Tal Golesworthy: How I repaired my own heart

97,838 views ・ 2012-04-12

TED


Za predvajanje videoposnetka dvakrat kliknite na spodnje angleške podnapise.

Translator: Irma Sutlic Reviewer: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
Sem procesni inženir.
00:16
I'm a process engineer, I know all about boilers and incinerators
0
16246
4274
Vem vse o bojlerjih in sežigalnikih
00:20
and fabric filters, and cyclones, and things like that.
1
20544
3124
in tekstilnih filtrih in ciklonskih motorjih in podobnem,
imam pa tudi Marfanov sindrom.
00:24
But I also have Marfan syndrome.
2
24226
2032
To je prirojena napaka.
00:26
This is an inherited disorder.
3
26282
1875
00:28
And in 1992, I participated in a genetic study,
4
28181
4171
In leta 1992
sem sodeloval v genetski raziskavi
00:32
and found to my horror, as you can see from the slide,
5
32376
3088
ter se zgrozil ob spoznanju, kot lahko razberete z grafa,
00:35
that my ascending aorta was not in the normal range,
6
35834
3777
da moja ascendentna aorta ni v normalnem razponu,
kot označuje zeleni pas spodaj.
00:39
the green line at the bottom.
7
39635
1596
Vsi znotraj tega pasu so med 3,2 in 3,6 cm.
00:41
Everyone in here will be between 3.2-3.6,
8
41255
2883
Jaz pa sem bil že na 4,4 cm.
00:44
and I was already up at 4.4.
9
44162
2100
00:46
And as you can see, my aorta dilated progressively,
10
46726
4186
Kot lahko razberete,
se je moja aorta vedno bolj razširjala,
00:50
and I got closer and closer to the point where surgery was going to be necessary.
11
50936
4571
in bližal sem se točki,
ko je bila potrebna operacija.
00:55
The surgery on offer was pretty gruesome.
12
55976
2837
Ponujena operacija je bila precej grozljiva --
anestezija, odprejo ti prsni koš,
00:59
Anesthetize you, open your chest,
13
59217
2586
01:01
put you on an artificial heart and lung machine,
14
61827
2849
te priključijo na umetno srce in pljuča,
01:04
drop your body temperature to about 18 centigrade,
15
64700
3169
znižajo telesno temperaturo na okrog 18 stopinj,
01:07
stop your heart, cut the aorta out,
16
67893
2664
ustavijo ti srce, izrežejo aorto,
01:10
replace it with a plastic valve and a plastic aorta.
17
70581
3014
jo zamenjajo s plastično zaklopko in plastično aorto,
in, najbolj pomembno,
01:14
And most importantly, commit you to a lifetime of anticoagulation therapy.
18
74333
5007
te obsodijo na doživljenjsko terapjo z antikoagulanti,
običajno je to warfarin.
01:19
Normally, warfarin.
19
79364
1250
Misel na operacijo ni bila privlačna.
01:21
The thought of the surgery was not attractive.
20
81216
2614
01:23
The thought of the warfarin was really quite frightening.
21
83854
3917
Misel na warfarin
je bila v resnici prav strašljiva.
Tako sem si rekel, inženir sem, delam v raziskavah in razvoju,
01:28
So I said to myself,
22
88295
1266
01:29
"I'm an engineer, I'm in R&D, this is just a plumbing problem."
23
89585
3431
tole je le vodovodarski problem.
To zmorem. To lahko spremenim.
01:33
"I can do this, I can change this."
24
93040
2006
Tako sem si zastavil,
01:35
So I set out to change the entire treatment for aortic dilation.
25
95070
5073
da spremenim celotno zdravljenje
aortne razširitve.
01:41
The project aim is really quite simple.
26
101919
2800
Cilj projekta je prav preprost.
01:45
The only real problem with the ascending aorta
27
105856
2901
Edini resnični problem z ascendentno aorto
01:48
in people with Marfan syndrome
28
108781
1561
pri ljudeh z Marfanovim sindromom je,
01:50
is that it lacks some tensile strength.
29
110366
1955
da ji manjka natezne trdnosti.
Torej obstaja možnost,
01:53
So, the possibility exists to simply externally wrap the pipe,
30
113252
5599
da bi preprosto od zunaj ovili cev.
01:58
and it would remain stable and operate quite happily.
31
118875
3534
In bi ostala stabilna in delovala prav srečno.
Če vaša visokotlačna cev
02:02
If your high-pressure hose pipe or hydraulic line bulges a little,
32
122433
4671
ali vaša visokotlačna linija dobi izboklino,
preprosto navijete nekaj traku okoli nje z zunanje strani.
02:07
you just wrap some tape around it, it really is that simple.
33
127128
3500
V zasnovi je to tako preprosto,
02:10
In concept, though not in execution.
34
130652
2800
ni pa tako v izvedbi.
02:14
The great advantage of an external support, for me,
35
134498
3090
Zame je bila velika prednost zunanje opore v tem,
02:17
was that I could retain all of my own bits,
36
137612
2689
da bi lahko obdržal vse svoje delčke,
02:20
all of my own endothelium and valves,
37
140325
2292
ves svoj endotelij in vse zaklopke,
02:22
and not need any anticoagulation therapy.
38
142641
2800
in da ne bi potreboval terapije s sredstvi proti strjevanju krvi.
Kje torej začeti?
02:27
So, where do we start?
39
147001
1282
Tole je prerez mene skozi sredinsko ravnino.
02:28
This is a sagittal slice through me.
40
148307
2980
Na sredini lahko vidite
02:31
In the middle, you can see that little structure squeezing out,
41
151311
4518
tisto napravico, majhno strukturo, kako izstiska.
02:35
that's the left ventricle,
42
155853
1487
To je levi srčni prekat,
02:37
pushing blood out through the aortic valve.
43
157364
2821
ki potiska kri navzgor skozi aortno zaklopko --
tamle lahko vidite, kako delujeta lističa aortne zaklopke --
02:40
You can see two of the leaflets of the aortic valve working there.
44
160209
3167
02:43
Up into the ascending aorta.
45
163400
1846
navzgor v ascendentno aorto.
02:45
And it's that part, the ascending aorta,
46
165270
3954
In to je ta del, ascendentna aorta,
ki se razširja in končno poči,
02:49
which dilates and ultimately bursts, which of course is fatal.
47
169248
4686
kar je, seveda, smrtno.
02:54
We started by organizing image acquisition
48
174570
3170
Začeli smo tako, da smo organizirali zajemanje slik
02:57
from magnetic resonance and CT imaging machines,
49
177764
5060
z naprav za magnetno resonančno slikanje
in z naprav za CT slikanje,
03:02
from which to make a model of the patient's aorta.
50
182848
4449
da bi iz njih naredili model
bolnikove aorte.
Tole je model moje aorte.
03:09
This is a model of my aorta.
51
189281
2199
03:11
I've got a real one in my pocket,
52
191504
1843
V žepu imam resnični model,
03:13
if anyone would like to look at it, and play with it.
53
193371
2480
če bi ga kdo rad pogledal in se z njim poigral.
03:15
(Laughter)
54
195875
1009
03:16
You can see it's quite a complex structure.
55
196908
2065
Kot vidite, je precej kompleksna struktura.
03:18
It has a funny tri-lobal shape at the bottom,
56
198997
2545
Pri dnu ima hecno tristrano obliko,
03:21
which contains the aortic valve.
57
201566
1995
ki vsebuje aortno zaklopko.
03:23
It then comes back into a round form,
58
203585
1958
Potem preide nazaj v okroglo obliko,
03:25
and then tapers and curves off.
59
205567
2099
se zoži in se ukrivi dalje.
Precej zapletena struktura,
03:28
It's quite a difficult structure to produce.
60
208668
3042
če jo hočeš izdelati.
To je, kot sem dejal, moj CAD model,
03:33
This is a sort of CAD model of me,
61
213012
1789
03:34
and this is one of the later CAD models.
62
214825
1916
in to je eden kasnejših CAD modelov.
03:36
We went through an iterative process of producing better and better models.
63
216765
3599
Šli smo skozi iterativni postopek
izdelovanja boljših in boljših modelov.
Ko smo izdelali ta model,
03:41
When we produced that model,
64
221025
2891
03:43
we turned it into a solid, plastic model, as you can see,
65
223940
4275
smo ga spremenili v otipljiv plastični model,
kot vidite,
03:48
using a rapid prototyping technique, another engineering technique.
66
228239
3940
in sicer z uporabo tehnike za hitro izdelavo prototipov,
kar je še ena izmed inženirskih tehnik.
03:52
We then used that former
67
232720
1316
Ta model kot kalup uporabimo za to,
03:54
to manufacture a perfectly bespoke porous textile mesh,
68
234060
4647
da popolnoma po meri izdelamo
porozno tekstilno mrežo,
03:58
which takes the shape of the former and perfectly fits the aorta.
69
238731
3811
ki posnema obliko kalupa
in se popolnoma prilega aorti.
04:02
So this is absolutely personalized medicine at its best, really.
70
242932
4268
Tole je torej absolutno personalizirana medicina
v svoji resnično najboljši izvedbi.
Vsak bolnik, ki ga obravnavamo,
04:07
Every patient we do has an absolutely bespoke implant.
71
247224
4623
ima absolutno po meri izdelan vsadek.
04:12
Once you've made it, the installation is quite easy.
72
252757
3053
Ko je enkrat izdelan, je namestitev preprosta.
04:15
John Pepper, bless his heart, professor of cardiothoracic surgery.
73
255834
4218
John Pepper, blagoslovljeno bodi njegovo srce,
profesor kardiotorakalne kirurgije --
še nikoli prej ni tega naredil --
04:21
Never done it before in his life, he put the first one in, didn't like it,
74
261154
3478
je vstavil prvega, nekaj mu ni bilo všeč in ga je vzel ven,
04:24
he put the second one in.
75
264656
1367
in potem vstavil drugega. Odšel sem, srečen.
04:26
Happy, away I went.
76
266047
1238
Štiri in pol ure na mizi, in je bilo narejeno vse.
04:27
Four and a half hours on the table, and everything was done.
77
267345
2810
Kirurška implantacija je bila dejansko lažji del vsega.
04:30
So the surgical implantation was actually the easiest part.
78
270179
2881
Če našo obravnavo primerjate z obstoječo alternativo,
04:34
If you compare our new treatment to the existing alternative,
79
274005
3188
ki je zamenjava aortnega korena z vsadkom iz kompozitnega materiala,
04:37
the composite aortic root graft,
80
277217
1767
04:39
there are one or two startling comparisons
81
279008
2355
najdete osupljivo razliko ali dve,
04:41
which I'm sure will be clear to all of you.
82
281387
2517
za katere verjamem, da vam bodo vsem jasne.
04:44
Two hours to install one of our devices,
83
284735
2274
Dve uri za vsaditev ene izmed naših naprav
v primerjavi s šestimi urami
04:47
compared to 6 hours for the existing treatment.
84
287033
3382
pri obstoječi obravnavi.
Obstoječa obravnava, kot sem že povedal,
04:51
As I said, the existing treatment requires the heart-lung bypass machine,
85
291444
3481
zahteva napravo za obvod srca in pljuč
04:54
and it requires a total body cooling.
86
294949
1792
in zahteva znižanje telesne temperature.
04:56
We don't need any of that. We work on a beating heart.
87
296765
2679
Ne potrebujemo ničesar od tega; delamo na utripajočem srcu.
04:59
He opens you up,
88
299468
1291
Kirurg te odpre, doseže aorto medtem ko srce utripa,
05:00
he accesses the aorta while your heart is beating,
89
300783
2436
vse pri pravi temperaturi.
05:03
all at the right temperature.
90
303243
1462
05:04
No breaking into your circulatory system.
91
304729
2154
Nobenega vdora v krvni sistem.
05:06
So it really is great.
92
306907
1489
Torej je res enkratno.
05:08
But for me, absolutely the best point is,
93
308420
3339
Vendar je zame absolutno najboljše dejstvo to,
05:11
there is no anticoagulation therapy required.
94
311783
2864
da ni treba nobene terapije z antikoagulanti.
05:14
I don't take any drugs at all,
95
314671
1691
Ne jemljem nobenih substanc za zdravljenje,
05:16
other than recreational ones that I would choose to take.
96
316386
2737
razen kakšnih substanc, ki bi jih hotel jemati zaradi užitka.
(Smeh)
05:19
(Laughter)
97
319147
1353
05:20
And in fact, if you speak to people who are on long-term warfarin,
98
320524
3232
Dejansko vidite, če govorite z ljudmi, ki dolgoročno jemljejo warfarin,
05:23
it is a serious compromise to your quality of life,
99
323780
2904
da je to resna ovira za kvaliteto življenja.
05:26
and even worse, it inevitably foreshortens your life.
100
326708
3734
Celo huje,
neizogibno skrajšuje življenje.
In še, če imate opcijo z umetno zaklopko,
05:31
Likewise, if you have the artificial valve option,
101
331246
2501
05:33
you're committed to antibiotic therapy
102
333771
1810
ste obsojeni na terapijo z antibiotiki
05:35
whenever you have any intrusive medical treatment,
103
335605
3067
kadarkoli imate kakšen intruzivni medicinski poseg.
05:38
even trips to the dentist require that you take antibiotics,
104
338696
2933
Celo obiski pri zobozdravniku zahtevajo, da jemljete antibiotike,
05:41
in case you get an internal infection on the valve.
105
341653
2381
če bi morda dobili notranje okužbe zaklopke.
05:44
Again, I don't have any of that, so I'm entirely free,
106
344512
2995
Torej, ničesar od tega nimam, čisto svoboden sem.
05:47
my artery is fixed.
107
347531
1341
Moja aorta je popravljena, ni mi treba biti zaskrbljen zaradi nje,
05:49
I haven't got to worry about it, which is a rebirth for me.
108
349452
4143
zame je to preporod.
Nazaj k temi moje predstavitve:
05:55
Back to the theme of the presentation, multidisciplinary research,
109
355486
3097
multidisciplinarne raziskave.
05:58
how on earth does a process engineer used to working with boilers
110
358607
3127
Kako neki procesni inženir, ki je vajen delati z bojlerji,
06:01
end up producing a medical device which transforms his own life?
111
361758
3977
na koncu naredi medicinsko napravo,
ki spremeni njegovo lastno življenje?
06:05
Well, the answer to that is, a multidisciplinary team.
112
365759
2524
No, odgovor na to je multidisciplinarni tim strokovnjakov.
06:08
This is a list of the core team,
113
368907
2712
Tole je seznam nosilceva tima.
06:11
and you can see there aren't only two principal technical disciplines there,
114
371643
5223
Kot lahko vidite,
ne gre za zgolj dve poglavitni tehnični področji,
06:16
medicine and engineering,
115
376890
1268
za medicino in strojništvo,
06:18
but also, there are various specialists from within those two disciplines.
116
378182
4102
ampak gre tudi za različne specialiste
znotraj teh dveh področij.
06:22
John Pepper was the cardiac surgeon who did all the actual work on me.
117
382739
4451
John Pepper, tamle,
je bil srčni kirurg, ki je dejansko opravil delo na meni,
06:27
But everyone else had to contribute one way or another.
118
387643
3320
vendar so tudi vsi ostali našteti tamle morali tako ali drugače prispevati.
06:30
Raad Mohiaddin, a medical radiologist.
119
390987
1810
Raad Mohiaddin, je na primer medicinski radiolog:
06:32
We had to get good-quality images from which to make the CAD model.
120
392821
4049
morali smo priti do slik dobre kvalitete,
da bi lahko iz njih izdelali model CAD.
06:36
Warren Thornton, who still does all our CAD models for us,
121
396894
2823
Warren Thornton, ki še sedaj za nas pripravlja vse modele CAD,
06:39
had to write a bespoke piece of CAD code
122
399741
2984
je moral po meri napisati kodo za model CAD,
06:42
to produce this model from this really rather difficult input data set.
123
402749
5248
da bi lahko izdelali ta model
iz resnično precej zahtevnih vhodnih podatkov.
06:49
There are some barriers to this, though, there are some problems.
124
409861
3157
Kar nekaj preprek je v zvezi z vsem tem. Kar nekaj problemov,
strokovni žargon že je precejšnji.
06:53
Jargon is a big one.
125
413042
1253
06:54
I would think no one in this room understands the first four jargon points.
126
414319
5562
Najbrž nihče v tem prostoru ne razume
prvih štirih točk iz žargona tamle.
06:59
The engineers amongst you will recognize "rapid prototyping" and "CAD."
127
419905
3446
Tisti, ki ste inženirji,
boste prepoznali izraza hitra izdelava prototipov in CAD.
07:03
The medics amongst you, if there are any, will recognize the first two,
128
423375
3334
Tisti med vami, ki ste s področja zdravstva, če vas je kaj, boste prepoznali prva dva.
07:06
but there will be nobody else here that understands all those four words.
129
426733
3633
Ampak v tem prostoru ne bomo našli nikogar,
ki bi razumel vse štiri izraze.
07:10
Taking the jargon out was very important
130
430390
2020
Zelo pomembno je bilo odstraniti žargon,
07:12
to ensure that everyone in the team understood exactly what was meant
131
432434
4157
če smo hoteli zagotoviti, da bo vsak član skupine
natanko razumel, kaj je bilo mišljeno,
07:16
when a particular phrase was used.
132
436615
1645
ko je bil uporabljen določen izraz.
Različna strokovna področja imajo različne dogovore, kar je bil prav tako hec.
07:19
Our disciplinary conventions were funny as well.
133
439289
2532
07:21
We took a lot of horizontal slice images through me,
134
441845
3035
Posneli smo veliko slik, ki so prikazovale vodoravne prereze skozi mene,
07:24
produced those slices and used them to build a CAD model.
135
444904
3500
te prereze potem sestavili in iz tega potem zgradili model CAD.
07:28
And the very first CAD model we made,
136
448842
1861
Čisto prvi zgrajeni model,
07:30
the surgeons were playing with it and couldn't quite figure it out.
137
450727
4163
iz plastike, so kirurgi obračali v rokah,
pa niso mogli ugotoviti, kaj bi to bilo.
07:35
And then we realized that it was actually a mirror image of the real aorta.
138
455490
3865
Nakar smo ugotovili, da je bil model zrcalna podoba
dejanske aorte.
07:39
And it was a mirror image because in the real world,
139
459379
3457
Zrcalna podoba pa je bil zato,
ker v resničnem svetu načrte gledamo vedno navzdol,
07:42
we always look down on plans,
140
462860
1811
07:44
plans of houses, or streets, or maps.
141
464695
2549
na primer načrte hiš, ulic ali zemljevide.
07:47
In the medical world, they look up at plans.
142
467268
2800
V svetu medicine načrte gledajo navzgor.
07:50
So the horizontal images were all in inversion.
143
470449
3035
In zato so bili posnetki vodoravnih prerezov vsi inverzni.
07:53
So, one needs to be careful with disciplinary conventions.
144
473951
2715
Torej je treba paziti na to, kakšne dogovore imajo različna strokovna področja.
07:56
Everyone needs to understand what is assumed and what is not.
145
476690
4125
Vsak mora razumeti,
kaj je privzeto, kaj pa ne.
Pregrade med različnimi ustanovami
08:02
Institutional barriers were another serious headache in the project.
146
482092
3500
so povzročale še eno vrsto resnih glavobolov v projektu.
08:06
The Brompton Hospital was taken over
147
486211
2089
Bolnišnico Brompton je prevzela
08:08
by the Imperial College School of Medicine.
148
488324
2266
medicinska šola ustanove Imperial College,
08:10
And there are some seriously bad relationship problems
149
490614
3643
in bilo je nekaj hudih problemov v odnosih
med tema organizacijama.
08:14
between the two organizations.
150
494281
1457
08:15
I was working with the Imperial and the Brompton,
151
495762
2310
Delal sem tako z ustanovo Imperial kot z bolnišnico Brompton,
kar pa je bilo izvor resnih težav v projektu,
08:18
and this generated some serious problems for the project.
152
498096
2671
08:20
Really, problems that shouldn't exist.
153
500791
1810
težav, ki jih v resnici ne bi smelo biti.
08:23
Research & Ethics Committee.
154
503847
1399
Komisija za raziskave in etiko: Če hočete v kirurgijo vpeljati nekaj novega,
08:25
If you want to do anything new in surgery,
155
505270
2000
potrebujete dovoljenje od svoje lokalne komisije.
08:27
you have to get a license from your local Research & Ethics.
156
507294
2989
Prepričan sem, da enako velja tudi na Poljskem.
08:30
I'm sure it's the same in Poland.
157
510307
1825
Gotovo imajo nekaj podobnega,
08:32
There will be some form of equivalent which licenses new types of surgery.
158
512156
5098
kar odobri nove načine kirurških posegov.
08:37
We didn't only have the bureaucratic problems associated with that,
159
517608
3143
Ne samo, da smo v zvezi s tem imeli birokratske probleme,
08:40
we also had professional jealousies.
160
520775
2087
opraviti smo imeli tudi z zavistjo med strokovnjaki.
08:42
There were people on the Research & Ethics committee
161
522886
2429
V komisiji za raziskave in etiko so bile osebe,
ki resnično niso želele videti, kako je John Pepper ponovno uspešen,
08:45
who really didn't want to see John Pepper succeed again.
162
525339
2729
saj je tako zelo uspešen.
08:48
Because he is so successful.
163
528092
1851
08:49
And they made extra problems for us.
164
529967
2138
In so nam posebej delali probleme.
08:53
Bureaucratic problems.
165
533701
1949
Birokratski problemi:
08:55
Ultimately, when you have a new treatment,
166
535674
2654
Ko končno imaš nov način zdravljenja,
08:58
you have to have a guidance note for all the hospitals in the country.
167
538352
4017
moraš imeti objavljeno obvestilo z navodili,
ki ga prejmejo vse bolnišnice v državi.
09:02
In the UK, we have the National Institute and Clinical Excellence.
168
542393
3620
V Veliki Britaniji imamo v ta namen ustanovo National Institute for Clinical Excellence, kratko NICE.
Brez dvoma najdete nekaj podobnega na Poljskem.
09:06
You have an equivalent in Poland, no doubt.
169
546037
2000
Morali smo preseči neprijetni problem z NICE.
09:08
And we had to get past the NICE problem.
170
548061
3285
Sedaj imamo na spletu krasna klinična navodila.
09:11
We now have a great clinical guidance, out on the net.
171
551370
2762
In tako lahko pristopijo vse zainteresirane bolnišnice,
09:14
So any other hospitals interested can come along, read the NICE report,
172
554156
4640
preberejo poročilo NICE,
09:18
get in touch with us, and then get doing it themselves.
173
558820
2572
stopijo v stik z nami, in začnejo to izvajati tudi sami.
Prepreke s financiranjem:
09:24
Funding barriers, another big area to be concerned with.
174
564026
4127
Še eno veliko področje, za katero je treba poskrbeti.
Imeli smo velik problem z razumevanjem enega od naslednjih stališč:
09:30
A big problem with understanding one of those perspectives.
175
570424
2810
ko smo prvič zaprosili
09:33
When we first approached one of the big, charitable UK organizations
176
573258
4263
pri eni od velikih britanskih dobrodelnih organizacij, ki financira take reči,
09:37
that fund this kind of stuff,
177
577545
1513
so oni pravzaprav videli prošnjo s področja tehnike.
09:39
we essentially gave them an engineering proposal.
178
579082
2405
09:41
They didn't understand it, they were doctors, next to God,
179
581511
2796
Enostavno niso razumeli; bili so zdravniki, bili so skoraj bogovi.
Gotovo je zanič. Vrgli so v smeti.
09:44
it must be rubbish, they binned it.
180
584331
1850
Na koncu sem šel do zasebnih vlagateljev,
09:46
So in the end, I went after private investors, just gave up on it.
181
586205
3236
glede tistega pa vrgel puško v koruzo.
09:49
Most R&D is going to be institutionally funded,
182
589465
3230
Ampak večino raziskav in razvoja financirajo ustanove,
09:52
by the Polish Academy of Sciences
183
592719
2360
na primer Poljska akademija znanosti
ali Raziskovalni svet za tehnične in fizikalne znanosti ali karkoli že,
09:55
or the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, or whatever.
184
595103
3665
09:58
And you need to get past those people.
185
598792
1810
in treba je priti okrog teh ljudi.
Žargon je hud problem, ko poskušaš delovno povezati različna področja.
10:01
Jargon is a huge problem when you try to work across disciplines,
186
601009
3127
Razlog je v tem, da na primer v tehniškem svetu
10:04
because in an engineering world, we all understand CAD and RP.
187
604160
3354
vsi razumemo CAD in R.P. --
10:07
Not in the medical world.
188
607831
1508
ne pa v svetu medicine.
Najbrž morajo birokrati za financiranje nekoč le spraviti skupaj svoj dokument.
10:10
I suppose the funding bureaucrats ultimately have to get their act together.
189
610009
3572
Zares se morajo začeti pogovarjati med sabo
10:13
They've really got to start talking to each other,
190
613605
2352
in morajo pokazati kanček domišljije,
10:15
and exercise a bit of imagination, if that's not too much to ask.
191
615981
3356
če jih s tem ne prosimo preveč --
10:19
(Laughter)
192
619361
1211
10:20
Which it probably is.
193
620596
1889
no najbrž jih.
10:22
(Laughter)
194
622509
1315
10:23
I've coined the phrase "obstructive conservatism."
195
623848
2360
Skoval sem izraz "obstruktivni konzervativizem".
10:26
So many people in the medical world don't want to change.
196
626232
3582
Mnogi ljudje v medicini se namreč ne želijo spremeniti,
10:29
Particularly when some jumped-up engineer has come along with the answer.
197
629838
3516
še posebej ne, kadar z odgovorom pride mimo kakšen povzpetni inženir.
Nočejo se spremeniti.
10:33
They don't want to change.
198
633378
1387
10:34
They simply want to do whatever they've done before.
199
634789
2429
Preprosto hočejo početi to, kar so počeli do tedaj.
Dejansko je še zdaj v Veliki Britaniji veliko kirurgov,
10:37
And in fact, many surgeons in the UK are still waiting
200
637242
3299
ki še čakajo, da bi kateri od naših bolnikov
10:40
for one of our patients to have some sort of an episode,
201
640565
3129
imel kakšen zaplet,
10:43
so that they could say, "Told you that was no good."
202
643718
2655
da bi lahko rekli, "Aha, sem rekel, da to ne bo dobro."
10:46
We've actually got 30 patients.
203
646397
2236
Dejansko smo imeli 30 bolnikov.
10:48
At seven and a half years,
204
648657
1826
Pri meni je minilo sedem let in pol.
10:50
we've got 90 post-op patient years between us,
205
650507
2165
Skupaj naberemo bolniki 90 let od operacije,
10:52
and we haven't had a single problem.
206
652696
1776
pa nismo imeli niti enega problema.
10:54
And still, there are people in the UK saying,
207
654496
2138
Pa še vedno v Veliki Britaniji obstajajo ljudje, ki rečejo,
10:56
"That external aortic root, it will never work, you know."
208
656658
2756
"Ja, tale aortni koren z zunanjo oporo, to ne bo nikdar delovalo, veste."
10:59
It really is a problem.
209
659787
2405
Resnično je to problem. Resnično je to problem.
Zagotovo se je že vsak v tem prostoru kdaj srečal z aroganco
11:02
I'm sure everyone in this room has come across arrogance
210
662216
2803
zdravstvenih delavcev, zdravnikov ali kirurgov.
11:05
amongst medics, doctors, surgeons, at some point.
211
665043
2766
11:08
The middle point is simply the way that the doctors protect themselves.
212
668835
4364
Posredi je preprosto način,
kako se zdravniki zaščitijo.
11:13
"Well, of course, I'm looking after my patient."
213
673223
2351
"Ja, seveda, pazim na svojega bolnika."
11:15
I think it's not good, but that's my view.
214
675598
3512
Mislim, da ni dobro tako, ampak poglejte, to je moje stališče.
11:19
Egos, of course, again a huge problem.
215
679999
2099
Ego je seveda spet velikanski problem.
Če delate v multidisciplinarni skupini,
11:22
If you work in a multidisciplinary team,
216
682122
1938
je treba člane jemati malo z rezervo.
11:24
you've got to give your guys the benefit of the doubt,
217
684084
2805
11:26
you've got to express support for them.
218
686913
1876
Treba jim je izražati podporo.
11:28
Tom Treasure, professor of cardiothoracic surgery.
219
688813
2879
Tom Treasure, profesor kardiotorakalne kirurgije na primer
je neverjeten človek.
11:32
Incredible guy.
220
692303
1221
11:33
Dead easy to give him respect.
221
693548
1490
Prav lahko ga je spoštovati.
11:35
Him giving me respect? Slightly different.
222
695062
2765
Da bi on spoštoval mene? Malo drugačna zgodba.
11:37
(Laughter)
223
697851
1023
To je vse, kar se tiče slabih novic.
11:39
That's all the bad news.
224
699327
1331
11:40
The good news is, the benefits are stonkingly huge.
225
700682
4221
Dobra novica je, da so prednosti groziljansko velike.
11:44
Translate that one! I bet they can't.
226
704927
2109
No, pa naj prevedejo to. Stavim, da ne znajo.
(Smeh)
11:47
(Laughter)
227
707060
1644
11:48
When you have a group of people with different professional training,
228
708728
3239
Ko so na kupu ljudje,
ki so imeli različno strokovno šolanje in različne strokovne izkušnje,
11:51
a different professional experience,
229
711991
1901
11:53
they not only have a different knowledge base,
230
713916
2149
nimajo le različnih temeljnih znanj,
ampak imajo različne poglede na vse.
11:56
but also a different perspective on everything.
231
716089
2221
In če jih lahko spravite
11:58
And if you can bring them together,
232
718334
1701
skupaj in jih pripravite do tega, da med sabo govorijo in se razumejo,
12:00
and get them talking and understanding each other,
233
720059
2812
12:02
the results can be spectacular.
234
722895
2608
so rezultati lahko spektakularni.
12:05
You can find really novel solutions that have never been looked at before,
235
725527
5091
Lahko odkrijete nove rešitve, resnično nove rešitve,
ki jih še nihče ni oplazil s pogledom,
12:10
very quickly and easily.
236
730642
1722
in to hitro in lahko.
12:12
You can short-cut huge amounts of work
237
732388
3269
Lahko skrajšate velikanske količine dela s tem,
12:15
simply by using the extended knowledge base you have.
238
735681
3605
da preprosto uporabite razširjeno bazo znanja, ki je pri roki.
In kot rezultat
12:19
And as a result, it's an entirely different use
239
739310
4772
dobite popolnoma drugačno uporabo tehnologije
in znanja okrog vas.
12:24
of the technology and the knowledge around you.
240
744106
2489
Rezultat vsega tega je,
12:27
The result of all this is that you can get incredibly quick progress
241
747168
4115
da lahko dobite neverjetno hiter napredek
12:31
on incredibly small budgets.
242
751307
2100
z neverjetno majhnim proračunom.
12:33
I'm so embarrassed at how cheap it was to get from my idea
243
753800
3873
Tako nerodno mi je zaradi tega, kako poceni je bilo
priti od moje ideje do tega, da sem dobil vsadek,
12:37
to me being implanted
244
757697
1334
da vam sploh nisem pripravljen povedati, koliko je stalo.
12:39
that I'm not prepared to tell you what it cost,
245
759055
2260
Zato ker sumim,
12:41
because I suspect there are absolutely standard surgical treatments,
246
761339
4265
da obstajajo čisto standardna kirurška zdravljenja,
najbrž v ZDA,
12:45
probably in the USA,
247
765628
1346
12:46
which cost more for a one-off patient
248
766998
4792
ki stanejo več
za povsem serijsko zdravljenje posameznega bolnika
12:51
than the cost of us getting from my dream to my reality.
249
771814
4234
kot pa je stalo nas, da pridemo od mojih sanj
do moje resničnosti.
12:56
That's all I want to say, and I've got three minutes left.
250
776715
2762
To je vse, kar sem hotel povedati, in tri minute so mi še ostale.
12:59
So, Ewa's going to like me.
251
779501
1455
To pomeni, da bom najbrž všeč Heather.
13:01
If you have any questions, please come up and talk to me later on,
252
781399
3096
Če imate še kakšna vprašanja, stopite do mene kasneje in me vprašajte.
13:04
it would be a pleasure to speak with you.
253
784519
2109
V veselje mi bo govoriti z vami. Hvala lepa.
13:06
Many thanks.
254
786652
1008
13:07
(Applause)
255
787684
1000
O tej spletni strani

Na tem mestu boste našli videoposnetke na YouTubu, ki so uporabni za učenje angleščine. Ogledali si boste lekcije angleščine, ki jih poučujejo vrhunski učitelji z vsega sveta. Z dvoklikom na angleške podnapise, ki so prikazani na vsaki strani z videoposnetki, lahko predvajate videoposnetek od tam. Podnapisi se pomikajo sinhronizirano s predvajanjem videoposnetka. Če imate kakršne koli pripombe ali zahteve, nam pišite prek tega obrazca za stike.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7