Leslie T. Chang: The voices of China's workers

226,362 views ・ 2012-09-12

TED


Za predvajanje videoposnetka dvakrat kliknite na spodnje angleške podnapise.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Translator: Lenka Tušar Reviewer: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:16
Hi. So I'd like to talk a little bit about the people
1
16054
2416
Pozdravljeni. Želela bi govoriti o ljudeh,
00:18
who make the things we use every day:
2
18470
2529
ki proizvajajo stvari, ki jih dnevno uporabljamo -
00:20
our shoes, our handbags, our computers and cell phones.
3
20999
3760
naše čevlje, torbice, računalnike in mobilnike.
00:24
Now, this is a conversation that often calls up a lot of guilt.
4
24759
4446
Ta tema pri ljudeh pogosto vzbudi slabo vest.
00:29
Imagine the teenage farm girl who makes less than
5
29205
3591
Predstavljajte si najstnico s kmetije,
00:32
a dollar an hour stitching your running shoes,
6
32796
2856
ki s šivanjem vaših tekaških copat zasluži manj kot dolar na uro,
00:35
or the young Chinese man who jumps off a rooftop
7
35652
2698
ali mladega Kitajca, ki skoči s strehe
00:38
after working overtime assembling your iPad.
8
38350
4040
po nadurah sestavljanja vašega iPada.
00:42
We, the beneficiaries of globalization, seem to exploit
9
42390
3608
Mi, udeleženci globalizacije, te žrtve izkoriščamo
00:45
these victims with every purchase we make,
10
45998
2703
z vsakim opravljenim nakupom
00:48
and the injustice
11
48701
1633
in krivica se zdi
00:50
feels embedded in the products themselves.
12
50334
3089
vtkana v izdelke same.
00:53
After all, what's wrong with a world in which a worker
13
53423
2560
Kam gre namreč svet, v katerem delavec za tekočim trakom
00:55
on an iPhone assembly line can't even afford to buy one?
14
55983
3776
sestavlja iPhone, a si ne more privoščiti svojega?
00:59
It's taken for granted that Chinese factories are oppressive,
15
59759
2650
Samoumevno se nam zdi, da so kitajske tovarne zatiralne
01:02
and that it's our desire for cheap goods
16
62409
2731
in da jih pravzaprav naša želja po poceni artiklih
01:05
that makes them so.
17
65140
2361
dela takšne.
01:07
So, this simple narrative equating Western demand
18
67501
3815
Ta preprosta pripoved, ki povezuje potrebe zahoda
01:11
and Chinese suffering is appealing,
19
71316
2812
s kitajskim trpljenjem, je zanimiva,
01:14
especially at a time when many of us already feel guilty
20
74128
2635
še posebej v času, ko se nas mnogo že počuti
01:16
about our impact on the world,
21
76763
2578
krive za razmere v svetu,
01:19
but it's also inaccurate and disrespectful.
22
79341
3783
a je tudi netočna in celo nespoštljiva.
01:23
We must be peculiarly self-obsessed to imagine that we
23
83124
2984
Kako vase zagledani moramo biti, da verjamemo,
01:26
have the power to drive tens of millions of people
24
86108
3168
da desetine milijonov ljudi
01:29
on the other side of the world to migrate and suffer
25
89276
2712
na drugem koncu sveta vodimo v preseljevanja in trpljenje
01:31
in such terrible ways.
26
91988
2795
na tako strašne načine.
01:34
In fact, China makes goods for markets all over the world,
27
94783
2818
Kitajska lahko ustvarja proizvode za svetovne trge,
01:37
including its own, thanks to a combination of factors:
28
97601
3588
vključno s svojim, zaradi skupka dejavnikov -
01:41
its low costs, its large and educated workforce,
29
101189
3406
nizkih stroškov, obsežne in izobražene delovne sile
01:44
and a flexible manufacturing system
30
104595
2466
ter prilagodljivega proizvodnega sistema,
01:47
that responds quickly to market demands.
31
107061
3151
ki se hitro odziva na potrebe trga.
01:50
By focusing so much on ourselves and our gadgets,
32
110212
3049
S tem, ko smo obsedeni s sabo in z našimi napravami,
01:53
we have rendered the individuals on the other end
33
113261
2463
smo ljudi na drugem koncu naredili nevidne,
01:55
into invisibility, as tiny and interchangeable
34
115724
3360
tako majhne in nadomestjive
01:59
as the parts of a mobile phone.
35
119084
3055
kot sestavne delčke mobilnega telefona.
02:02
Chinese workers are not forced into factories
36
122139
2665
Kitajski delavci niso prisiljeni delati v tovarnah
02:04
because of our insatiable desire for iPods.
37
124804
2479
zaradi naše nenasitne želje po iPodih.
02:07
They choose to leave their homes in order to earn money,
38
127283
3072
Odločijo se zapustiti domove, da bi zaslužili,
02:10
to learn new skills, and to see the world.
39
130355
3953
se izučili novih spretnosti in videli svet.
02:14
In the ongoing debate about globalization, what's
40
134308
2393
V aktualnih pogovorih o globalizaciji
02:16
been missing is the voices of the workers themselves.
41
136701
3431
manjkajo glasovi delavcev samih.
02:20
Here are a few.
42
140132
2305
Tu jih je nekaj.
02:22
Bao Yongxiu: "My mother tells me to come home
43
142437
3749
Bao Yongxiu: "Moja mama želi, da pridem domov
02:26
and get married, but if I marry now, before I have fully
44
146186
3724
in se omožim. A če to storim zdaj, ko se želim še razvijati,
02:29
developed myself, I can only marry an ordinary worker,
45
149910
4085
se lahko poročim le z navadnim delavcem,
02:33
so I'm not in a rush."
46
153995
2503
zato nočem hiteti."
02:36
Chen Ying: "When I went home for the new year,
47
156498
3042
Chen Ying: "Ko sem šla domov za novo leto,
02:39
everyone said I had changed. They asked me,
48
159540
3256
so mi vsi dejali, da sem se spremenila.
02:42
what did you do that you have changed so much?
49
162796
3097
Vprašali so me, kaj je privedlo do tega.
02:45
I told them that I studied and worked hard. If you tell them
50
165893
3278
Povedala sem jim, da sem se pridno učila in delala.
02:49
more, they won't understand anyway."
51
169171
3368
Če bi jim povedala več, itak ne bi razumeli."
02:52
Wu Chunming: "Even if I make a lot of money,
52
172539
3385
Wu Chunming: "Tudi če bi veliko zaslužila,
02:55
it won't satisfy me.
53
175924
2151
ne bi bila zadovoljna.
02:58
Just to make money is not enough meaning in life."
54
178075
4369
Le kopičenje denarja ni dovolj v življenju."
03:02
Xiao Jin: "Now, after I get off work, I study English,
55
182444
4712
Xiao Jin: "Po končanem delu se učim angleščino,
03:07
because in the future, our customers won't
56
187156
1789
saj v prihodnosti naše stranke ne bodo le Kitajci,
03:08
be only Chinese, so we must learn more languages."
57
188945
3862
zato se moramo naučiti več jezikov."
03:12
All of these speakers, by the way, are young women,
58
192807
2771
Vse to so glasovi mladih žensk,
03:15
18 or 19 years old.
59
195578
3082
starih 18 ali 19 let.
03:18
So I spent two years getting to know assembly line workers
60
198660
2942
Dve leti sem spoznavala delavce za tekočim trakom,
03:21
like these in the south China factory city called Dongguan.
61
201602
3929
kot so ti v tovarni v mestu Dongguan na jugu Kitajske.
03:25
Certain subjects came up over and over:
62
205531
2520
Nekatere teme pogovora so se pogosto ponavljale -
03:28
how much money they made,
63
208051
1904
koliko zaslužijo,
03:29
what kind of husband they hoped to marry,
64
209955
2379
kakšnega moža si želijo,
03:32
whether they should jump to another factory
65
212334
2125
ali bi bilo pametno zamenjati tovarno
03:34
or stay where they were.
66
214459
2200
ali ostati v tej.
03:36
Other subjects came up almost never, including
67
216659
2193
Drugih tem se skoraj nikoli niso dotaknile,
03:38
living conditions that to me looked close to prison life:
68
218852
3447
na primer bivanjskih pogojev, ki so se mi zdeli kot zapor -
03:42
10 or 15 workers in one room,
69
222299
2283
10 do 15 delavcev v eni sobi,
03:44
50 people sharing a single bathroom,
70
224582
3359
ena kopalnica za 50 ljudi,
03:47
days and nights ruled by the factory clock.
71
227941
3334
tovarniška ura, ki meri dneve in noči.
03:51
Everyone they knew lived in similar circumstances,
72
231275
3488
Vsi njihovi znanci so živeli v podobnih razmerah,
03:54
and it was still better than the dormitories and homes
73
234763
2761
a so kljub temu bile boljše kot spalnice in domovi
03:57
of rural China.
74
237524
2568
podeželske Kitajske.
04:00
The workers rarely spoke about the products they made,
75
240092
2726
Delavci so le redko govorili o izdelkih, ki so jih ustvarjali,
04:02
and they often had great difficulty explaining
76
242818
2344
in pogosto niso znali povedati,
04:05
what exactly they did.
77
245162
2442
kaj točno delajo.
04:07
When I asked Lu Qingmin,
78
247604
1711
Ko sem vprašala Lu Qingmin,
04:09
the young woman I got to know best,
79
249315
2102
mlado žensko, s katero sva se najbolj zbližali,
04:11
what exactly she did on the factory floor,
80
251417
2467
kaj točno počne v tovarni,
04:13
she said something to me in Chinese that sounded like
81
253884
2405
mi je v kitajščini odgovorila nekaj takega kot
04:16
"qiu xi."
82
256289
1777
"qiu xi".
04:18
Only much later did I realize that she had been saying
83
258066
2969
Šele dosti kasneje sem ugotovila, da je s tem mislila
04:21
"QC," or quality control.
84
261035
3224
"QC" ali nadzor kakovosti.
04:24
She couldn't even tell me what she did on the factory floor.
85
264259
3863
Ni znala torej točno razložiti, kaj je njeno delo.
04:28
All she could do was parrot a garbled abbreviation
86
268122
2457
Le ponovila je popačeno okrajšavo
04:30
in a language she didn't even understand.
87
270579
3994
v jeziku, ki ga še sama ni razumela.
04:34
Karl Marx saw this as the tragedy of capitalism,
88
274573
3622
Karl Marx je v tem videl tragedijo kapitalizma,
04:38
the alienation of the worker from the product of his labor.
89
278195
4043
odtujitev delavca od izdelka v njegovih rokah.
04:42
Unlike, say, a traditional maker of shoes or cabinets,
90
282238
3624
Za razliko od tradicionalnih čevljarjev ali mizarjev
04:45
the worker in an industrial factory has no control,
91
285862
3247
delavec v industrijski tovarni nima nadzora,
04:49
no pleasure, and no true satisfaction or understanding
92
289109
3257
veselja, zadovoljstva ali razumevanja
04:52
in her own work.
93
292366
2191
njegovega dela.
04:54
But like so many theories that Marx arrived at
94
294557
2416
A kot mnogo drugih teorij, do katerih je Marx prišel
04:56
sitting in the reading room of the British Museum,
95
296973
2819
v čitalnici Britanskega muzeja,
04:59
he got this one wrong.
96
299792
2826
je ta napačna.
05:02
Just because a person spends her time
97
302618
2299
Čeprav neka oseba preživi čas
05:04
making a piece of something does not mean
98
304917
2768
v izdelovanju dela nekega proizvoda, to še ne pomeni,
05:07
that she becomes that, a piece of something.
99
307685
2552
da sama postane prav to, del nečesa.
05:10
What she does with the money she earns,
100
310237
3103
Kar stori z zasluženim denarjem,
05:13
what she learns in that place, and how it changes her,
101
313340
3505
denarjem od dela na tistem kraju, in kako jo to spremeni,
05:16
these are the things that matter.
102
316845
2761
so dejstva, ki štejejo.
05:19
What a factory makes is never the point, and
103
319606
2300
Končni izdelek ni nikdar bistvo
05:21
the workers could not care less who buys their products.
104
321906
4084
in delavcem je skrajno vseeno, kdo je njegov kupec.
05:25
Journalistic coverage of Chinese factories,
105
325990
2488
Novinarsko poročanje iz kitajskih tovarn,
05:28
on the other hand, plays up this relationship
106
328478
2112
na drugi strani, prikazuje razmerje
05:30
between the workers and the products they make.
107
330590
2829
med delavci in proizvodi, ki tam nastajajo.
05:33
Many articles calculate: How long would it take
108
333419
3089
Veliko člankov dela izračune, koliko časa bi moral
05:36
for this worker to work in order to earn enough money
109
336508
2844
delavec opravljati to delo, da bi si z zasluženim
05:39
to buy what he's making?
110
339352
2460
lahko privoščil artikel, ki ga izdeluje.
05:41
For example, an entry-level-line assembly line worker
111
341812
2488
Delavec za tekočim trakom z nezahtevnimi zadolžitvami
05:44
in China in an iPhone plant would have to shell out
112
344300
3272
v kitajskem obratu za iPhone bi moral
05:47
two and a half months' wages for an iPhone.
113
347572
3545
zanj odšteti plači dveh mesecev in pol.
05:51
But how meaningful is this calculation, really?
114
351117
3337
A kako bistven je pravzaprav ta izračun?
05:54
For example, I recently wrote an article
115
354454
1990
Pred kratkim sem na primer napisala članek
05:56
in The New Yorker magazine,
116
356444
978
za časopis The New Yorker,
05:57
but I can't afford to buy an ad in it.
117
357422
3239
a kljub temu si ne morem privoščiti oglasa v njem.
06:00
But, who cares? I don't want an ad in The New Yorker,
118
360661
2056
In kaj potem? Saj nočem oglasa v časopisu,
06:02
and most of these workers don't really want iPhones.
119
362717
2865
tako kot večina teh delavcev ne želi iPhonov.
06:05
Their calculations are different.
120
365582
2760
Njihovi izračuni so drugačni.
06:08
How long should I stay in this factory?
121
368342
1814
Koliko časa bi moral ostati v tej tovarni?
06:10
How much money can I save?
122
370156
2463
Koliko denarja lahko privarčujem?
06:12
How much will it take to buy an apartment or a car,
123
372619
2570
Kdaj si bom lahko privoščil nakup stanovanja ali avta,
06:15
to get married, or to put my child through school?
124
375189
4590
poroko ali šolanje mojega otroka?
06:19
The workers I got to know had a curiously abstract
125
379779
2691
Delavci, ki sem jih spoznala, so imeli s proizvodom
06:22
relationship with the product of their labor.
126
382470
3758
njihovega dela nenavadno abstrakten odnos.
06:26
About a year after I met Lu Qingmin, or Min,
127
386228
3142
Kakšno leto po tem, ko sem spoznala Lu Qingmin oz. Min,
06:29
she invited me home to her family village
128
389370
2034
me je povabila domov v domačo vas
06:31
for the Chinese New Year.
129
391404
2223
ob praznovanju kitajskega novega leta.
06:33
On the train home, she gave me a present:
130
393627
2386
Na vlaku domov mi je dala darilo,
06:36
a Coach brand change purse with brown leather trim.
131
396013
4391
drobižnico znamke Coach z obrobo iz rjavega usnja.
06:40
I thanked her, assuming it was fake,
132
400404
1673
Zahvalila sem se ji in mislila, da gre za ponaredek,
06:42
like almost everything else for sale in Dongguan.
133
402077
3477
kot večina stvari naprodaj v Dongguanu.
06:45
After we got home, Min gave her mother another present:
134
405554
3809
Doma je Min dala svoji mami še eno darilo,
06:49
a pink Dooney & Bourke handbag,
135
409363
2185
rožnato torbico znamke Dooney & Bourke,
06:51
and a few nights later, her sister was showing off
136
411548
2423
in nekaj večerov kasneje je njena sestra
06:53
a maroon LeSportsac shoulder bag.
137
413971
3504
ponosno nosila rjavo torbo znamke LeSportsac.
06:57
Slowly it was dawning on me that these handbags
138
417475
3800
Počasi sem spoznala, da so te torbe
07:01
were made by their factory,
139
421275
2017
izdelovali v tovarni, kjer dela,
07:03
and every single one of them was authentic.
140
423292
3166
in prav vsaka je bila original.
07:06
Min's sister said to her parents,
141
426458
2465
Minina sestra je povedala staršema,
07:08
"In America, this bag sells for 320 dollars."
142
428923
3362
"V Ameriki taka torbica stane 320 dolarjev."
07:12
Her parents, who are both farmers, looked on, speechless.
143
432285
3039
Starša, oba kmetovalca, sta nemo ostrmela.
07:15
"And that's not all -- Coach is coming out with a new line,
144
435324
2559
"In to še ni vse, znamka Coach ustvarja novo kolekcijo
07:17
2191," she said. "One bag will sell for 6,000."
145
437883
4801
imenovano 2191. Torbica bo stala 6.000."
07:22
She paused and said, "I don't know if that's 6,000 yuan or
146
442684
4247
Ustavila se je in nadaljevala, "Ne vem, ali to pomeni
07:26
6,000 American dollars, but anyway, it's 6,000." (Laughter)
147
446931
5647
6.000 yuanov ali dolarjev, a kakorkoli, vredna bo 6.000." (Smeh)
07:32
Min's sister's boyfriend, who had traveled home with her
148
452578
2595
Fant Minine sestre, ki je prišel z njo za novo leto,
07:35
for the new year, said,
149
455173
2117
je rekel,
07:37
"It doesn't look like it's worth that much."
150
457290
2833
"Sploh ne zgleda, da je toliko vredna."
07:40
Min's sister turned to him and said, "Some people actually
151
460123
2825
Minina sestra se je obrnila in rekla, "Nekateri ljudje razumejo te stvari."
07:42
understand these things. You don't understand shit."
152
462948
3544
"Ti pa nimaš pojma."
07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
153
466492
4655
(Smeh) (Aplavz)
07:51
In Min's world, the Coach bags had a curious currency.
154
471147
4040
V Mininem svetu imajo Coach torbice nenavadno vrednost.
07:55
They weren't exactly worthless, but they were nothing
155
475187
2320
Niso bile ravno ničvredne, a še vedno zelo daleč
07:57
close to the actual value, because almost no one they knew
156
477507
2710
od prodajne vrednosti, saj jih ni skoraj nihče
08:00
wanted to buy one, or knew how much it was worth.
157
480217
3930
hotel kupiti ali poznal njihove cene.
08:04
Once, when Min's older sister's friend got married,
158
484147
3355
Ko se je poročila prijateljica Minine starejše sestre,
08:07
she brought a handbag along as a wedding present.
159
487502
2828
je Min skupaj z darilom prinesla tudi ročno torbico.
08:10
Another time, after Min had already left
160
490330
2168
Drugič, ko Min že ni več delala v tovarni torbic,
08:12
the handbag factory, her younger sister came to visit,
161
492498
3142
jo je obiskala njena mlajša sestra
08:15
bringing two Coach Signature handbags as gifts.
162
495640
4111
in kot darilo prinesla dve torbici kolekcije Coach Signature.
08:19
I looked in the zippered pocket of one,
163
499751
2075
Pogledala sem v žepek z zadrgo ene od torbic,
08:21
and I found a printed card in English, which read,
164
501826
4239
v katerem je bila kartica z napisom v angleščini, ki pravi,
08:26
"An American classic.
165
506065
3258
"Ameriška klasika.
08:29
In 1941, the burnished patina
166
509323
2510
Leta 1941 je zglajena patina
08:31
of an all-American baseball glove
167
511833
2362
ameriške rokavice za baseball
08:34
inspired the founder of Coach to create
168
514195
2200
navdihnila ustanovitelja znamke Coach,
08:36
a new collection of handbags from the same
169
516395
2409
da je nastala nova linija ročnih torbic
08:38
luxuriously soft gloved-hand leather.
170
518804
3209
iz enakega prestižno mehkega usnja.
08:42
Six skilled leatherworkers crafted 12 Signature handbags
171
522013
4175
Šest spretnih usnjarjev je ustvarilo 12 torbic linije Signature,
08:46
with perfect proportions and a timeless flair.
172
526188
4136
popolnih razmerij in brezčasne elegance.
08:50
They were fresh, functional, and women everywhere
173
530324
2280
Bile so sveže, praktične in ženske so jih oboževale.
08:52
adored them. A new American classic was born."
174
532604
5336
Rodila se je nova ameriška klasika."
08:57
I wonder what Karl Marx would have made of Min
175
537940
2326
Sprašujem se, kaj bi Karl Marx videl v Min
09:00
and her sisters.
176
540266
1908
in njenih sestrah.
09:02
Their relationship with the product of their labor
177
542174
2607
Njihov odnos do rezultatov njihovega dela
09:04
was more complicated, surprising and funny
178
544781
2295
je bolj zapleten, presenetljiv in zabaven,
09:07
than he could have imagined.
179
547076
2258
kot si je lahko zamišljal.
09:09
And yet, his view of the world persists, and our tendency
180
549334
2823
A še vedno njegov pogled na svet ostaja
09:12
to see the workers as faceless masses,
181
552157
2609
in z njim naše nagnjenje, da vidimo delavce kot množice brez identitete,
09:14
to imagine that we can know what they're really thinking.
182
554766
3874
in da verjamemo, da natančno vemo, kako razmišljajo.
09:18
The first time I met Min, she had just turned 18
183
558640
3401
Ko sem prvič srečala Min, je pravkar dopolnila 18 let
09:22
and quit her first job on the assembly line
184
562041
2655
in pustila prvo službo za tekočim trakom
09:24
of an electronics factory.
185
564696
2315
v tovarni z elektroniko.
09:27
Over the next two years, I watched as she switched jobs
186
567011
2646
Naslednji dve leti je zamenjala službo petkrat
09:29
five times, eventually landing a lucrative post
187
569657
3076
in nazadnje pristala na obetavnem položaju
09:32
in the purchasing department of a hardware factory.
188
572733
3574
na nakupnem oddelku tovarne za strojno opremo.
09:36
Later, she married a fellow migrant worker,
189
576307
2525
Zatem se je poročila s kolegom, priseljenim delavcem,
09:38
moved with him to his village,
190
578832
2142
se preselila z njim v njegovo vas,
09:40
gave birth to two daughters,
191
580974
2203
rodila dve hčerki
09:43
and saved enough money to buy a secondhand Buick
192
583177
2188
in privarčevala dovolj denarja za nakup rabljenega Buicka zase
09:45
for herself and an apartment for her parents.
193
585365
4406
in stanovanja za njene starše.
09:49
She recently returned to Dongguan on her own
194
589771
3133
Pred kratkim se je sama vrnila v Dongguan,
09:52
to take a job in a factory that makes construction cranes,
195
592904
3616
na delovno mesto v tovarni, ki izdeluje gradbene žerjave,
09:56
temporarily leaving her husband and children
196
596520
2200
in začasno zapustila moža in otroka,
09:58
back in the village.
197
598720
1983
ki so ostali v vasi.
10:00
In a recent email to me, she explained,
198
600703
2581
V nedavnem elektronskem sporočilu mi je pisala,
10:03
"A person should have some ambition while she is young
199
603284
4046
"Mlad človek bi moral imeti želje,
10:07
so that in old age she can look back on her life
200
607330
2662
da se lahko na stara leta ozre
10:09
and feel that it was not lived to no purpose."
201
609992
4783
in ve, da ni zapravil življenja."
10:14
Across China, there are 150 million workers like her,
202
614775
4396
Na Kitajskem je 150 milijonov takih delavcev,
10:19
one third of them women, who have left their villages
203
619171
2753
tretjina je žensk, ki so zapustile domače vasi
10:21
to work in the factories, the hotels, the restaurants
204
621924
3543
in odšle na delo v tovarne, hotele, restavracije
10:25
and the construction sites of the big cities.
205
625467
2605
in gradbišča v velemesta.
10:28
Together, they make up the largest migration in history,
206
628072
3744
Skupaj predstavljajo najobsežnejše preseljevanje v zgodovini
10:31
and it is globalization, this chain that begins
207
631816
3000
in prav globalizacija, veriga, ki se začenja
10:34
in a Chinese farming village
208
634816
2519
v kitajski podeželski vasi
10:37
and ends with iPhones in our pockets and Nikes on our feet
209
637335
3777
in se konča z iPhoni v naših žepih, čevlji Nike na naših nogah
10:41
and Coach handbags on our arms
210
641112
2424
in Coach torbicami v naših rokah,
10:43
that has changed the way these millions of people
211
643536
2289
je spremenila način, kako ti milijoni ljudi
10:45
work and marry and live and think.
212
645825
4913
delajo, se poročajo, živijo in razmišljajo.
10:50
Very few of them would want to go back
213
650738
1949
Le peščica si jih želi nazaj
10:52
to the way things used to be.
214
652687
2557
v stare razmere.
10:55
When I first went to Dongguan, I worried that
215
655244
3180
Ko sem prvič šla v Dongguan, sem se bala,
10:58
it would be depressing to spend so much time with workers.
216
658424
4375
da me bo preživljanje časa z delavci začelo moriti.
11:02
I also worried that nothing would ever happen to them,
217
662799
2771
Skrbelo me je, da se jim ne bo nič novega dogajalo,
11:05
or that they would have nothing to say to me.
218
665570
2629
ali da mi ne bodo ničesar povedali.
11:08
Instead, I found young women who were smart and funny
219
668199
2650
Pravzaprav pa sem spoznala mlade ženske, ki so bistre in zabavne,
11:10
and brave and generous.
220
670849
2847
pogumne in velikodušne.
11:13
By opening up their lives to me,
221
673696
2331
Ko so me sprejele v svoja življenja,
11:16
they taught me so much about factories
222
676027
2206
so me ogromno naučile o tovarnah,
11:18
and about China and about how to live in the world.
223
678233
4206
o Kitajski in kako živeti v svetu.
11:24
This is the Coach purse that Min gave me
224
684746
2712
To je Coach denarnica, ki mi jo je podarila Min
11:27
on the train home to visit her family.
225
687458
2410
na vlaku med potjo k njenim domačim.
11:29
I keep it with me to remind me of the ties that tie me
226
689868
2643
Imam jo s sabo, da me opominja na vezi,
11:32
to the young women I wrote about,
227
692511
2724
ki me vežejo na dekleta, o katerih sem pisala,
11:35
ties that are not economic but personal in nature,
228
695235
4270
vezi, ki niso ekonomske, pač pa osebne narave,
11:39
measured not in money but in memories.
229
699505
3567
merjene ne v denarju, pač pa v spominih.
11:43
This purse is also a reminder that the things that you imagine,
230
703072
3419
Ta denarnica je tudi opomin, da stvari, o katerih razmišljate
11:46
sitting in your office or in the library,
231
706491
3542
v svoji pisarni ali knjižnici,
11:50
are not how you find them when you actually go out
232
710033
2403
niso take, kot jih v resnici izkusite,
11:52
into the world.
233
712436
1507
ko stopite v svet.
11:53
Thank you. (Applause)
234
713943
1988
Hvala. (Aplavz)
11:55
(Applause)
235
715931
6672
(Aplavz)
12:02
Chris Anderson: Thank you, Leslie, that was an insight
236
722603
2069
Chris Anderson: Hvala, Leslie, za pogled,
12:04
that a lot of us haven't had before.
237
724672
2597
ki ga mnogi prej nismo poznali.
12:07
But I'm curious. If you had a minute, say,
238
727269
3487
A nekaj me zanima. Če bi imela minuto
12:10
with Apple's head of manufacturing,
239
730756
3721
z vodjo proizvodnje pri Applu,
12:14
what would you say?
240
734477
2360
kaj bi mu dejala?
12:16
Leslie Chang: One minute?
241
736837
1128
Leslie Chang: Eno minuto?
12:17
CA: One minute. (Laughter)
242
737965
1513
CA: Eno. (Smeh)
12:19
LC: You know, what really impressed me about the workers
243
739478
1926
LC: Veste, name je pustilo močan vtis,
12:21
is how much they're self-motivated, self-driven,
244
741404
3226
kako so delavci samoiniciativni, angažirani in iznajdljivi,
12:24
resourceful, and the thing that struck me,
245
744630
2617
in prevzelo me je,
12:27
what they want most is education, to learn,
246
747247
2965
da si najbolj želijo izobrazbe, učenja,
12:30
because most of them come from very poor backgrounds.
247
750212
1547
saj jih veliko prihaja iz revnih okolij.
12:31
They usually left school when they were in 7th or 8th grade.
248
751759
2944
Veliko jih je končalo s šolanjem v sedmem ali osmem razredu.
12:34
Their parents are often illiterate,
249
754703
2239
Njihovi starši so pogosto nepismeni,
12:36
and then they come to the city, and they, on their own,
250
756942
2640
oni pa pridejo v mesto in se ob večerih
12:39
at night, during the weekends, they'll take a computer class,
251
759582
2125
in koncih tedna sami udeležujejo računalniških tečajev,
12:41
they'll take an English class, and learn
252
761707
2268
tečajev angleščine in osvajajo
12:43
really, really rudimentary things, you know,
253
763975
2124
zelo zelo osnovne stvari,
12:46
like how to type a document in Word,
254
766099
1739
kot kako napisati dokument v Wordu,
12:47
or how to say really simple things in English.
255
767838
2664
ali kako povedati enostavne stvari v angleščini.
12:50
So, if you really want to help these workers,
256
770502
2128
Če torej res želite pomagati tem delavcem,
12:52
start these small, very focused, very pragmatic classes
257
772630
3223
začnite izvajati te skromne, a zelo načrtne, pragmatične tečaje,
12:55
in these schools, and what's going to happen is,
258
775853
3129
ki bodo vašim delavcem omogočili,
12:58
all your workers are going to move on,
259
778982
1419
da se premikajo naprej,
13:00
but hopefully they'll move on into higher jobs within Apple,
260
780401
3407
po možnosti na boljše položaje pri Applu,
13:03
and you can help their social mobility
261
783808
2941
kar prispeva k njihovi družbeni mobilnosti
13:06
and their self-improvement.
262
786749
997
in njihovemu lastnemu napredku.
13:07
When you talk to workers, that's what they want.
263
787746
1778
Če vprašate delavce, je to, kar si želijo.
13:09
They do not say, "I want better hot water in the showers.
264
789524
2674
Ne bodo rekli, "Hočem toplejšo vodo za tuširanje.
13:12
I want a nicer room. I want a TV set."
265
792198
1985
Hočem lepšo sobo. Hočem tv sprejemnik."
13:14
I mean, it would be nice to have those things,
266
794183
1623
Bilo bi sicer lepo, da bi imeli vse to,
13:15
but that's not why they're in the city,
267
795806
1158
a to ni razlog, da so prišli v mesto,
13:16
and that's not what they care about.
268
796964
2089
in te stvari jim ne pomenijo veliko.
13:19
CA: Was there a sense from them of a narrative that
269
799053
3550
CA: Je bilo v njihovih pripovedih čutiti,
13:22
things were kind of tough and bad, or was there a narrative
270
802603
3412
da je njihov položaj težak in obupen,
13:26
of some kind of level of growth, that things over time
271
806015
3013
ali bolj, da gre za razvoj
13:29
were getting better?
272
809028
1623
in da se razmere sčasoma izboljšujejo?
13:30
LC: Oh definitely, definitely. I mean, you know,
273
810651
1907
LC: Prav gotovo, prav gotovo. Veste,
13:32
it was interesting, because I spent basically two years
274
812558
2366
bilo je zanimivo, saj sem praktično dve leti
13:34
hanging out in this city, Dongguan,
275
814924
1994
preživela med ljudmi v tem mestu, Dongguan,
13:36
and over that time, you could see immense change
276
816918
2111
in v tem času je bilo videti izjemne spremembe
13:39
in every person's life: upward, downward, sideways,
277
819029
2795
v življenju vseh - navzgor, navzdol, vstran,
13:41
but generally upward.
278
821824
1821
a večinoma spremembe na bolje.
13:43
If you spend enough time, it's upward, and I met people
279
823645
1787
Po določenem času gre na bolje in spoznala sem ljudi,
13:45
who had moved to the city 10 years ago, and who are now
280
825432
2295
ki so se v mesto preselili pred desetletjem,
13:47
basically urban middle class people,
281
827727
2107
zdaj pa so del mestnega srednjega sloja,
13:49
so the trajectory is definitely upward.
282
829834
2021
krivulja gre torej zagotovo navzgor.
13:51
It's just hard to see when you're suddenly
283
831855
1935
Težko je le, ko se kar naenkrat znajdeš v mestu.
13:53
sucked into the city. It looks like everyone's poor and
284
833790
2121
Videti je, da so vsi revni in obupani,
13:55
desperate, but that's not really how it is.
285
835911
1738
a v resnici ni tako.
13:57
Certainly, the factory conditions are really tough,
286
837649
2154
Gotovo so delovne razmere v tovarnah zelo težke
13:59
and it's nothing you or I would want to do,
287
839803
2317
in gotovo nihče od nas ne bi želel tam delati,
14:02
but from their perspective, where they're coming from
288
842120
3145
a z njihovega stališča je okolje, od koder prihajajo,
14:05
is much worse, and where they're going
289
845265
1997
veliko slabše in upajo, da so na pravi poti
14:07
is hopefully much better, and I just wanted to give
290
847262
2008
k nečemu veliko boljšemu, zato sem želela predstaviti
14:09
that context of what's going on in their minds,
291
849270
2361
okvir njihovih misli,
14:11
not what necessarily is going on in yours.
292
851631
2363
ki se ne ujemajo nujno z vašimi.
14:13
CA: Thanks so much for your talk.
293
853994
1496
CA: Najlepša hvala za vaše mnenje.
14:15
Thank you very much. (Applause)
294
855490
4369
Hvala tudi vam. (Aplavz)
O tej spletni strani

Na tem mestu boste našli videoposnetke na YouTubu, ki so uporabni za učenje angleščine. Ogledali si boste lekcije angleščine, ki jih poučujejo vrhunski učitelji z vsega sveta. Z dvoklikom na angleške podnapise, ki so prikazani na vsaki strani z videoposnetki, lahko predvajate videoposnetek od tam. Podnapisi se pomikajo sinhronizirano s predvajanjem videoposnetka. Če imate kakršne koli pripombe ali zahteve, nam pišite prek tega obrazca za stike.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7