Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community

譯者: Xuwen Zhu 審譯者: E Fan

My work focuses on the connection of

我的工作在於

both thinking about our community life

把我們的生活

being part of the environment

與在地環境連結

where architecture grows from the natural

就如同建築物

local conditions and traditions.

總是跟在地風俗民情息息相關

Today I brought two recent projects

今天我要舉兩個例子

as an example of this.

是最近的建築企劃案

Both projects are in emerging countries,

兩個企畫案都在兩個新興的國家

one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.

一個在衣索匹亞 另一個在突尼西亞

And also they have in common

這兩個國家有個相同之處

that the different analyses from different perspectives

在於其不同的分析與觀點

becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.

皆變成了建築上極為重要的一環

The first example started with an invitation

第一個例子 就從接到一個設計案的邀請講起

to design a multistory shopping mall

那是一個設計購物中心的案子

in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.

位於阿地斯阿貝巴（衣索匹亞首都）

And this is the type of building

這個建築物的類型

we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,

就是我們團隊所收到的範例

of what we had to design.

要把購物中心設計成這樣

At first, the first thing I thought was,

我看到這個的第一個念頭就是

I want to run away.

我可以落跑嗎？

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

After seeing a few of these buildings --

在看過幾個像這樣的範例

there are many in the city --

這種設計在城裡隨處可見

we realized that they have three very big points.

我們知道這些設計都有三個特徵

First, these buildings, they are almost empty

第一 購物中心內總是很冷清

because they have very large shops

因為裡面都是非常大的店面

where people cannot afford to buy things.

一般民眾買不起裡面的東西

Second, they need tons of energy to perform

第二 裡面需要相當大的電力供應

because of the skin treatment with glass

因為玻璃帷幕

that creates heat in the inside,

會使內部溫度升高

and then you need a lot of cooling.

因此需要裝設大量空調

In a city where this shouldn't happen

這不應該發生在這個城市

because they have really mild weather

因為當地的氣候非常涼爽

that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.

年均溫只有攝氏20-25度

And third is that their image has nothing to do

第三 這些建築物的外觀設計

with Africa and with Ethiopia.

跟非洲或衣索匹亞都毫無關係

It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.

這對於一個擁有豐富文化與 傳統的地方來說實在非常可惜

Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,

我們首次造訪衣索匹亞時

I was really captivated by the old merkato

我對於老莫卡托尤其喜愛

that is this open-air structure

那是一個開放式結構

where thousands of people, they go and buy things

每天都有幾千人進去

every day from small vendors.

跟小攤販買東西

And also it has this idea of the public space

這就是運用公共場所的想法

that uses the outdoors to create activity.

用開放空間創造商機

So I thought, this is what I really want to design,

我想這就是我真正想設計的東西

not a shopping mall.

而不是一個購物中心

But the question was how we could do a multistory,

但問題在於怎麼把這些原則

contemporary building with these principles.

運用在一個多樓層的現代建築

The next challenge was when we looked at the site,

另一個挑戰是 我們去看建築地時

that is, in a really growing area of the city,

當然 是在城市裡非常繁榮的地方

where most of these buildings that you see in the image,

大部分建築就跟照片裡一樣

they were not there.

不在那邊

And it's also between two parallel streets

它也在兩條平行路之間

that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.

兩條路在幾公里內都無相交

So the first thing we did was to create a connection

我們第一項要做的事就是讓

between these two streets,

兩條路有交點

putting all the entrances of the building.

讓建築物到處都有入口可進出

And this extends with an inclined atrium

使建築有一個傾斜的天井

that creates an open-air space in the building

就成了一個開放空間

that self-protects itself with its own shape

這種造型設計也達到了

from the sun and the rain.

遮陽擋雨的目的

And around this void

在此天井周圍

we placed this idea of the market with small shops,

能設置很多的小攤販

that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.

此造型也讓每層樓都有不同風貌

I also thought, how to close the building?

我又再想 怎麼關閉這棟建築？

And I really wanted to find a solution

我很想找出個方法

that would respond to the local climate conditions.

迎合當地的天氣狀況

And I started thinking about the textile

我想到用布料

like a shell made of concrete

在貝殼狀的建築物外

with perforations that would let the air in,

穿孔能讓空氣進入

and also the light, but in a filtered way.

陽光也能進入 但不是直射

And then the inspiration came from these beautiful patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.

靈感來自於 衣索匹亞婦女服飾上那些漂亮的鈕釦

That they have fractal geometry properties

那是一些幾何圖形

and this helped me to shape the whole facade.

幫助我想出了外牆的設計

And we are building that

我們只是建造出

with these small prefabricated pieces

有一些預製構件的東西

that are the windows that let the air and the light

就是讓空氣與陽光

in a controlled way inside the building.

以被控制的方式進入建築

And this is complemented by these small colored glasses

也補充一些彩色玻璃

that use the light from the inside of the building

讓建築在晚上藉由內部的亮光

to light up the building at night.

讓建築在晚上發亮

With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers

這些想法一開始很難說服那些建商

because they were like,

因為他們只想說

"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."

「這不是購物中心！我們沒要你這樣搞啊！」

But then we all realized that this idea of the market

但最後我們都了解

happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall

這類型的市場 比購物中心來得賺錢

because basically they had more shops to sell.

因為這基本上能容納較多的店家

And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,

也因為外牆設計省了非常多的錢

not only because of the material compared with the glass,

不只是因為省去玻璃帷幕的關係

but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.

也因為裡面完全用不著吹冷氣

So we created some budget savings

藉由實行這些方法

that we used to implement the project.

這就省下了不少預算

And the first implementation was to think

第一個成就就是

about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy

怎麼讓建築自供電力

in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.

因為城裡幾乎每天都有斷電措施

So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.

所以我們在屋頂 設置相當多的太陽能板

And then under those panels

在那些太陽能板下面

we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars

能增加一個新的公共場所 一個聚會場所或是酒吧

that would create this urban oasis.

這能造就一個都市綠洲

And these porches on the roof,

而這些頂樓的入口

all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.

能收集水並讓內部的 公共衛生設施重複利用

Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.

我們極有希望在明年初就能完工 因為進度已經建到了第五層樓

The second example is a master plan

第二個例子是一個總體設計

of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.

在突尼斯市的兩千戶公寓

And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,

做這個非常大的企劃案 事實上是我接過最大的企劃案

I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,

我需要非常了解突尼斯這個城市

but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.

不管是周圍的事物 或是當地的傳統與文化

During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina

在分析過程中 我對麥地那有很特別的印象

that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,

那是一個用城牆包覆住的結構 已有上千年歷史

opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.

有12個不同的大門 幾乎是用直線連接

When I went to the site, the first design operation we did

當我去到當地 第一件要做的就是

was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks

拓寬街道，造出12個基礎模塊

similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona

相同大小與特性 跟巴塞隆納的一樣

and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.

在歐洲其他城市也有的庭院

On top of that, we selected some strategic points

我們做了幾個關鍵要點

reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,

有了大門用直線聯結的啟發

and this modified this initial pattern.

這更改了最初的格局

And the last operation was to think about the cell,

最後的工作就是那些房間

the small cell of the project, like the apartment,

就像是公寓裡的小房間

as an essential part of the master plan.

是這個企劃最重要的環節

And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation

對於這個 我一直想什麼是最能適應

in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?

地中海型氣候的公寓？

And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house

南北向的房子讓室內前後溫度不均

and then a natural ventilation.

并帶來自然的通風

So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments

所以我們修改了部分格局 確保大部分公寓

are perfectly oriented in that direction.

都是面對好的方位

And this is the result

這就是成果

that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.

這就像是結合了 歐洲與阿拉伯風格的城市

It has these blocks with courtyards,

在中庭有這種街道

and then on the ground floor

在底層

you have all these connections for the pedestrians.

行人都能暢行無阻

And also it responds to the local regulations that establish

這也迎合了當地的規矩

a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.

就是高樓層較多住戶 低樓層則較少住戶

And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.

這也在大門加強了這種概念

The volume has this connecting shape

這空間的形狀

that shades itself with three different types of apartments

也替三種不同的公寓遮陰

and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood

也能讓陽光透過非常密集的公寓群

And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,

在中庭有不同的設施

such as a gym and a kindergarten

例如健身房和幼稚園

and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.

在低樓層附近 也有商業空間帶來商機

The roof, which is my favorite space of the project

屋頂是我最喜歡的部分

is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.

那就像是還給社區 被建築佔去的空間

And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,

也提供住戶一個社交的場所

and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,

或是能在上頭做兩公里的晨跑

jumping from one building to another.

也能在每棟房子間跳來跳去

These two examples,

這兩個例子

they have a common approach in the design process.

都有相同的設計方法

And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see

也同樣存在於

the cities literally growing.

正在成長的新興城市

In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow

在這些城市 建築影響著人們的生活

changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.

改變了在地社區與經濟 與建築一起成長

For this reason, I see even more importance

就因為這幾個原因讓我覺得

to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions

尋找簡單又經濟的方法是非常重要的

that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment

目的在於加強社區與環境的聯結

and that aim to connect nature and people.

講人類與自然聯繫在一起

Thank you very much.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

（掌聲）