Leslie T. Chang: The voices of China's workers

225,938 views ・ 2012-09-12

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
00:16
Hi. So I'd like to talk a little bit about the people
1
16054
2416
00:18
who make the things we use every day:
2
18470
2529
00:20
our shoes, our handbags, our computers and cell phones.
3
20999
3760
00:24
Now, this is a conversation that often calls up a lot of guilt.
4
24759
4446
00:29
Imagine the teenage farm girl who makes less than
5
29205
3591
00:32
a dollar an hour stitching your running shoes,
6
32796
2856
00:35
or the young Chinese man who jumps off a rooftop
7
35652
2698
00:38
after working overtime assembling your iPad.
8
38350
4040
00:42
We, the beneficiaries of globalization, seem to exploit
9
42390
3608
00:45
these victims with every purchase we make,
10
45998
2703
00:48
and the injustice
11
48701
1633
00:50
feels embedded in the products themselves.
12
50334
3089
00:53
After all, what's wrong with a world in which a worker
13
53423
2560
00:55
on an iPhone assembly line can't even afford to buy one?
14
55983
3776
00:59
It's taken for granted that Chinese factories are oppressive,
15
59759
2650
01:02
and that it's our desire for cheap goods
16
62409
2731
01:05
that makes them so.
17
65140
2361
01:07
So, this simple narrative equating Western demand
18
67501
3815
01:11
and Chinese suffering is appealing,
19
71316
2812
01:14
especially at a time when many of us already feel guilty
20
74128
2635
01:16
about our impact on the world,
21
76763
2578
01:19
but it's also inaccurate and disrespectful.
22
79341
3783
01:23
We must be peculiarly self-obsessed to imagine that we
23
83124
2984
01:26
have the power to drive tens of millions of people
24
86108
3168
01:29
on the other side of the world to migrate and suffer
25
89276
2712
01:31
in such terrible ways.
26
91988
2795
01:34
In fact, China makes goods for markets all over the world,
27
94783
2818
01:37
including its own, thanks to a combination of factors:
28
97601
3588
01:41
its low costs, its large and educated workforce,
29
101189
3406
01:44
and a flexible manufacturing system
30
104595
2466
01:47
that responds quickly to market demands.
31
107061
3151
01:50
By focusing so much on ourselves and our gadgets,
32
110212
3049
01:53
we have rendered the individuals on the other end
33
113261
2463
01:55
into invisibility, as tiny and interchangeable
34
115724
3360
01:59
as the parts of a mobile phone.
35
119084
3055
02:02
Chinese workers are not forced into factories
36
122139
2665
02:04
because of our insatiable desire for iPods.
37
124804
2479
02:07
They choose to leave their homes in order to earn money,
38
127283
3072
02:10
to learn new skills, and to see the world.
39
130355
3953
02:14
In the ongoing debate about globalization, what's
40
134308
2393
02:16
been missing is the voices of the workers themselves.
41
136701
3431
02:20
Here are a few.
42
140132
2305
02:22
Bao Yongxiu: "My mother tells me to come home
43
142437
3749
02:26
and get married, but if I marry now, before I have fully
44
146186
3724
02:29
developed myself, I can only marry an ordinary worker,
45
149910
4085
02:33
so I'm not in a rush."
46
153995
2503
02:36
Chen Ying: "When I went home for the new year,
47
156498
3042
02:39
everyone said I had changed. They asked me,
48
159540
3256
02:42
what did you do that you have changed so much?
49
162796
3097
02:45
I told them that I studied and worked hard. If you tell them
50
165893
3278
02:49
more, they won't understand anyway."
51
169171
3368
02:52
Wu Chunming: "Even if I make a lot of money,
52
172539
3385
02:55
it won't satisfy me.
53
175924
2151
02:58
Just to make money is not enough meaning in life."
54
178075
4369
03:02
Xiao Jin: "Now, after I get off work, I study English,
55
182444
4712
03:07
because in the future, our customers won't
56
187156
1789
03:08
be only Chinese, so we must learn more languages."
57
188945
3862
03:12
All of these speakers, by the way, are young women,
58
192807
2771
03:15
18 or 19 years old.
59
195578
3082
03:18
So I spent two years getting to know assembly line workers
60
198660
2942
03:21
like these in the south China factory city called Dongguan.
61
201602
3929
03:25
Certain subjects came up over and over:
62
205531
2520
03:28
how much money they made,
63
208051
1904
03:29
what kind of husband they hoped to marry,
64
209955
2379
03:32
whether they should jump to another factory
65
212334
2125
03:34
or stay where they were.
66
214459
2200
03:36
Other subjects came up almost never, including
67
216659
2193
03:38
living conditions that to me looked close to prison life:
68
218852
3447
03:42
10 or 15 workers in one room,
69
222299
2283
03:44
50 people sharing a single bathroom,
70
224582
3359
03:47
days and nights ruled by the factory clock.
71
227941
3334
03:51
Everyone they knew lived in similar circumstances,
72
231275
3488
03:54
and it was still better than the dormitories and homes
73
234763
2761
03:57
of rural China.
74
237524
2568
04:00
The workers rarely spoke about the products they made,
75
240092
2726
04:02
and they often had great difficulty explaining
76
242818
2344
04:05
what exactly they did.
77
245162
2442
04:07
When I asked Lu Qingmin,
78
247604
1711
04:09
the young woman I got to know best,
79
249315
2102
04:11
what exactly she did on the factory floor,
80
251417
2467
04:13
she said something to me in Chinese that sounded like
81
253884
2405
04:16
"qiu xi."
82
256289
1777
04:18
Only much later did I realize that she had been saying
83
258066
2969
04:21
"QC," or quality control.
84
261035
3224
04:24
She couldn't even tell me what she did on the factory floor.
85
264259
3863
04:28
All she could do was parrot a garbled abbreviation
86
268122
2457
04:30
in a language she didn't even understand.
87
270579
3994
04:34
Karl Marx saw this as the tragedy of capitalism,
88
274573
3622
04:38
the alienation of the worker from the product of his labor.
89
278195
4043
04:42
Unlike, say, a traditional maker of shoes or cabinets,
90
282238
3624
04:45
the worker in an industrial factory has no control,
91
285862
3247
04:49
no pleasure, and no true satisfaction or understanding
92
289109
3257
04:52
in her own work.
93
292366
2191
04:54
But like so many theories that Marx arrived at
94
294557
2416
04:56
sitting in the reading room of the British Museum,
95
296973
2819
04:59
he got this one wrong.
96
299792
2826
05:02
Just because a person spends her time
97
302618
2299
05:04
making a piece of something does not mean
98
304917
2768
05:07
that she becomes that, a piece of something.
99
307685
2552
05:10
What she does with the money she earns,
100
310237
3103
05:13
what she learns in that place, and how it changes her,
101
313340
3505
05:16
these are the things that matter.
102
316845
2761
05:19
What a factory makes is never the point, and
103
319606
2300
05:21
the workers could not care less who buys their products.
104
321906
4084
05:25
Journalistic coverage of Chinese factories,
105
325990
2488
05:28
on the other hand, plays up this relationship
106
328478
2112
05:30
between the workers and the products they make.
107
330590
2829
05:33
Many articles calculate: How long would it take
108
333419
3089
05:36
for this worker to work in order to earn enough money
109
336508
2844
05:39
to buy what he's making?
110
339352
2460
05:41
For example, an entry-level-line assembly line worker
111
341812
2488
05:44
in China in an iPhone plant would have to shell out
112
344300
3272
05:47
two and a half months' wages for an iPhone.
113
347572
3545
05:51
But how meaningful is this calculation, really?
114
351117
3337
05:54
For example, I recently wrote an article
115
354454
1990
05:56
in The New Yorker magazine,
116
356444
978
05:57
but I can't afford to buy an ad in it.
117
357422
3239
06:00
But, who cares? I don't want an ad in The New Yorker,
118
360661
2056
06:02
and most of these workers don't really want iPhones.
119
362717
2865
06:05
Their calculations are different.
120
365582
2760
06:08
How long should I stay in this factory?
121
368342
1814
06:10
How much money can I save?
122
370156
2463
06:12
How much will it take to buy an apartment or a car,
123
372619
2570
06:15
to get married, or to put my child through school?
124
375189
4590
06:19
The workers I got to know had a curiously abstract
125
379779
2691
06:22
relationship with the product of their labor.
126
382470
3758
06:26
About a year after I met Lu Qingmin, or Min,
127
386228
3142
06:29
she invited me home to her family village
128
389370
2034
06:31
for the Chinese New Year.
129
391404
2223
06:33
On the train home, she gave me a present:
130
393627
2386
06:36
a Coach brand change purse with brown leather trim.
131
396013
4391
06:40
I thanked her, assuming it was fake,
132
400404
1673
06:42
like almost everything else for sale in Dongguan.
133
402077
3477
06:45
After we got home, Min gave her mother another present:
134
405554
3809
06:49
a pink Dooney & Bourke handbag,
135
409363
2185
06:51
and a few nights later, her sister was showing off
136
411548
2423
06:53
a maroon LeSportsac shoulder bag.
137
413971
3504
06:57
Slowly it was dawning on me that these handbags
138
417475
3800
07:01
were made by their factory,
139
421275
2017
07:03
and every single one of them was authentic.
140
423292
3166
07:06
Min's sister said to her parents,
141
426458
2465
07:08
"In America, this bag sells for 320 dollars."
142
428923
3362
07:12
Her parents, who are both farmers, looked on, speechless.
143
432285
3039
07:15
"And that's not all -- Coach is coming out with a new line,
144
435324
2559
07:17
2191," she said. "One bag will sell for 6,000."
145
437883
4801
07:22
She paused and said, "I don't know if that's 6,000 yuan or
146
442684
4247
07:26
6,000 American dollars, but anyway, it's 6,000." (Laughter)
147
446931
5647
07:32
Min's sister's boyfriend, who had traveled home with her
148
452578
2595
07:35
for the new year, said,
149
455173
2117
07:37
"It doesn't look like it's worth that much."
150
457290
2833
07:40
Min's sister turned to him and said, "Some people actually
151
460123
2825
07:42
understand these things. You don't understand shit."
152
462948
3544
07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
153
466492
4655
07:51
In Min's world, the Coach bags had a curious currency.
154
471147
4040
07:55
They weren't exactly worthless, but they were nothing
155
475187
2320
07:57
close to the actual value, because almost no one they knew
156
477507
2710
08:00
wanted to buy one, or knew how much it was worth.
157
480217
3930
08:04
Once, when Min's older sister's friend got married,
158
484147
3355
08:07
she brought a handbag along as a wedding present.
159
487502
2828
08:10
Another time, after Min had already left
160
490330
2168
08:12
the handbag factory, her younger sister came to visit,
161
492498
3142
08:15
bringing two Coach Signature handbags as gifts.
162
495640
4111
08:19
I looked in the zippered pocket of one,
163
499751
2075
08:21
and I found a printed card in English, which read,
164
501826
4239
08:26
"An American classic.
165
506065
3258
08:29
In 1941, the burnished patina
166
509323
2510
08:31
of an all-American baseball glove
167
511833
2362
08:34
inspired the founder of Coach to create
168
514195
2200
08:36
a new collection of handbags from the same
169
516395
2409
08:38
luxuriously soft gloved-hand leather.
170
518804
3209
08:42
Six skilled leatherworkers crafted 12 Signature handbags
171
522013
4175
08:46
with perfect proportions and a timeless flair.
172
526188
4136
08:50
They were fresh, functional, and women everywhere
173
530324
2280
08:52
adored them. A new American classic was born."
174
532604
5336
08:57
I wonder what Karl Marx would have made of Min
175
537940
2326
09:00
and her sisters.
176
540266
1908
09:02
Their relationship with the product of their labor
177
542174
2607
09:04
was more complicated, surprising and funny
178
544781
2295
09:07
than he could have imagined.
179
547076
2258
09:09
And yet, his view of the world persists, and our tendency
180
549334
2823
09:12
to see the workers as faceless masses,
181
552157
2609
09:14
to imagine that we can know what they're really thinking.
182
554766
3874
09:18
The first time I met Min, she had just turned 18
183
558640
3401
09:22
and quit her first job on the assembly line
184
562041
2655
09:24
of an electronics factory.
185
564696
2315
09:27
Over the next two years, I watched as she switched jobs
186
567011
2646
09:29
five times, eventually landing a lucrative post
187
569657
3076
09:32
in the purchasing department of a hardware factory.
188
572733
3574
09:36
Later, she married a fellow migrant worker,
189
576307
2525
09:38
moved with him to his village,
190
578832
2142
09:40
gave birth to two daughters,
191
580974
2203
09:43
and saved enough money to buy a secondhand Buick
192
583177
2188
09:45
for herself and an apartment for her parents.
193
585365
4406
09:49
She recently returned to Dongguan on her own
194
589771
3133
09:52
to take a job in a factory that makes construction cranes,
195
592904
3616
09:56
temporarily leaving her husband and children
196
596520
2200
09:58
back in the village.
197
598720
1983
10:00
In a recent email to me, she explained,
198
600703
2581
10:03
"A person should have some ambition while she is young
199
603284
4046
10:07
so that in old age she can look back on her life
200
607330
2662
10:09
and feel that it was not lived to no purpose."
201
609992
4783
10:14
Across China, there are 150 million workers like her,
202
614775
4396
10:19
one third of them women, who have left their villages
203
619171
2753
10:21
to work in the factories, the hotels, the restaurants
204
621924
3543
10:25
and the construction sites of the big cities.
205
625467
2605
10:28
Together, they make up the largest migration in history,
206
628072
3744
10:31
and it is globalization, this chain that begins
207
631816
3000
10:34
in a Chinese farming village
208
634816
2519
10:37
and ends with iPhones in our pockets and Nikes on our feet
209
637335
3777
10:41
and Coach handbags on our arms
210
641112
2424
10:43
that has changed the way these millions of people
211
643536
2289
10:45
work and marry and live and think.
212
645825
4913
10:50
Very few of them would want to go back
213
650738
1949
10:52
to the way things used to be.
214
652687
2557
10:55
When I first went to Dongguan, I worried that
215
655244
3180
10:58
it would be depressing to spend so much time with workers.
216
658424
4375
11:02
I also worried that nothing would ever happen to them,
217
662799
2771
11:05
or that they would have nothing to say to me.
218
665570
2629
11:08
Instead, I found young women who were smart and funny
219
668199
2650
11:10
and brave and generous.
220
670849
2847
11:13
By opening up their lives to me,
221
673696
2331
11:16
they taught me so much about factories
222
676027
2206
11:18
and about China and about how to live in the world.
223
678233
4206
11:24
This is the Coach purse that Min gave me
224
684746
2712
11:27
on the train home to visit her family.
225
687458
2410
11:29
I keep it with me to remind me of the ties that tie me
226
689868
2643
11:32
to the young women I wrote about,
227
692511
2724
11:35
ties that are not economic but personal in nature,
228
695235
4270
11:39
measured not in money but in memories.
229
699505
3567
11:43
This purse is also a reminder that the things that you imagine,
230
703072
3419
11:46
sitting in your office or in the library,
231
706491
3542
11:50
are not how you find them when you actually go out
232
710033
2403
11:52
into the world.
233
712436
1507
11:53
Thank you. (Applause)
234
713943
1988
11:55
(Applause)
235
715931
6672
12:02
Chris Anderson: Thank you, Leslie, that was an insight
236
722603
2069
12:04
that a lot of us haven't had before.
237
724672
2597
12:07
But I'm curious. If you had a minute, say,
238
727269
3487
12:10
with Apple's head of manufacturing,
239
730756
3721
12:14
what would you say?
240
734477
2360
12:16
Leslie Chang: One minute?
241
736837
1128
12:17
CA: One minute. (Laughter)
242
737965
1513
12:19
LC: You know, what really impressed me about the workers
243
739478
1926
12:21
is how much they're self-motivated, self-driven,
244
741404
3226
12:24
resourceful, and the thing that struck me,
245
744630
2617
12:27
what they want most is education, to learn,
246
747247
2965
12:30
because most of them come from very poor backgrounds.
247
750212
1547
12:31
They usually left school when they were in 7th or 8th grade.
248
751759
2944
12:34
Their parents are often illiterate,
249
754703
2239
12:36
and then they come to the city, and they, on their own,
250
756942
2640
12:39
at night, during the weekends, they'll take a computer class,
251
759582
2125
12:41
they'll take an English class, and learn
252
761707
2268
12:43
really, really rudimentary things, you know,
253
763975
2124
12:46
like how to type a document in Word,
254
766099
1739
12:47
or how to say really simple things in English.
255
767838
2664
12:50
So, if you really want to help these workers,
256
770502
2128
12:52
start these small, very focused, very pragmatic classes
257
772630
3223
12:55
in these schools, and what's going to happen is,
258
775853
3129
12:58
all your workers are going to move on,
259
778982
1419
13:00
but hopefully they'll move on into higher jobs within Apple,
260
780401
3407
13:03
and you can help their social mobility
261
783808
2941
13:06
and their self-improvement.
262
786749
997
13:07
When you talk to workers, that's what they want.
263
787746
1778
13:09
They do not say, "I want better hot water in the showers.
264
789524
2674
13:12
I want a nicer room. I want a TV set."
265
792198
1985
13:14
I mean, it would be nice to have those things,
266
794183
1623
13:15
but that's not why they're in the city,
267
795806
1158
13:16
and that's not what they care about.
268
796964
2089
13:19
CA: Was there a sense from them of a narrative that
269
799053
3550
13:22
things were kind of tough and bad, or was there a narrative
270
802603
3412
13:26
of some kind of level of growth, that things over time
271
806015
3013
13:29
were getting better?
272
809028
1623
13:30
LC: Oh definitely, definitely. I mean, you know,
273
810651
1907
13:32
it was interesting, because I spent basically two years
274
812558
2366
13:34
hanging out in this city, Dongguan,
275
814924
1994
13:36
and over that time, you could see immense change
276
816918
2111
13:39
in every person's life: upward, downward, sideways,
277
819029
2795
13:41
but generally upward.
278
821824
1821
13:43
If you spend enough time, it's upward, and I met people
279
823645
1787
13:45
who had moved to the city 10 years ago, and who are now
280
825432
2295
13:47
basically urban middle class people,
281
827727
2107
13:49
so the trajectory is definitely upward.
282
829834
2021
13:51
It's just hard to see when you're suddenly
283
831855
1935
13:53
sucked into the city. It looks like everyone's poor and
284
833790
2121
13:55
desperate, but that's not really how it is.
285
835911
1738
13:57
Certainly, the factory conditions are really tough,
286
837649
2154
13:59
and it's nothing you or I would want to do,
287
839803
2317
14:02
but from their perspective, where they're coming from
288
842120
3145
14:05
is much worse, and where they're going
289
845265
1997
14:07
is hopefully much better, and I just wanted to give
290
847262
2008
14:09
that context of what's going on in their minds,
291
849270
2361
14:11
not what necessarily is going on in yours.
292
851631
2363
14:13
CA: Thanks so much for your talk.
293
853994
1496
14:15
Thank you very much. (Applause)
294
855490
4369
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7