Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community

82,951 views ・ 2013-10-25

TED


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翻译人员: Wei Wu 校对人员: Li Li
00:12
My work focuses on the connection of
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作为一名建筑设计师,
00:15
both thinking about our community life
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我在设计建筑的时候会同时考虑,
00:18
being part of the environment
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建筑与周围的自然环境,,
00:20
where architecture grows from the natural
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以及建筑与周围的人文环境,
00:22
local conditions and traditions.
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即传统文化之间的关系.
00:25
Today I brought two recent projects
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今天, 我将与大家分享两个
00:28
as an example of this.
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基于这种理念的案例.
00:30
Both projects are in emerging countries,
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这两个案例都位于新兴国家,
00:32
one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.
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一个在埃塞俄比亚, 另一个在突尼斯.
00:35
And also they have in common
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这两个案例的共同点之一,
00:37
that the different analyses from different perspectives
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在于设计方案的最终成型过程中, 从多个不同的角度
00:40
becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.
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对建筑的分析, 构成了设计方案重要的组成部分.
00:44
The first example started with an invitation
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第一个案例起源与我受到邀请
00:47
to design a multistory shopping mall
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去为埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴
00:49
in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.
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设计一个新的多层购物广场.
00:51
And this is the type of building
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这就是当时我和我的团队
00:54
we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,
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获得的一个样例, 我们被要求
00:57
of what we had to design.
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设计成这种样子.
00:59
At first, the first thing I thought was,
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我刚开始看到这个的感觉是
01:01
I want to run away.
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我真不想干了.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:05
After seeing a few of these buildings --
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在观察了类似这种风格的建筑之后--
01:07
there are many in the city --
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这个城市有很多这种风格的建筑--
01:09
we realized that they have three very big points.
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我们发现了这些建筑最重要的三个问题.
01:12
First, these buildings, they are almost empty
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首先, 这些建筑基本上都是空的,
01:14
because they have very large shops
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因为他们里面都是一些大的商铺,
01:16
where people cannot afford to buy things.
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当地人是买不起那些大品牌的.
01:19
Second, they need tons of energy to perform
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第二个问题, 它们需要大量的能源去调温度,
01:22
because of the skin treatment with glass
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因为建筑外围铺的都是玻璃,
01:24
that creates heat in the inside,
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这种设计将热量困在建筑内部,
01:26
and then you need a lot of cooling.
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这导致我们需要很多制冷设备.
01:28
In a city where this shouldn't happen
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这种情况不应该发生在这座城市,
01:30
because they have really mild weather
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因为这座城市的气候是相当宜人的,
01:32
that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.
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全年温度稳定在20~25度左右.
01:35
And third is that their image has nothing to do
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第三个问题就是这个建筑看起来跟非洲
01:39
with Africa and with Ethiopia.
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或者埃塞俄比亚一点关系都没有.
01:41
It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.
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对于一个文化底蕴如此丰富的城市, 这太叫人失望了.
01:46
Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,
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同时, 在我第一次考察埃塞俄比亚的时候,
01:49
I was really captivated by the old merkato
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我被当地的集贸市场深深的迷住了.
01:51
that is this open-air structure
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每天, 成百上千的人
01:54
where thousands of people, they go and buy things
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聚集在露天的建筑环境中, 从小商贩手里
01:55
every day from small vendors.
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买到各种想要的商品.
01:58
And also it has this idea of the public space
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这跟我的想法是一致的, 就是在室外
02:00
that uses the outdoors to create activity.
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公共场合创造各种活动的想法.
02:03
So I thought, this is what I really want to design,
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于是我想, 这才是我想要设计的,
02:07
not a shopping mall.
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忘掉购物中心吧.
02:08
But the question was how we could do a multistory,
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但是问题是, 我们怎么才能在这样一个
02:12
contemporary building with these principles.
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当代多层建筑中贯彻这些理念呢?
02:15
The next challenge was when we looked at the site,
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第二个挑战就是当我们开始设计的时候,
02:17
that is, in a really growing area of the city,
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这是一座快速发展的城市,
02:20
where most of these buildings that you see in the image,
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你们在照片上看到的很多建筑物, 在我们设计的时候
02:22
they were not there.
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根本不存在.
02:24
And it's also between two parallel streets
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而且这座建筑前后靠着的两条平行街道,
02:26
that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.
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在前后几百米都没有小路可以连通.
02:29
So the first thing we did was to create a connection
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于是我们首先要做的就是
02:32
between these two streets,
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利用我们这座建筑物的
02:34
putting all the entrances of the building.
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所有出入口, 将这两条路连起来.
02:36
And this extends with an inclined atrium
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然后我们通过一个倾斜的中庭的设计,
02:39
that creates an open-air space in the building
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创造了一个开放的建筑空间,
02:41
that self-protects itself with its own shape
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而且这种设计能够通过自身的形状避免下面的行人
02:44
from the sun and the rain.
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受到日晒雨淋.
02:46
And around this void
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围绕着这些空洞,
02:47
we placed this idea of the market with small shops,
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我们划分出很多的小商铺, 基于我们小集市的想法.
02:51
that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.
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每层的商铺的布局都是随着空洞的形状不同而不同.
02:54
I also thought, how to close the building?
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我思考的另一个问题是, 建筑物的外墙如何装饰?
02:57
And I really wanted to find a solution
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而且我真的希望能够找到一种装饰设计,
02:59
that would respond to the local climate conditions.
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能够适合当地的气候条件.
03:02
And I started thinking about the textile
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我开始设想一种纹理结构,
03:04
like a shell made of concrete
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用带有穿孔的水泥制成,
03:06
with perforations that would let the air in,
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能够用一种受控的方式,
03:10
and also the light, but in a filtered way.
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让外界的光线和空气能够进入建筑物中.
03:12
And then the inspiration came from these beautiful patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
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我们从埃塞俄比亚妇女美丽的传统服装的图案上得到了灵感.
03:18
That they have fractal geometry properties
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这些图案中包含了一些几何形状的
03:20
and this helped me to shape the whole facade.
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纹理片段, 我将类似的问题铺满了整个外墙.
03:22
And we are building that
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我们铺外墙使用的
03:24
with these small prefabricated pieces
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是这些小的预制材料,
03:26
that are the windows that let the air and the light
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这些窗户能够让空气和光线
03:30
in a controlled way inside the building.
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按照我们控制的方式进入建筑物.
03:32
And this is complemented by these small colored glasses
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为了实现这点, 我们使用这些小的有色玻璃,
03:34
that use the light from the inside of the building
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利用建筑物内部的光源,
03:37
to light up the building at night.
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在夜间照亮整个建筑.
03:39
With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers
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但是我们的这些想法一开始并没有打动建造者,
03:44
because they were like,
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他们的反应类似于,
03:45
"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."
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"这根本不是商场. 这不是我们想要的."
03:47
But then we all realized that this idea of the market
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但是随后我们都认识到, 这种设计方案
03:53
happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall
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比传统的购物商场的方案更加的能赚钱,
03:56
because basically they had more shops to sell.
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因为这种设计方案能够出售的店铺数量更多.
03:59
And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,
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而且这种外墙的设计, 降低了很多很多的成本,
04:03
not only because of the material compared with the glass,
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不仅仅是因为这种预制的材料比玻璃要便宜,
04:05
but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.
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还因为我们不再需要使用那么多的空调来控制温度了.
04:08
So we created some budget savings
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结果我们最终
04:10
that we used to implement the project.
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还节约了一部分预算.
04:12
And the first implementation was to think
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构造阶段的第一个问题就是思考
04:14
about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy
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如何保证大厦能够在电力上自给自足,
04:17
in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.
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因为所在的城市几乎每天都要拉闸限电.
04:20
So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.
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于是我们在屋顶铺上了很多的太阳能电池板.
04:24
And then under those panels
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接着我们想, 能不能在屋顶,
04:27
we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars
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在这些太阳能电池板下面, 放置一些桌椅用来休息,
04:30
that would create this urban oasis.
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让这里成为城市中的绿洲, 供人们小憩.
04:33
And these porches on the roof,
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屋顶上的这些游廊,
04:35
all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.
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被集中利用来收集雨水, 用于建筑内部的清洁.
04:40
Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.
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我们现在已经盖到第五层, 预计在明年初的时候完工.
04:45
The second example is a master plan
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第二个案例是为突尼斯城规划一个
04:48
of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.
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超过2000套个公寓及附属设施的建筑.
04:51
And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,
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做这么大规模的项目, 这是我做过的最大的项目,
04:55
I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,
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我不仅需要非常深刻的理解突尼斯这个城市,
04:57
but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.
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还需要理解与她相关的种种传统以及文化.
05:01
During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina
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在分析的过程中我的注意力被一个阿拉伯人聚居区吸引,
05:05
that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,
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这是一个有着一千多年历史的结构, 砖墙结构,
05:09
opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.
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有12个门, 相互之间通过几乎是直线的道路相连.
05:13
When I went to the site, the first design operation we did
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当我开始在图纸上规划, 我们做的第一件事情
05:17
was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks
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就是延长周边的街道, 将大区块分割12个基本的小区块
05:21
similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona
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在大小和特征上都类似于我们在巴塞罗那
05:25
and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.
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和其它欧洲城市常见的街区规划.
05:28
On top of that, we selected some strategic points
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在这些街区规划的基础上, 借鉴刚才提到的想法,
05:30
reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,
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我们选择了一些关键点, 将这些关键点通过直线
05:34
and this modified this initial pattern.
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连接起来, 改变了一开始的模式.
05:36
And the last operation was to think about the cell,
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最后一步是考虑具体的区块内建筑的设计,
05:39
the small cell of the project, like the apartment,
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这些类似公寓的小隔间,
05:41
as an essential part of the master plan.
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是构成这个巨大规划的基本组成部分.
05:43
And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation
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这个时候我在想, 对于一个位于地中海气候的公寓,
05:46
in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?
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什么样的朝向是最好的?
05:49
And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house
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答案是南北朝向, 可以利用房子南北两侧的温度差异,
05:53
and then a natural ventilation.
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创造了一个自然的穿堂风效果.
05:56
So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments
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于是我们实现了这种模式,让所有的公寓
06:00
are perfectly oriented in that direction.
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都拥有完美的朝向.
06:02
And this is the result
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这是我们设计的效果,
06:04
that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.
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像是一种结合, 阿拉伯城市风格与欧洲住宅风格的结合.
06:07
It has these blocks with courtyards,
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有些建筑区块是带有走庭院的,
06:09
and then on the ground floor
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而周围地面上的
06:10
you have all these connections for the pedestrians.
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人行道能够完整的连接起来.
06:12
And also it responds to the local regulations that establish
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同时她也满足的当地管理部门的需求,
06:15
a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.
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上层建筑中的人口密度高, 地面人口密度不高.
06:19
And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.
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同时她也满足了我们对出入口之间连通性要求.
06:22
The volume has this connecting shape
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这个建筑群的相互连接的形状,
06:24
that shades itself with three different types of apartments
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通过三个不同类型的公寓建筑, 起到遮阳的作用.
06:28
and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood
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同时, 让阳光能够透过密集的建筑穿透到地表.
06:31
And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,
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在这些中庭之间, 包含了许多不同的设施,
06:34
such as a gym and a kindergarten
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像是健身馆, 幼儿园等,
06:36
and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.
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以及一系列商业设备, 让公共区域充满活力.
06:40
The roof, which is my favorite space of the project
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屋顶是这个项目中我最得意的部分,
06:43
is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.
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这就像是将被这些建筑物占用的空间重新还给了社区.
06:46
And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,
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社区的人们可以爬上屋顶, 相互打打招呼聊聊天,
06:49
and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,
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或者做一些运动, 像是在早晨的时候在屋顶上
06:52
jumping from one building to another.
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跑个两公里, 或是在建筑之间来回跳跃.
06:56
These two examples,
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这两个案例
06:58
they have a common approach in the design process.
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有一些共同点, 在设计过程中采用了同样的方法.
07:01
And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see
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同样, 他们都位于新兴城市, 你能直观的看到
07:04
the cities literally growing.
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建筑物一个个拔地而起.
07:06
In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow
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在这些城市, 建筑对于人们的影响, 无论当下还是未来
07:11
changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.
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对当地社区及经济的影响, 跟建筑物建造的速度一样快.
07:16
For this reason, I see even more importance
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出于这个原因, 我觉得对于建筑设计而言,
07:19
to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions
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这个权衡越来越重要, 即, 寻找简单并且足够便宜的方案,
07:24
that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment
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能够增强和促进当地的人们与城市环境的关系,
07:28
and that aim to connect nature and people.
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并且能够让人很好的接近自然.
07:32
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢.
07:34
(Applause)
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这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

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