Nancy Kanwisher: A neural portrait of the human mind

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Madeleine Aronson

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Today I want to tell you

Danas vam želim govoriti

about a project being carried out

o projektu provođenom

by scientists all over the world

od strane znanstvenika cijelog svijeta

to paint a neural portrait of the human mind.

za stvaranje neurološkog portreta ljudskog uma.

And the central idea of this work

Glavna ideja ovog rada

is that the human mind and brain

je prikaz kako ljudski um i mozak

is not a single, general-purpose processor,

nisu pojedinačni procesori općenite namjene

but a collection of highly specialized components,

već zbirka visoko specijaliziranih dijelova,

each solving a different specific problem,

gdje svaki riješava drugi specifični problem,

and yet collectively making up

a ipak kolektivno objedinjujući

who we are as human beings and thinkers.

ono što nas čini ljudskim bićima i misliocima

To give you a feel for this idea,

Kako bi vam približila ovu ideju,

imagine the following scenario:

zamislite slijedeći scenarij:

You walk into your child's day care center.

ulazite u dječji vrtić,

As usual, there's a dozen kids there

kao i obično, tucet djece

waiting to get picked up,

čeka da netko dođe po njih

but this time,

ali ovog puta

the children's faces look weirdly similar,

sva dječja lica izgledaju začuđujuće slično

and you can't figure out which child is yours.

i nemožete shvatiti koje dijete je vaše.

Do you need new glasses?

Trebate li možda nove naočale?

Are you losing your mind?

Gubite li razum?

You run through a quick mental checklist.

Brzo provedete mentalnu provjeru.

No, you seem to be thinking clearly,

Ne, izgleda da ste prisebni

and your vision is perfectly sharp.

i vid vam je savršeno jasan.

And everything looks normal

Sve izgleda normalno,

except the children's faces.

osim dječjih lica.

You can see the faces,

Možete vidjeti lica,

but they don't look distinctive,

ali ne izgledaju karakteristično,

and none of them looks familiar,

nijedno vam se ne čini poznato,

and it's only by spotting an orange hair ribbon

jedino primjećujući narančastu vrpcu za kosu

that you find your daughter.

pronalazite svoju kćer.

This sudden loss of the ability to recognize faces

Ovaj iznenadni gubitak sposobnosti prepoznavanja lica

actually happens to people.

zapravo događa se mnogim ljudima.

It's called prosopagnosia,

Zove se prozopagnozija,

and it results from damage

posljedica je oštećenja

to a particular part of the brain.

posebnog dijela mozga.

The striking thing about it

Zapanjujuća činjenica vezana za to

is that only face recognition is impaired;

jest da je jedino mogućnost prepoznavanja lica oštećena,

everything else is just fine.

dok je sve ostalo u redu.

Prosopagnosia is one of many surprisingly specific

Prozopagnozija je jedna od mnogih iznenađujuće specifičnih

mental deficits that can happen after brain damage.

mentalnih nedostataka koji se javljaju nakon oštećenja mozga.

These syndromes collectively

Ovi sindromi zajedno

have suggested for a long time

već dugo vremena sugeriraju

that the mind is divvied up into distinct components,

podjeljenost uma u različite komponente,

but the effort to discover those components

ali napor da se te komponente istraže

has jumped to warp speed

je nevjerovatno ubrzan

with the invention of brain imaging technology,

izumom tehnologije snimanja mozga,

especially MRI.

posebice snimanjem magnetskom rezonancijom (MR).

So MRI enables you to see internal anatomy

MR nam dakle omogućuje uvid u unutarnju anatomiju

at high resolution,

u visokoj rezoluciji,

so I'm going to show you in a second

sada ću vam pokazati

a set of MRI cross-sectional images

set MR-snimaka poprečnog presjeka

through a familiar object,

kroz poznate objekte,

and we're going to fly through them

zajedno ćemo ih preletjeti

and you're going to try to figure out what the object is.

a vi ćete pokušati shvatiti koji je objekt u pitanju.

Here we go.

Krenimo.

It's not that easy. It's an artichoke.

Nije toliko jednostavno.To je artičoka.

Okay, let's try another one,

OK,probajmo drugu.

starting from the bottom and going through the top.

Počinje od dna i ide prema vrhu.

Broccoli! It's a head of broccoli.

Brokula! To je glava brokule.

Isn't it beautiful? I love that.

Nije li predivno? Obožavam to.

Okay, here's another one. It's a brain, of course.

OK, evo još jedna. Ovo je mozak, naravno.

In fact, it's my brain.

Zapravo to je moj mozak.

We're going through slices through my head like that.

Prolazimo kroz režnjeve moje glave.

That's my nose over on the right, and now

To je moj nos,na desno, a sada

we're going over here, right there.

idemo ovdje.

So this picture's nice, if I do say so myself,

Ova slika je lijepa, ako mene pitate.

but it shows only anatomy.

Ali pokazuje samo anatomiju.

The really cool advance with functional imaging

Veliki napredak funkcionalnim oslikavanjem nastao je

happened when scientists figured out how to make

kada su znanstvenici otkrili kako napraviti

pictures that show not just anatomy but activity,

slike koje ne pokazuju samo anatomiju, već i aktivnost,

that is, where neurons are firing.

odnosno mjesto gdje se neuroni aktiviraju.

So here's how this works.

Dakle, evo kako to funkcionira.

Brains are like muscles.

Mozgovi su kao mišići.

When they get active,

Kada se aktiviraju,

they need increased blood flow to supply that activity,

trebaju povećan dotok krvi za opskrbu,

and lucky for us, blood flow control to the brain is local,

srećom za nas, kontrola dotoka krvi u mozak je lokalna,

so if a bunch of neurons, say, right there

te kada se skup neurona, recimo ovdje,

get active and start firing,

aktivira i počnu odašiljati,

then blood flow increases just right there.

tada se dotok krvi poveća baš na tom mjestu.

So functional MRI picks up on that blood flow increase,

Dakle funkcionalna magnetska rezonanca detektira povećan dotok krvi,

producing a higher MRI response

te proizvodi veći magetno rezonantni odziv

where neural activity goes up.

na mjestu povećane neuronske aktivnosti.

So to give you a concrete feel

Kako bi bolje razumijeli

for how a functional MRI experiment goes

izvođenje eksperimenta uz pomoć funkcionalnog MRI,

and what you can learn from it

te što možete naučiti

and what you can't,

a što ne,

let me describe one of the first studies I ever did.

opisat ću vam jedno od prvih istraživanja koje sam provela.

We wanted to know if there was a special part of the brain for recognizing faces,

Zanimalo nas je postoji li poseban dio mozga zadužen za prepoznavanje lica,

and there was already reason to think there might be such a thing

već je postojao razlog za takvu pretpostavku

based on this phenomenon of prosopagnosia

na temelju fenomena prozopagnozije

that I described a moment ago,

koji sam opisala maloprije,

but nobody had ever seen that part of the brain

no nitko nikada nije vidio taj dio mozga

in a normal person,

u normalne osobe,

so we set out to look for it.

pa smo se odlučili na njegovo pronalaženje.

So I was the first subject.

Ja sam bila prvim predmetom istraživanja.

I went into the scanner, I lay on my back,

Ušla sam pod skener, legla na leđa,

I held my head as still as I could

držala glavu što sam mirnije mogla

while staring at pictures of faces like these

dok sam gledala slike ovakvih lica

and objects like these

i ovakvih objekta,

and faces and objects for hours.

lica i objekte satima.

So as somebody who has pretty close to the world record

Kao osoba koja je bila vrlo blizu svjetskom rekordu

of total number of hours spent inside an MRI scanner,

po broju sati provedenih u skeneru magnetne rezonance

I can tell you that one of the skills

mogu reći da jedna od vještina

that's really important for MRI research

vrlo važnih za MR istraživanja

is bladder control.

jest vještina kontrole mokraćnog mjehura.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

When I got out of the scanner,

Kada sam izašla iz skenera,

I did a quick analysis of the data,

brzo sam analizirala podatke,

looking for any parts of my brain

tražeći djelove svog mozga

that produced a higher response when I was looking at faces

koji su proizveli veću aktivnost za vrijeme gledanja lica

than when I was looking at objects,

nego gledajući objekte,

and here's what I saw.

ovo sam uočila.

Now this image looks just awful by today's standards,

Prema današnjim standardima ova slika izgleda užasno,

but at the time I thought it was beautiful.

no tada sam mislila da je prekrasna.

What it shows is that region right there,

Pokazuje taj dio, tamo,

that little blob,

taj mali grumen,

it's about the size of an olive

otprilike veličine masline

and it's on the bottom surface of my brain

a nalazi se na dnu površine moga mozga

about an inch straight in from right there.

otprilike 2.5 cm od ovdje.

And what that part of my brain is doing

Ono što taj dio mog mozga radi

is producing a higher MRI response,

je proizvodi veću fMR reakciju,

that is, higher neural activity,

odnosno veću moždanu aktivnost,

when I was looking at faces

dok gledam lica

than when I was looking at objects.

nego dok gledam objekte.

So that's pretty cool,

To je prilično dobro,

but how do we know this isn't a fluke?

no kako možemo znati da ovo nije slučajnost?

Well, the easiest way

Najlakši način,

is to just do the experiment again.

jest da ponovno provedemo eksperiment.

So I got back in the scanner,

Vratila sam se pod skener,

I looked at more faces and I looked at more objects

gledala sam više lica i više objakata

and I got a similar blob,

i dobila sam sličan grumen,

and then I did it again

tada sam ponovila još jednom

and I did it again

i još jednom

and again and again,

i još jednom,

and around about then

i otprilike tada

I decided to believe it was for real.

sam odlučila da ću vjerovati da je stvarno tako.

But still, maybe this is something weird about my brain

Možda je nešto čudno s mojim mozgom

and no one else has one of these things in there,

i nitko drugi nema ništa slično,

so to find out, we scanned a bunch of other people

te kako bi saznali, skenirali smo i druge ljude

and found that pretty much everyone

i saznali da skoro svi

has that little face-processing region

imaju to malo područje za prepoznavanje lica,

in a similar neighborhood of the brain.

na sličnom mjestu u mozgu.

So the next question was,

Slijedeće pitanje je bilo,

what does this thing really do?

čemu to područje zapravo služi?

Is it really specialized just for face recognition?

Je li usko specijalizirano samo za prepoznavanje lica?

Well, maybe not, right?

Možda i nije, zar ne?

Maybe it responds not only to faces

Možda ne reagira samo na lica

but to any body part.

već na bilo koji dio tijela.

Maybe it responds to anything human

Možda reagira na sve ljudsko

or anything alive

ili na sve živo

or anything round.

ili sve okruglo.

The only way to be really sure that that region

Jedini način da budemo zaista sigurni kako je to područje

is specialized for face recognition

specijalizirano samo za prepoznavanje lica

is to rule out all of those hypotheses.

je da isključimo sve ostale hipoteze.

So we spent much of the next couple of years

Proveli smo sljedećih nekoliko godina

scanning subjects while they looked at lots

skenirajući osobe koje su gledale mnoštvo

of different kinds of images,

različitih slika

and we showed that that part of the brain

i pokazali smo da taj dio mozga

responds strongly when you look at

reagira kada gledamo

any images that are faces of any kind,

slike koje pokazuju lica bilo koje vrste,

and it responds much less strongly

a slabije reagira

to any image you show that isn't a face,

na sliku koja nije slika lica,

like some of these.

kao neke od ovih.

So have we finally nailed the case

Jesmo li napokon riješili slučaj

that this region is necessary for face recognition?

da je to područje samo nužno za prepoznavanje lica?

No, we haven't.

Ne, nismo.

Brain imaging can never tell you

Snimanje mozga nikada nam ne može reći

if a region is necessary for anything.

da je neko područje nužno za bilo što.

All you can do with brain imaging

Sve što možemo utvrditi snimanjem mozga

is watch regions turn on and off

jest uključivanje i isključivanje pojednih područja

as people think different thoughts.

dok ljudi mijenjaju tok misli.

To tell if a part of the brain is necessary for a mental function,

Kako bi utvrdili nužnost dijela mozga za pojedinu mentalnu funkciju,

you need to mess with it and see what happens,

trebamo napraviti zbrku i vidjeti što će iz toga proizaći,

and normally we don't get to do that.

dok inače to ne radimo.

But an amazing opportunity came about

Ali nedavno se ukazala nevjerovatna prilika

very recently when a couple of colleagues of mine

kada je nekoliko mojih kolega,

tested this man who has epilepsy

testiralo čovjeka koji ima epilepsiju

and who is shown here in his hospital bed

koji je ovdje prikazan u bolničkom krevetu

where he's just had electrodes placed

s upravo stavljenim elektrodama

on the surface of his brain

na površinu mozga

to identify the source of his seizures.

kako bi pronašli izvor njegovih napadaja.

So it turned out by total chance

Tako se slučajno ispostavilo

that two of the electrodes

da su dvije od elektroda

happened to be right on top of his face area.

točno na vrhu područja za lica.

So with the patient's consent,

Uz pacijentov pristanak

the doctors asked him what happened

liječnici su ga pitali što se dogodilo

when they electrically stimulated that part of his brain.

kada su mu električki stimulirali taj dio mozga.

Now, the patient doesn't know

Pacijent ne zna

where those electrodes are,

gdje su te elektrode,

and he's never heard of the face area.

nikada nije čuo za područje zaduženo za lice.

So let's watch what happens.

Pogledajmo što će se dogoditi.

It's going to start with a control condition

Započet će kontrolom stanja

that will say "Sham" nearly invisibly

sa "Stimulant" skoro nevidljivim

in red in the lower left,

crvenim dolje lijevo,

when no current is delivered,

dok struja još nije puštena,

and you'll hear the neurologist speaking to the patient first. So let's watch.

prvo ćete čuti neurologa kako se obraća pacijetu. Pogledajmo.

(Video) Neurologist: Okay, just look at my face

(Video) Neurolog: OK, samo gledajte u moje lice

and tell me what happens when I do this.

i recite mi što se događa kad napravim ovo.

All right?

U redu?

Patient: Okay.

Pacijent: U redu

Neurologist: One, two, three.

Neurolog: Jedan, dva, tri.

Patient: Nothing. Neurologist: Nothing? Okay.

Pacijent: Ništa Neurolog: Ništa? U redu.

I'm going to do it one more time.

Ponovit ću još jednom.

Look at my face.

Pogledajte u moje lice.

One, two, three.

Jedan, dva, tri.

Patient: You just turned into somebody else.

Pacijent: Upravo ste se pretvorili u nekog drugog.

Your face metamorphosed.

Lice vam se preobrazilo.

Your nose got saggy, it went to the left.

Nos vam se spljoštio, išao je nalijevo.

You almost looked like somebody I'd seen before,

Skoro ste izgledali kao netko koga sam sreo ranije.

but somebody different.

Ali netko drugačiji.

That was a trip.

To je bila halucinacija.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Nancy Kanwisher: So this experiment —

Nancy Kanwisher: Dakle to je bio eksperiment—

(Applause) —

(Pljesak) —

this experiment finally nails the case

Ovaj eksperiment napokon potvrđuje

that this region of the brain is not only

da ovo područje mozga ne samo da

selectively responsive to faces

selektivno reagira na lica,

but causally involved in face perception.

već ponekad uključuje i percepciju lica.

So I went through all of these details

Prošla sam kroz sve ove detalje

about the face region to show you what it takes

kako bih vam pokazala što je potrebno

to really establish that a part of the brain

da stvarno ustanovimo selektivnost

is selectively involved in a specific mental process.

tog dijela mozga u pojedinom mentalnom procesu.

Next, I'll go through much more quickly

U nastavku ću brzo proći kroz

some of the other specialized regions of the brain

neke druge specijalizirane dijelove mozga

that we and others have found.

koje smo mi i drugi otkrili.

So to do this, I've spent a lot of time

Kako bih to učinila, provela sam dosta vremena

in the scanner over the last month

u skeneru posljednjeg mjeseca

so I can show you these things in my brain.

da vam pokažem te strukture u svom mozgu.

So let's get started. Here's my right hemisphere.

Počnimo. Ovo je moja desna hemisfera.

So we're oriented like that. You're looking at my head this way.

Orijentiramo se ovako. Na taj način gledate moju glavu.

Imagine taking the skull off

Zamislite uklonjenu lubanju

and looking at the surface of the brain like that.

i takav pogled na površinu mozga.

Okay, now as you can see,

U redu, kao što vidite

the surface of the brain is all folded up.

površina mozga je sva presavijana.

So that's not good. Stuff could be hidden in there.

To nije dobro. Svašta bi se tu moglo kriti.

We want to see the whole thing,

Želimo vidjeti sve,

so let's inflate it so we can see the whole thing.

podignimo to kako bismo mogli vidjeti sve.

Next, let's find that face area I've been talking about

Pronađimo područje za lice o kojem sam vam govorila

that responds to images like these.

reagira na slike kao što je ova.

To see that, let's turn the brain around

Kako bismo to vidjeli, okrenimo mozak

and look on the inside surface on the bottom,

i pogledajmo unutrašnju površinu na dnu,

and there it is, that's my face area.

evo ga, to je moje područje za lica.

Just to the right of that is another region

Desno od toga je drugo područje

that is shown in purple

prikazano ljubičasto

that responds when you process color information,

koje reagira kada obrađujete informacije o boji,

and near those regions are other regions

blizu tog područja su druga područja

that are involved in perceiving places,

koja su uključena pri percipiranju mjesta,

like right now, I'm seeing this layout of space around me

kao sada, vidim ovaj raspored prostora oko mene

and these regions in green right there

i ova područja u zelenom, ovdje

are really active.

su zaista aktivna.

There's another one out on the outside surface again

Postoji još jedno na vanjskoj površini

where there's a couple more face regions as well.

gdje je još nekoliko područja za lica.

Also in this vicinity

Također u ovoj blizini

is a region that's selectively involved

je područje koje je selektivno uključeno

in processing visual motion,

u procesiranju vizualnog pokreta

like these moving dots here,

kao kod ovih pokretnih točaka ovdje,

and that's in yellow at the bottom of the brain,

to je označeno žutim na dnu mozga,

and near that is a region that responds

a blizu toga je područje koje reagira

when you look at images of bodies and body parts

kada gledate u slike tijela i dijelova tijela

like these, and that region is shown in lime green

kao ove, to je područje prikazano žutozelenom

at the bottom of the brain.

na dnu mozga.

Now all these regions I've shown you so far

Sva ova područja koja sam vam do sada pokazala

are involved in specific aspects of visual perception.

su uključena u pojedine aspekte vizualnog opažanja.

Do we also have specialized brain regions

Imamo li također specijalizirana područja u mozgu

for other senses, like hearing?

Za druga čula, kao sluh?

Yes, we do. So if we turn the brain around a little bit,

Da, imamo. Ako okrenemo mozak,

here's a region in dark blue

Ovo tamno plavo područje

that we reported just a couple of months ago,

o kojem smo izvještavali, prije nekoliko mjeseci

and this region responds strongly

ovo područje snažno reagira

when you hear sounds with pitch, like these.

kada čujete zvukove visokih tonova, poput ovih

(Sirens)

(Sirene)

(Cello music)

(Zvuk violončela)

(Doorbell)

(Zvono)

In contrast, that same region does not respond strongly

No ta ista područja ne reagiraju snažno

when you hear perfectly familiar sounds

kada čujete poznate zvukove

that don't have a clear pitch, like these.

koji nemaju jasne tonove, kao ove

(Chomping)

(Žvakanje)

(Drum roll)

(Bubnjanje)

(Toilet flushing)

(Puštanje vode na wc-u)

Okay. Next to the pitch region

U redu. Pokraj područja za visoke tonove

is another set of regions that are selectively responsive

je drugi skup područja koji selektivno reagiraju

when you hear the sounds of speech.

kada čujete zvuk govora.

Okay, now let's look at these same regions.

U redu, pogledajmo sada ta ista područja.

In my left hemisphere, there's a similar arrangement —

U mojoj lijevoj hemisferi je sličan raspored—

not identical, but similar —

ne identičan, već sličan—

and most of the same regions are in here,

i većina istih područja su ovdje,

albeit sometimes different in size.

ponekad ipak različite veličine.

Now, everything I've shown you so far

Sve što sam vam do sada pokazala

are regions that are involved in different aspects of perception,

su područja uključena u različite aspekte percepcije

vision and hearing.

vida i sluha.

Do we also have specialized brain regions

Imamo li specijalizirane regije u mozgu

for really fancy, complicated mental processes?

Za zahtjevne, složene mentalne aktivnosti?

Yes, we do.

Imamo.

So here in pink are my language regions.

Ovdje ružičasto su moja područja za jezik.

So it's been known for a very long time

Dugo vremena je poznato

that that general vicinity of the brain

da je područje mozga

is involved in processing language,

uključeno u obradi jezika,

but we showed very recently

no mi smo nedavno pokazali

that these pink regions

da ova ružičasta područja

respond extremely selectively.

reagiraju izrazito selektivno.

They respond when you understand the meaning of a sentence,

Reagiraju kada razumijete značenje rečenice,

but not when you do other complex mental things,

ali ne i pri drugim, složenijim mentalnim procesima,

like mental arithmetic

naprimjer računanju,

or holding information in memory

pamćenju informacija

or appreciating the complex structure

ili uživanju u kompleksnoj strukturi

in a piece of music.

glazbenog komada.

The most amazing region that's been found yet

Najnevjerojatnije područje koje je pronađeno do sada

is this one right here in turquoise.

je ovo ovdje, tirkizno.

This region responds

Ovo područje reagira

when you think about what another person is thinking.

dok razmišljate o čemu druga osoba razmišlja.

So that may seem crazy,

Iako se čini ludo,

but actually, we humans do this all the time.

zapravo mi ljudi činimo to svakodnevno.

You're doing this when you realize

To radimo kada shvatimo

that your partner is going to be worried

da će naš partner bit zabrinut

if you don't call home to say you're running late.

ako se ne javimo da kasnimo.

I'm doing this with that region of my brain right now

Činim to upravo sada

when I realize that you guys

kada shvaćam da se vi

are probably now wondering about

vjerojatno upravo pitate

all that gray, uncharted territory in the brain,

što sa svim tim sivim, neoznačenim područjima mozga,

and what's up with that?

što s njima?

Well, I'm wondering about that too,

Zapravo i mene to zanima,

and we're running a bunch of experiments in my lab right now

Provodimo niz eksperimenata u mojem laboratoriju

to try to find a number of other

pokušavamo pronaći niz drugih

possible specializations in the brain

mogućih specijalizacija u mozgu

for other very specific mental functions.

za druge specifične mentalne funkcije.

But importantly, I don't think we have

No ono što je važnije, ne smatram da imamo

specializations in the brain

specijalizirana područja mozga

for every important mental function,

za svaku važniju mentalnu funkciju,

even mental functions that may be critical for survival.

čak ni za one mentalne funkcije važne za opstanak.

In fact, a few years ago,

Naprotiv, prije par godina,

there was a scientist in my lab

u mojem labu bio je znanstvenik

who became quite convinced

koji je bio prilično uvjeren

that he'd found a brain region

da je pronašao područje u mozgu

for detecting food,

za otkrivanje hrane,

and it responded really strongly in the scanner

reagiralo je veoma snažno na skeneru

when people looked at images like this.

kada bi ljudi gledali slike kao što je ova.

And further, he found a similar response

Nadalje, pronšao je sličan odgovor

in more or less the same location

na manje više istoj lokaciji

in 10 out of 12 subjects.

kod 10 od 12 ispitanika.

So he was pretty stoked,

bio je prilično uživljen,

and he was running around the lab

trčao je po laboratoriju

telling everyone that he was going to go on "Oprah"

govoreći svima da će ići na Oprah show

with his big discovery.

sa ovim velikim otkrićem.

But then he devised the critical test:

No tada je sastavio kritičan test:

He showed subjects images of food like this

pokazao je ispitanicima slike hrane kao što su ove

and compared them to images with very similar

i usporedio ih sa slikama sličnih

color and shape, but that weren't food, like these.

boja i oblika, ali to nije bila hrana, kao ove.

And his region responded the same

To područje reagiralo je jednako

to both sets of images.

u oba slučaja.

So it wasn't a food area,

Dakle to nije bilo područje za hranu,

it was just a region that liked colors and shapes.

već samo područje za boju i oblik općenito.

So much for "Oprah."

Toliko o Oprah show-u.

But then the question, of course, is,

No postavlja se pitanje

how do we process all this other stuff

kako obrađujemo sve ono

that we don't have specialized brain regions for?

za što nemamo specijalizirana područja u mozgu?

Well, I think the answer is that in addition

Mislim da je odgovor,

to these highly specialized components that I've been describing,

pored ovih visoko specijaliziranih komponenti koje sam opisivala,

we also have a lot of very general- purpose machinery in our heads

također u velikim područjima opće namjene,koje posjedujemo

that enables us to tackle

A omogućuju sam da riješavamo

whatever problem comes along.

problem koji naiđe.

In fact, we've shown recently that

Zapravo, nedavno smo pokazali

these regions here in white

da ova područja u bijelom

respond whenever you do any difficult mental task

reagiraju kada vršimo neki teži mentalni zadatak

at all —

i uopće —

well, of the seven that we've tested.

barem kod sedam koje smo testirali.

So each of the brain regions that I've described

Svaka od regija u mozgu koje sam vam

to you today

opisala danas

is present in approximately the same location

je prisutna na otprilike istoj lokaciji

in every normal subject.

kod svakog normalnog ispitanika.

I could take any of you,

Mogu uzeti bilo koga od vas,

pop you in the scanner,

ubaciti vas u skener,

and find each of those regions in your brain,

i pronaći svaku od tih regija vašem mozgu,

and it would look a lot like my brain,

izgledalo bi kao moj mozak,

although the regions would be slightly different

iako ponešto drugačiji

in their exact location and in their size.

u njihovoj lokaciji i veličini.

What's important to me about this work

Ono što je za mene važno u ovom radu

is not the particular locations of these brain regions,

nije sama lokacija tih područja u mozgu,

but the simple fact that we have

već na prvom mjestu, sama činjenica da posjedujemo

selective, specific components of mind and brain

selektivne, specifične komponente

in the first place.

uma i mozga.

I mean, it could have been otherwise.

Moglo je biti i obrnuto.

The brain could have been a single,

Mozak je mogao biti jednoznačni,

general-purpose processor,

procesor opće namjene,

more like a kitchen knife

više kao običan kuhinjski nož

than a Swiss Army knife.

nego švicarski vojni nož.

Instead, what brain imaging has delivered

Snimanje mozga nam je omogućilo pogled

is this rich and interesting picture of the human mind.

na ovu bogatu i zanimljivu sliku ljudskog uma.

So we have this picture of very general-purpose

Imamo slike veoma općenite namjene

machinery in our heads

mašinerije u našim glavama

in addition to this surprising array

uz ovaj iznenađujući niz

of very specialized components.

visoko specijaliziranih komponenti.

It's early days in this enterprise.

To su tek počeci.

We've painted only the first brushstrokes

Oslikali smo tek prve poteze

in our neural portrait of the human mind.

neurološkog portreta ljudskog uma.

The most fundamental questions remain unanswered.

Najfundamentalnija pitanja ostaju neodgovorena.

So for example, what does each of these regions do exactly?

Naprimjer, što svako od tih područja točno radi

Why do we need three face areas

Zašto trebamo tri područja za lice,

and three place areas,

tri područja za mjesta,

and what's the division of labor between them?

kakva je podjela rada među njima?

Second, how are all these things

Nadalje kako su

connected in the brain?

povezani u mozgu?

With diffusion imaging,

Difuznim snimanjem,

you can trace bundles of neurons

Možete pratiti snop neurona

that connect to different parts of the brain,

koji povezuju različite strane mozga,

and with this method shown here,

a ovom metodom pokazanom ovdje,

you can trace the connections of individual neurons in the brain,

možete pratiti pojedinačnu povezanost neurona u mozgu,

potentially someday giving us a wiring diagram

s mogućnošću da jednog dana dobijemo umreženi dijagram

of the entire human brain.

čitavog ljudskog mozga.

Third, how does all of this

Nadalje, kako se ove

very systematic structure get built,

veoma sistematske strukture izgrađuju,

both over development in childhood

tijekom razvoja u djetinjstvu

and over the evolution of our species?

kao i tijekom čitave evulucije naše vrste?

To address questions like that,

Kako bi odgovorili na sva ova pitanja,

scientists are now scanning

znanstvenici sada skeniraju

other species of animals,

različite životinjske vrste,

and they're also scanning human infants.

kao i sama ljudska novorođenča.

Many people justify the high cost of neuroscience research

Mnogi opravdavaju visoku cijenu neuroloških istraživanja

by pointing out that it may help us someday

naglašavajući da bi nam jednog dana mogla pomoći

to treat brain disorders like Alzheimer's and autism.

pri liječenju poremećaja kao što je Alzheimerova bolest ili autizam.

That's a hugely important goal,

Što je veoma važan cilj,

and I'd be thrilled if any of my work contributed to it,

i bila bi oduševljena kada bi moj rad pridonio tome,

but fixing things that are broken in the world

popravljanje pokvarenih stvari u svijetu

is not the only thing that's worth doing.

nije jedina stvar vrijedna bavljenja.

The effort to understand the human mind and brain

Napor da se razumije ljudski um i mozak

is worthwhile even if it never led to the treatment

je vrijedan čak i ako ne pridonesi izliječenju

of a single disease.

iti jedne bolesti.

What could be more thrilling

Što bi moglo biti uzbudljivije

than to understand the fundamental mechanisms

od razumijevanja osnovnog mehanizma

that underlie human experience,

na kojima se zasniva ljudsko iskustvo,

to understand, in essence, who we are?

da razumijemo, u biti, tko smo zapravo?

This is, I think, the greatest scientific quest

To je, po mome mišljenu, najzahtijevniji zadatak znanosti

of all time.

svih vremena.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)