ‡Œμ™€ μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•  κ±°μ—μš”.
14:59
although the regions would be slightly different
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μ˜μ—­λ“€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ ν¬κΈ°λŠ”
15:01
in their exact location and in their size.
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μ‘°κΈˆμ”© λ‹€λ₯Όν…Œμ§€λ§Œμš”.
15:05
What's important to me about this work
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제게 이 일이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
15:07
is not the particular locations of these brain regions,
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이 λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­λ“€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜ μžμ²΄λ³΄λ‹€
15:10
but the simple fact that we have
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μ• μ΄ˆλΆ€ν„° 우리의 사고와 λ‡Œκ°€
15:13
selective, specific components of mind and brain
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선별적, νŠΉμ •μ  λΆ€λΆ„λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
15:15
in the first place.
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
I mean, it could have been otherwise.
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μ•ˆ 그럴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
15:19
The brain could have been a single,
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λ‡Œ 전체가 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜
15:21
general-purpose processor,
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λ‹€μš©λ„ ν”„λ‘œμ„Έμ„œλ‘œμ„œ
15:23
more like a kitchen knife
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μŠ€μœ„μŠ€ κ΅°μΈμΉΌλ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
15:24
than a Swiss Army knife.
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일반적인 λΆ€μ—ŒμΉΌκ³Ό 같을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆκ² μ£ .
15:26
Instead, what brain imaging has delivered
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ‡Œ μ˜μƒμ΄ 보여쀀 것은
15:29
is this rich and interesting picture of the human mind.
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μ‚¬λžŒ λ‘λ‡Œμ˜ 닀채둭고 ν₯미둜운 λͺ¨μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
So we have this picture of very general-purpose
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 머릿속에
15:35
machinery in our heads
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λ‹€λͺ©μ  기계λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  있고
15:37
in addition to this surprising array
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그외에도 μ•„μ£Ό νŠΉν™”λœ
15:39
of very specialized components.
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일련의 κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
15:43
It's early days in this enterprise.
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이 λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” 아직 μ‹œμž‘ λ‹¨κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:45
We've painted only the first brushstrokes
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인간 μ •μ‹ μ˜ μ‹ κ²½ μ΄ˆμƒν™”λ₯Ό κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ”
15:48
in our neural portrait of the human mind.
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첫 λΆ“μ§ˆμ„ ν–ˆμ„ 뿐이죠.
15:51
The most fundamental questions remain unanswered.
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κ°€μž₯ 근본적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ€ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:54
So for example, what does each of these regions do exactly?
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ 이듀 각각의 μ˜μ—­μ€ μ •ν™•νžˆ 무엇을 ν• κΉŒ?
15:58
Why do we need three face areas
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μ™œ μ„Έ 곳의 μ–Όκ΅΄μ˜μ—­κ³Ό
16:00
and three place areas,
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μ„Έ 곳의 μž₯μ†Œ μ˜μ—­μ΄ 있고
16:02
and what's the division of labor between them?
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이 λΆ€λΆ„λ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 일 뢄담은 μ–΄λ– ν• κΉŒ?
16:04
Second, how are all these things
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λ‘˜μ§Έ, 이 λͺ¨λ“  κΈ°λŠ₯듀이 λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
16:07
connected in the brain?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒ?
16:09
With diffusion imaging,
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ν™•μ‚° μ˜μƒμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
16:10
you can trace bundles of neurons
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λ‡Œ λ‚΄μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 뢀뢄을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ”
16:13
that connect to different parts of the brain,
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μ‹ κ²½ μ„¬μœ λ“€μ„ 좔적할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:15
and with this method shown here,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
16:17
you can trace the connections of individual neurons in the brain,
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각각의 λ‡Œ μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 연결망을 좔적할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:20
potentially someday giving us a wiring diagram
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ–Έμ  κ°€ 인간 λ‡Œ μ „μ²΄μ˜
16:23
of the entire human brain.
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μ—°κ²° νšŒλ‘œλ„λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„μš”.
16:25
Third, how does all of this
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μ…‹μ§Έ, 이런 체계적인 ꡬ쑰가
16:27
very systematic structure get built,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν˜•μ„±λ κΉŒ?
16:30
both over development in childhood
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μœ μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μ„±μž₯ κ³Όμ •κ³Ό
16:33
and over the evolution of our species?
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μ’…μ˜ 진화 κ³Όμ • λ‘˜ λ‹€μ—μ„œμš”.
16:36
To address questions like that,
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그런 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ— λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
16:38
scientists are now scanning
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ν˜„μž¬ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
16:40
other species of animals,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 쒅인 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€
16:42
and they're also scanning human infants.
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인간 μœ μ•„μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ˜μƒν™” ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:48
Many people justify the high cost of neuroscience research
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™ 연ꡬ에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λΉ„μš©μ„
16:52
by pointing out that it may help us someday
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μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έλ‚˜ 자폐증 같은 λ‡Œ μž₯μ•  μΉ˜λ£Œμ—
16:55
to treat brain disorders like Alzheimer's and autism.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ 도움이 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 이유둜 μ •λ‹Ήν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
That's a hugely important goal,
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그것은 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œμ΄κ³ 
17:00
and I'd be thrilled if any of my work contributed to it,
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제 연ꡬ가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  κ³΅ν—Œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ κΈ°μ˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ
17:03
but fixing things that are broken in the world
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μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ κ³ μž₯λ‚œ 것을 κ³ μΉ˜λŠ” 일만
17:06
is not the only thing that's worth doing.
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값진 일은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:09
The effort to understand the human mind and brain
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 사고와 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯은
17:12
is worthwhile even if it never led to the treatment
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병을 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ λͺ» κ³ μΉœλ‹€κ³  해도
17:15
of a single disease.
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κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:17
What could be more thrilling
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본질적으둜 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€,
17:19
than to understand the fundamental mechanisms
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ˜ κΈ°μ €λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨λŠ”
17:22
that underlie human experience,
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기본적인 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀
17:24
to understand, in essence, who we are?
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더 ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” 일이 μ–΄λ”” μžˆκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
17:27
This is, I think, the greatest scientific quest
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μ΄κ²ƒμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ
17:31
of all time.
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κ³Όν•™ 탐ꡬ라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:34
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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