Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community

Prevoditelj: Sanda L Recezent: Dunja Knežević

My work focuses on the connection of

Moj rad se fokusira na povezanost

razmišljanja o našem životu u zajednici,

both thinking about our community life

being part of the environment

gdje smo dio okruženja,

where architecture grows from the natural

u kojem arhitektura raste iz prirodnih

local conditions and traditions.

lokalnih uvjeta i tradicija.

Today I brought two recent projects

Danas sam donio dva nedavna projekta

kao primjer za ovo.

as an example of this.

Both projects are in emerging countries,

Oba projekta su u zemljama u razvoju,

one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.

jedan u Etiopiji, a drugi u Tunisu.

And also they have in common

Također im je zajedničko i to

that the different analyses from different perspectives

da različite analize iz različitih perspektiva

becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.

postaju ključni dio konačnog arhitektonskog projekta.

The first example started with an invitation

Prvi projekt počeo je pozivom

to design a multistory shopping mall

za dizajn trgovačkog centra na više katova

in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.

u glavnom gradu Etiopije, Adis Abebi.

And this is the type of building

Ovo je tip zgrade

we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,

koju su meni i mom timu pokazali kao primjer

onoga što trebamo dizajnirati.

of what we had to design.

At first, the first thing I thought was,

Prva stvar koju sam pomislio na početku

I want to run away.

je da želim pobjeći.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

After seeing a few of these buildings --

Nakon što smo vidjeli nekoliko ovakvih zgrada,

there are many in the city --

a ima ih mnogo u gradu,

we realized that they have three very big points.

shvatili smo da imaju tri važne osobine.

First, these buildings, they are almost empty

Prvo, ove zgrade su skoro prazne

because they have very large shops

jer imaju vrlo velike trgovine,

where people cannot afford to buy things.

u kojima si ljudi ne mogu priuštiti kupovinu.

Second, they need tons of energy to perform

Drugo, treba im dosta energije za održavanje

because of the skin treatment with glass

zbog staklenog omotača

that creates heat in the inside,

koji unutra stvara toplinu

and then you need a lot of cooling.

pa trebate puno rashlađivanja.

In a city where this shouldn't happen

U ovom gradu se to ne bi trebalo dešavati,

because they have really mild weather

jer je tamo vrlo umjerena klima,

that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.

s temperaturama od 20 do 25 stupnjeva tijekom cijele godine.

And third is that their image has nothing to do

I treće je to da njihova vizija nema nikakve veze

s Afrikom i Etiopijom.

with Africa and with Ethiopia.

It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.

To je šteta za mjesto koje ima tako bogatu kulturu i tradiciju.

Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,

Također, tijekom naše prve posjete Etiopiji,

I was really captivated by the old merkato

jako mi se svidjela stara tržnica

that is this open-air structure

na otvorenom,

gdje tisuće ljudi dolazi i kupuje

where thousands of people, they go and buy things

every day from small vendors.

svakog dana, od malih trgovaca.

And also it has this idea of the public space

Tu postoji i ideja o javnom prostoru,

that uses the outdoors to create activity.

gdje se koristi otvoren prostor za stvaranje aktivnosti.

So I thought, this is what I really want to design,

Stoga sam pomislio kako je to ono što, u stvari, želim dizajnirati,

not a shopping mall.

a ne veliki trgovački centar.

But the question was how we could do a multistory,

No, pitanje je bilo kako bismo mogli napraviti objekt na više katova,

contemporary building with these principles.

modernu zgradu prema ovim načelima.

Sljedeći izazov bio je, kada smo vidjeli gradilište,

The next challenge was when we looked at the site,

that is, in a really growing area of the city,

koje se nalazi u dijelu grada koji ubrzano raste,

većina ovih zgrada koje vidite na slici

where most of these buildings that you see in the image,

they were not there.

još nije postojala.

And it's also between two parallel streets

Isto tako, nalazi se između dvije paralelne ulice,

that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.

koje uopće nisu povezane stotinama metara.

So the first thing we did was to create a connection

Stoga smo prvo povezali

between these two streets,

ove dvije ulice,

putting all the entrances of the building.

tako što smo tamo postavili sve ulaze u zgradu.

And this extends with an inclined atrium

A to se produžuje atrijem pod nagibom

that creates an open-air space in the building

te se stvara otvoren prostor unutar zgrade

that self-protects itself with its own shape

koji se svojim oblikom štiti

from the sun and the rain.

od sunca i kiše.

And around this void

Oko ove praznine

we placed this idea of the market with small shops,

ubacili smo ideju tržnice s malim radnjama,

that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.

koja se mijenja na svakom katu prema obliku praznine.

I also thought, how to close the building?

Također sam razmišljao kako zatvoriti zgradu.

And I really wanted to find a solution

Zaista sam želio naći rješenje

koje bi odgovorilo na lokalne klimatske uvjete.

that would respond to the local climate conditions.

And I started thinking about the textile

I počeo sam razmišljati o tekstilu

like a shell made of concrete

kao o školjki od betona

with perforations that would let the air in,

sa šupljinama koje bi propuštale zrak

i svjetlost, ali filtrirano.

and also the light, but in a filtered way.

And then the inspiration came from these beautiful patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.

A inspiracija je došla od ovih divnih uzoraka s haljina Etiopljanki.

That they have fractal geometry properties

One imaju te sitne geometrijske oblike,

and this helped me to shape the whole facade.

što mi je pomoglo oblikovati cijelo pročelje.

And we are building that

To gradimo pomoću

with these small prefabricated pieces

ovih malih montažnih dijelova

that are the windows that let the air and the light

koji služe kao prozori, koji na kontrolirani način

propuštaju zrak i svjetlost u zgradu.

in a controlled way inside the building.

Ovo je dopunjeno malim staklima u boji,

And this is complemented by these small colored glasses

that use the light from the inside of the building

koja koriste svjetlo iz unutrašnjosti zgrade

za osvjetljavanje zgrade noću.

to light up the building at night.

With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers

S ovim idejama, u početku nije bilo lako uvjeriti investitore,

koji su mislili:

because they were like,

"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."

"Ovo nije trgovački centar. Nismo to tražili."

But then we all realized that this idea of the market

Ali onda smo shvatili da je ova ideja tržnice

happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall

zapravo, mnogo profitabilnija od ideje trgovačkog centra,

because basically they had more shops to sell.

jer, u biti, ima više trgovina za prodaju.

And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,

Također, ideja pročelja bila je mnogo jeftinija,

not only because of the material compared with the glass,

ne samo zbog materijala u usporedbi sa staklom,

but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.

već i zato što više nismo morali imati klima uređaje.

So we created some budget savings

Tako smo uštedjeli nešto na budžetu

that we used to implement the project.

i to iskoristili za sami projekt.

And the first implementation was to think

Prva stvar bila je osmisliti

about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy

kako bismo mogli napraviti energetski samoodrživu zgradu,

in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.

u gradu gdje su nestanci struje svakodnevna pojava.

So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.

Stoga smo na krov postavili solarne ploče.

And then under those panels

A ispod tih ploča,

krov bi bio novi javni prostor s mjestima za okupljanje te barovima,

we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars

that would create this urban oasis.

što bi stvorilo urbanu oazu.

And these porches on the roof,

I ti trijemovi na krovu

all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.

skupljali bi vodu koja bi se ponovo koristila za sanitarije unutar zgrade.

Nadamo se početku sljedeće godine, jer smo već stigli do petog kata s gradnjom.

Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.

The second example is a master plan

Drugi primjer veliki je projekt gradnje

of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.

2000 stanova i objekata u gradu Tunisu.

And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,

I kako bih ostvario tako veliki projekt, najveći koji sam ikada dizajnirao,

I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,

zaista sam trebao shvatiti grad Tunis,

but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.

ali i njegovo okruženje, tradiciju i kulturu.

During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina

Tijekom te analize posebnu pažnju posvetio sam Medini,

1000 godina starom dijelu grada koji je ranije bio zatvoren zidom,

that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,

s dvanaest različitih vrata, povezanih skoro ravnim linijama.

opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.

When I went to the site, the first design operation we did

Kada smo otišli na gradilište, prvo smo

was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks

proširili postojeće ulice i napravili 12 početnih blokova,

similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona

veličinom i karakteristikama sličnim onima u Barceloni

i ostalim europskim gradovima s ovakvim dvorištima.

and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.

Povrh toga, izabrali smo neke strateške točke

On top of that, we selected some strategic points

reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,

sjetivši se ideje vrata povezanih ravnim linijama,

što je izmijenilo početni uzorak.

and this modified this initial pattern.

And the last operation was to think about the cell,

Posljednja operacija bila je razmišljanje o osnovi,

the small cell of the project, like the apartment,

maloj jedinici projekta, poput stana,

as an essential part of the master plan.

kao osnovnom elementu ovog plana.

And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation

Razmišljao sam koja bi bila najbolja orijentacija

in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?

za stan u mediteranskoj klimi?

And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house

To je sjever-jug, jer stvara toplinsku razliku između dvije strane kuće

and then a natural ventilation.

a time i prirodno prozračivanje.

So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments

Tako stvaramo uzorak koji osigurava da većina stanova

are perfectly oriented in that direction.

bude savršeno orijentirana u tom smjeru.

And this is the result

I ovo je rezultat,

skoro poput kombinacije europskog stambenog bloka i arapskog grada.

that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.

It has these blocks with courtyards,

Ima te cjeline s dvorištima,

and then on the ground floor

a u prizemlju

you have all these connections for the pedestrians.

imate svu tu povezanost za pješake.

And also it responds to the local regulations that establish

A ovo također odgovara i lokalnim propisima koji određuju

a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.

veću gustoću na višim katovima i manju gustoću u prizemlju.

And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.

Također učvršćuje i ideju ulaznih vrata.

The volume has this connecting shape

Volumen ima ovaj povezujući oblik,

that shades itself with three different types of apartments

koji se sam zaklanja od svjetla pomoću tri različite vrste stanova

te propušta svjetlost u prizemlje u vrlo gusto naseljenom dijelu.

and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood

And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,

A u dvorištima su različiti sadržaji,

such as a gym and a kindergarten

poput teretane i dječjeg vrtića,

and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.

a pored toga su komercijalni prostori koji donose aktivnost u prizemlje.

The roof, which is my favorite space of the project

Krov, koji je moj omiljeni prostor cijelog projekta,

is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.

skoro kao da vraća zajednici prostor koji joj je oduzet građevinom.

And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,

Tu svi stanari mogu doći i družiti se,

and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,

baviti se aktivnostima kao što je trčati ujutro dva kilometra,

jumping from one building to another.

prelazeći s jedne zgrade na drugu.

These two examples,

Ova dva primjera

they have a common approach in the design process.

imaju isti pristup u procesu dizajniranja.

And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see

Također, oba su u zemljama u razvoju, gdje možete vidjeti

the cities literally growing.

kako gradovi doslovno rastu.

In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow

U ovim gradovima, utjecaj arhitekture na živote ljudi danas i sutra

changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.

mijenja lokalne zajednice i ekonomije istom brzinom kojom rastu i zgrade.

For this reason, I see even more importance

Zbog toga, vidim još veću važnost u tome

kako arhitektura nalazi jednostavna, ali ekonomična rješenja

to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions

that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment

koja produbljuju vezu između zajednice i okruženja

and that aim to connect nature and people.

te imaju za cilj povezati prirodu i ljude.

Hvala vam.

Thank you very much.

(Pljesak)

(Applause)