Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković

My work focuses on the connection of

Moj rad se fokusira na vezu između

both thinking about our community life

razmišljanja o našem životu u zajednici

being part of the environment

gde ćemo biti deo okruženja

where architecture grows from the natural

u kome arhitektura raste iz prirodnih

local conditions and traditions.

lokalnih uslova i tradicija.

Today I brought two recent projects

Danas sam doneo dva skorašnja projekta

as an example of this.

kao primer za ovo.

Both projects are in emerging countries,

Oba projekta su u zemljama u razvoju,

one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.

jedan u Etiopiji, a drugi u Tunisu.

And also they have in common

Takođe im je zajedničko to

that the different analyses from different perspectives

da različite analize iz različitih perspektiva

becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.

postaju ključni deo konačnog arhitektonskog projekta.

The first example started with an invitation

Prvi projekat je počeo sa pozivom

to design a multistory shopping mall

da se dizajnira tržni centar sa puno radnji

in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.

u glavnom gradu Etiopije, Adis Abebi.

And this is the type of building

Ovo je vrsta zgrade

we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,

koju su meni i mom timu pokazali kao primer

of what we had to design.

onoga što treba da dizajniramo.

At first, the first thing I thought was,

Prva stvar koju sam pomislio na početku

I want to run away.

je da želim da pobegnem.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

After seeing a few of these buildings --

Pošto smo videli nekoliko ovih zgrada -

there are many in the city --

ima ih puno u gradu -

we realized that they have three very big points.

shvatili smo da imaju tri važne karakteristike.

First, these buildings, they are almost empty

Prvo, ove zgrade su skoro prazne

because they have very large shops

jer imaju veoma velike prodavnice

where people cannot afford to buy things.

gde ljudi ne mogu da priušte sebi kupovinu.

Second, they need tons of energy to perform

Drugo, treba im dosta energije da bi funkcionisale,

because of the skin treatment with glass

zbog staklenog omotača

that creates heat in the inside,

koji stvara toplotu unutra

and then you need a lot of cooling.

i onda vam treba puno hlađenja.

In a city where this shouldn't happen

U gradu u kom ovo ne bi trebalo da se dešava

because they have really mild weather

jer oni imaju vrlo umerenu klimu

that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.

sa temperaturama od 20 do 25 stepeni tokom cele godine.

And third is that their image has nothing to do

I treće je to da njihov izgled nema nikakve veze

with Africa and with Ethiopia.

sa Afrikom i Etiopijom.

It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.

To je šteta na mestu koje ima tako bogatu kulturu i tradiciju.

Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,

Takođe, tokom naše prve posete Etiopiji,

I was really captivated by the old merkato

veoma mi se svideo stari merkato,

that is this open-air structure

struktura na otvorenom

where thousands of people, they go and buy things

gde hiljade ljudi odlazi i kupuje svakog dana,

every day from small vendors.

od sitnih prodavaca.

And also it has this idea of the public space

Takođe ima tu ideju javnog prostora

that uses the outdoors to create activity.

koja koristi otvoren prostor da stvori aktivnost.

So I thought, this is what I really want to design,

Pa sam pomislio da je to ono što u stvari želim da dizajniram,

not a shopping mall.

a ne veliki tržni centar.

But the question was how we could do a multistory,

Ali pitanje je bilo kako bismo mogli da napravimo objekat sa puno radnji,

contemporary building with these principles.

savremenu zgradu po ovim principima.

The next challenge was when we looked at the site,

Sledeći izazov je bio kad smo videli mesto predviđeno za gradnju

that is, in a really growing area of the city,

koje se nalazi u delu grada koji brzo raste,

where most of these buildings that you see in the image,

gde većina ovih zgrada koje vidite na slici

they were not there.

nije bila tamo.

And it's also between two parallel streets

Takođe se nalazi između dve paralelne ulice

that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.

koje nisu uopšte povezane duž stotina metara.

So the first thing we did was to create a connection

Tako da smo prvo napravili vezu

between these two streets,

između ove dve ulice

putting all the entrances of the building.

tako što smo stavili sve ulaze u zgradu.

And this extends with an inclined atrium

I ovo se produžava sa predvorjem pod nagibom

that creates an open-air space in the building

čime se stvara otvoren prostor u zgradi

that self-protects itself with its own shape

koji se svojim oblikom štiti

from the sun and the rain.

od sunca i kiše.

And around this void

Oko ove praznine

we placed this idea of the market with small shops,

smo ubacili ideju tržnice sa malim radnjama,

that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.

koja se menja na svakom spratu zbog oblika praznine.

I also thought, how to close the building?

Takođe sam razmišljao kako da zatvorimo zgradu.

And I really wanted to find a solution

Želeo sam da nađem rešenje

that would respond to the local climate conditions.

koje bi odgovorilo na lokalne klimatske uslove.

And I started thinking about the textile

I počeo sam da razmišljam o tekstilu

like a shell made of concrete

kao školjki od betona

with perforations that would let the air in,

sa šupljinama koje bi propuštale vazduh

and also the light, but in a filtered way.

i svetlost, samo filtrirane.

And then the inspiration came from these beautiful patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.

I inspiracija je došla od ovih divnih dugmadi sa etiopljanskih ženskih haljina.

That they have fractal geometry properties

One imaju osobine fraktalne geometrije

and this helped me to shape the whole facade.

i to mi je pomoglo da oblikujem celu fasadu.

And we are building that

To gradimo pomoću

with these small prefabricated pieces

ovih malih montažnih delova

that are the windows that let the air and the light

koji predstavljaju prozore koji na kontrolisan način

in a controlled way inside the building.

propuštaju vazduh i svetlost u zgradu.

And this is complemented by these small colored glasses

Ovo je dopunjeno ovim malim staklima u boji

that use the light from the inside of the building

koja koriste svetlo iz unutrašnjosti zgrade

to light up the building at night.

da osvetle zgradu noću.

With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers

Sa ovim idejama u startu nije bilo lako ubediti finansijere

because they were like,

koji su mislili:

"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."

"Ovo nije tržni centar. Nismo to tražili."

But then we all realized that this idea of the market

Ali onda smo shvatili da je ova ideja tržnice

happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall

u stvari mnogo profitabilnija od ideje velikog tržnog centra

because basically they had more shops to sell.

jer u suštini ima više prodavnica za prodaju.

And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,

I takođe, ideja fasade je bila mnogo jeftinija,

not only because of the material compared with the glass,

ne samo zbog materijala u poređenju sa staklom,

but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.

već i zato što više nismo morali da imamo klima uređaje.

So we created some budget savings

Tako da smo višak od budžeta

that we used to implement the project.

iskoristili da primenimo ovaj projekat.

And the first implementation was to think

Prva primena je bila da razmišljamo

about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy

kako bismo mogli da napravimo energetski samoodrživu zgradu,

in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.

u gradu gde struja nestaje skoro svakog dana.

So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.

i stvorili smo ogromnu pogodnost postavljanjem solarnih ploča na krov.

And then under those panels

A ispod ovih ploča, razmišljali smo

we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars

o novom javnom prostoru sa mestima za okupljanje i barovima

that would create this urban oasis.

što bi stvorilo urbanu oazu.

And these porches on the roof,

I ove verande na krovu

all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.

bi skupljale vodu koja bi se ponovo koristila za sanitarije unutar zgrade.

Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.

Nadamo se početkom sledeće godine, jer smo već stigli do petog sprata sa gradnjom.

The second example is a master plan

Drugi primer je veliki plan

of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.

za 2.000 stanova i objekata u gradu Tunisu.

And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,

I da bih ostvario tako veliki projekat, najveći koji sam ikada dizajnirao,

I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,

trebalo je da stvarno shvatim grad Tunis,

but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.

ali i njegovo okruženje, tradiciju i kulturu.

During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina

Tokom te analize obratio sam posebnu pažnju na Medinu,

that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,

1000 godina staru građevinu koja je ranije bila okružena zidom

opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.

sa dvanaest različitih kapija, povezanih skoro pravim linijama.

When I went to the site, the first design operation we did

Kad smo otišli na lokaciju za gradnju, prvo što smo uradili bilo je

was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks

da produžimo postojeće ulice i napravimo 12 početnih blokova,

similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona

sličnih po veličini i karakteristikama onima u Barseloni

and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.

i drugim gradovima Evrope sa ovakvim dvorištima.

On top of that, we selected some strategic points

Povrh toga, izabrali smo neke strateške tačke

reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,

setivši se ideje kapija povezanih pravim linijama

and this modified this initial pattern.

i to je modifikovalo početnu šemu.

And the last operation was to think about the cell,

Poslednja operacija je bila razmišljanje o ćeliji,

the small cell of the project, like the apartment,

maloj ćeliji projekta, kao što je stan,

as an essential part of the master plan.

osnovnom elementu velikog plana.

And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation

Razmišljao sam koja bi bila najbolja orijentacija

in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?

stana u mediteranskoj klimi?

And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house

I to je sever-jug, jer to stvara toplotnu razliku između dve strane kuće

and then a natural ventilation.

i time i prirodnu ventilaciju.

So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments

Tako pokrivamo šemu, što obezbeđuje da većina stanova

are perfectly oriented in that direction.

bude savršeno okrenuta u tom smeru.

And this is the result

I ovo je rezultat

that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.

koji je skoro kao kombinacija evropskog bloka i arapskog grada.

It has these blocks with courtyards,

Ima ove blokove sa dvorištima,

and then on the ground floor

a u prizemlju

you have all these connections for the pedestrians.

imate sve ove veze za pešake.

And also it responds to the local regulations that establish

I takođe, to odgovara lokalnim propisima koji propisuju

a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.

veću gustinu na višim spratovima i manju gustinu u prizemlju.

And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.

Takođe učvršćuje i ovu ideju kapija.

The volume has this connecting shape

Zapremina ima ovaj povezujući oblik

that shades itself with three different types of apartments

koji se sam zaklanja od svetla sa tri različite vrste stanova

and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood

i takođe, propušta svetlost u prizemlje u vrlo gusto naseljenom kraju.

And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,

A u dvorištima ima raznih objekata

such as a gym and a kindergarten

kao što su teretana i vrtić,

and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.

a pored su komercijalni prostori koji donose aktivnost u prizemlje.

The roof, which is my favorite space of the project

Krov, koji je moj omiljeni prostor u projektu,

is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.

skoro da vraća zajednici prostor koji je oduzet građevinom.

And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,

Tu svi stanari mogu da se popnu i druže

and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,

i bave se aktivnostima kao što je trčanje od dva kilometra ujutru,

jumping from one building to another.

prelazeći s jedne zgrade na drugu.

These two examples,

Ova dva primera

they have a common approach in the design process.

imaju isti pristup u procesu dizajniranja.

And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see

Takođe, nalaze se u zemljama u razvoju, gde možete videti

the cities literally growing.

da gradovi bukvalno rastu.

In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow

U ovim gradovima, uticaj arhitekture u životima ljudi danas i sutra

changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.

menja lokalne zajednice i ekonomije istom brzinom kojom rastu i zgrade.

For this reason, I see even more importance

Zbog toga, vidim još veću važnost u tome

to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions

da arhitektura nalazi jednostavna i ekonomična rešenja

that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment

koja produbljuju vezu između zajednice i okruženja

and that aim to connect nature and people.

i imaju za cilj da povežu prirodu i ljude.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)