Tal Golesworthy: How I repaired my own heart

97,341 views ・ 2012-04-12

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Translator: Irma Sutlic Reviewer: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
Sem procesni inženir.
00:16
I'm a process engineer, I know all about boilers and incinerators
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Vem vse o bojlerjih in sežigalnikih
00:20
and fabric filters, and cyclones, and things like that.
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in tekstilnih filtrih in ciklonskih motorjih in podobnem,
imam pa tudi Marfanov sindrom.
00:24
But I also have Marfan syndrome.
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To je prirojena napaka.
00:26
This is an inherited disorder.
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00:28
And in 1992, I participated in a genetic study,
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In leta 1992
sem sodeloval v genetski raziskavi
00:32
and found to my horror, as you can see from the slide,
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ter se zgrozil ob spoznanju, kot lahko razberete z grafa,
00:35
that my ascending aorta was not in the normal range,
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da moja ascendentna aorta ni v normalnem razponu,
kot označuje zeleni pas spodaj.
00:39
the green line at the bottom.
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Vsi znotraj tega pasu so med 3,2 in 3,6 cm.
00:41
Everyone in here will be between 3.2-3.6,
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Jaz pa sem bil že na 4,4 cm.
00:44
and I was already up at 4.4.
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00:46
And as you can see, my aorta dilated progressively,
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Kot lahko razberete,
se je moja aorta vedno bolj razširjala,
00:50
and I got closer and closer to the point where surgery was going to be necessary.
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in bližal sem se točki,
ko je bila potrebna operacija.
00:55
The surgery on offer was pretty gruesome.
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Ponujena operacija je bila precej grozljiva --
anestezija, odprejo ti prsni koš,
00:59
Anesthetize you, open your chest,
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01:01
put you on an artificial heart and lung machine,
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te priključijo na umetno srce in pljuča,
01:04
drop your body temperature to about 18 centigrade,
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znižajo telesno temperaturo na okrog 18 stopinj,
01:07
stop your heart, cut the aorta out,
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ustavijo ti srce, izrežejo aorto,
01:10
replace it with a plastic valve and a plastic aorta.
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jo zamenjajo s plastično zaklopko in plastično aorto,
in, najbolj pomembno,
01:14
And most importantly, commit you to a lifetime of anticoagulation therapy.
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te obsodijo na doživljenjsko terapjo z antikoagulanti,
običajno je to warfarin.
01:19
Normally, warfarin.
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Misel na operacijo ni bila privlačna.
01:21
The thought of the surgery was not attractive.
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01:23
The thought of the warfarin was really quite frightening.
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Misel na warfarin
je bila v resnici prav strašljiva.
Tako sem si rekel, inženir sem, delam v raziskavah in razvoju,
01:28
So I said to myself,
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01:29
"I'm an engineer, I'm in R&D, this is just a plumbing problem."
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tole je le vodovodarski problem.
To zmorem. To lahko spremenim.
01:33
"I can do this, I can change this."
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Tako sem si zastavil,
01:35
So I set out to change the entire treatment for aortic dilation.
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da spremenim celotno zdravljenje
aortne razširitve.
01:41
The project aim is really quite simple.
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Cilj projekta je prav preprost.
01:45
The only real problem with the ascending aorta
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Edini resnični problem z ascendentno aorto
01:48
in people with Marfan syndrome
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pri ljudeh z Marfanovim sindromom je,
01:50
is that it lacks some tensile strength.
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da ji manjka natezne trdnosti.
Torej obstaja možnost,
01:53
So, the possibility exists to simply externally wrap the pipe,
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da bi preprosto od zunaj ovili cev.
01:58
and it would remain stable and operate quite happily.
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In bi ostala stabilna in delovala prav srečno.
Če vaša visokotlačna cev
02:02
If your high-pressure hose pipe or hydraulic line bulges a little,
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ali vaša visokotlačna linija dobi izboklino,
preprosto navijete nekaj traku okoli nje z zunanje strani.
02:07
you just wrap some tape around it, it really is that simple.
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V zasnovi je to tako preprosto,
02:10
In concept, though not in execution.
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ni pa tako v izvedbi.
02:14
The great advantage of an external support, for me,
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Zame je bila velika prednost zunanje opore v tem,
02:17
was that I could retain all of my own bits,
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da bi lahko obdržal vse svoje delčke,
02:20
all of my own endothelium and valves,
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ves svoj endotelij in vse zaklopke,
02:22
and not need any anticoagulation therapy.
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in da ne bi potreboval terapije s sredstvi proti strjevanju krvi.
Kje torej začeti?
02:27
So, where do we start?
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Tole je prerez mene skozi sredinsko ravnino.
02:28
This is a sagittal slice through me.
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Na sredini lahko vidite
02:31
In the middle, you can see that little structure squeezing out,
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tisto napravico, majhno strukturo, kako izstiska.
02:35
that's the left ventricle,
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To je levi srčni prekat,
02:37
pushing blood out through the aortic valve.
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ki potiska kri navzgor skozi aortno zaklopko --
tamle lahko vidite, kako delujeta lističa aortne zaklopke --
02:40
You can see two of the leaflets of the aortic valve working there.
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02:43
Up into the ascending aorta.
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navzgor v ascendentno aorto.
02:45
And it's that part, the ascending aorta,
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In to je ta del, ascendentna aorta,
ki se razširja in končno poči,
02:49
which dilates and ultimately bursts, which of course is fatal.
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kar je, seveda, smrtno.
02:54
We started by organizing image acquisition
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Začeli smo tako, da smo organizirali zajemanje slik
02:57
from magnetic resonance and CT imaging machines,
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z naprav za magnetno resonančno slikanje
in z naprav za CT slikanje,
03:02
from which to make a model of the patient's aorta.
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da bi iz njih naredili model
bolnikove aorte.
Tole je model moje aorte.
03:09
This is a model of my aorta.
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03:11
I've got a real one in my pocket,
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V žepu imam resnični model,
03:13
if anyone would like to look at it, and play with it.
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če bi ga kdo rad pogledal in se z njim poigral.
03:15
(Laughter)
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03:16
You can see it's quite a complex structure.
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Kot vidite, je precej kompleksna struktura.
03:18
It has a funny tri-lobal shape at the bottom,
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Pri dnu ima hecno tristrano obliko,
03:21
which contains the aortic valve.
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ki vsebuje aortno zaklopko.
03:23
It then comes back into a round form,
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Potem preide nazaj v okroglo obliko,
03:25
and then tapers and curves off.
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se zoži in se ukrivi dalje.
Precej zapletena struktura,
03:28
It's quite a difficult structure to produce.
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če jo hočeš izdelati.
To je, kot sem dejal, moj CAD model,
03:33
This is a sort of CAD model of me,
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03:34
and this is one of the later CAD models.
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in to je eden kasnejših CAD modelov.
03:36
We went through an iterative process of producing better and better models.
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Šli smo skozi iterativni postopek
izdelovanja boljših in boljših modelov.
Ko smo izdelali ta model,
03:41
When we produced that model,
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03:43
we turned it into a solid, plastic model, as you can see,
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smo ga spremenili v otipljiv plastični model,
kot vidite,
03:48
using a rapid prototyping technique, another engineering technique.
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in sicer z uporabo tehnike za hitro izdelavo prototipov,
kar je še ena izmed inženirskih tehnik.
03:52
We then used that former
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Ta model kot kalup uporabimo za to,
03:54
to manufacture a perfectly bespoke porous textile mesh,
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da popolnoma po meri izdelamo
porozno tekstilno mrežo,
03:58
which takes the shape of the former and perfectly fits the aorta.
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ki posnema obliko kalupa
in se popolnoma prilega aorti.
04:02
So this is absolutely personalized medicine at its best, really.
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Tole je torej absolutno personalizirana medicina
v svoji resnično najboljši izvedbi.
Vsak bolnik, ki ga obravnavamo,
04:07
Every patient we do has an absolutely bespoke implant.
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ima absolutno po meri izdelan vsadek.
04:12
Once you've made it, the installation is quite easy.
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Ko je enkrat izdelan, je namestitev preprosta.
04:15
John Pepper, bless his heart, professor of cardiothoracic surgery.
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John Pepper, blagoslovljeno bodi njegovo srce,
profesor kardiotorakalne kirurgije --
še nikoli prej ni tega naredil --
04:21
Never done it before in his life, he put the first one in, didn't like it,
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je vstavil prvega, nekaj mu ni bilo všeč in ga je vzel ven,
04:24
he put the second one in.
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in potem vstavil drugega. Odšel sem, srečen.
04:26
Happy, away I went.
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Štiri in pol ure na mizi, in je bilo narejeno vse.
04:27
Four and a half hours on the table, and everything was done.
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Kirurška implantacija je bila dejansko lažji del vsega.
04:30
So the surgical implantation was actually the easiest part.
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Če našo obravnavo primerjate z obstoječo alternativo,
04:34
If you compare our new treatment to the existing alternative,
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ki je zamenjava aortnega korena z vsadkom iz kompozitnega materiala,
04:37
the composite aortic root graft,
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04:39
there are one or two startling comparisons
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najdete osupljivo razliko ali dve,
04:41
which I'm sure will be clear to all of you.
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za katere verjamem, da vam bodo vsem jasne.
04:44
Two hours to install one of our devices,
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Dve uri za vsaditev ene izmed naših naprav
v primerjavi s šestimi urami
04:47
compared to 6 hours for the existing treatment.
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pri obstoječi obravnavi.
Obstoječa obravnava, kot sem že povedal,
04:51
As I said, the existing treatment requires the heart-lung bypass machine,
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zahteva napravo za obvod srca in pljuč
04:54
and it requires a total body cooling.
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in zahteva znižanje telesne temperature.
04:56
We don't need any of that. We work on a beating heart.
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Ne potrebujemo ničesar od tega; delamo na utripajočem srcu.
04:59
He opens you up,
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Kirurg te odpre, doseže aorto medtem ko srce utripa,
05:00
he accesses the aorta while your heart is beating,
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vse pri pravi temperaturi.
05:03
all at the right temperature.
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05:04
No breaking into your circulatory system.
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Nobenega vdora v krvni sistem.
05:06
So it really is great.
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Torej je res enkratno.
05:08
But for me, absolutely the best point is,
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Vendar je zame absolutno najboljše dejstvo to,
05:11
there is no anticoagulation therapy required.
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da ni treba nobene terapije z antikoagulanti.
05:14
I don't take any drugs at all,
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Ne jemljem nobenih substanc za zdravljenje,
05:16
other than recreational ones that I would choose to take.
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razen kakšnih substanc, ki bi jih hotel jemati zaradi užitka.
(Smeh)
05:19
(Laughter)
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05:20
And in fact, if you speak to people who are on long-term warfarin,
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Dejansko vidite, če govorite z ljudmi, ki dolgoročno jemljejo warfarin,
05:23
it is a serious compromise to your quality of life,
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da je to resna ovira za kvaliteto življenja.
05:26
and even worse, it inevitably foreshortens your life.
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Celo huje,
neizogibno skrajšuje življenje.
In še, če imate opcijo z umetno zaklopko,
05:31
Likewise, if you have the artificial valve option,
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05:33
you're committed to antibiotic therapy
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ste obsojeni na terapijo z antibiotiki
05:35
whenever you have any intrusive medical treatment,
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kadarkoli imate kakšen intruzivni medicinski poseg.
05:38
even trips to the dentist require that you take antibiotics,
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Celo obiski pri zobozdravniku zahtevajo, da jemljete antibiotike,
05:41
in case you get an internal infection on the valve.
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če bi morda dobili notranje okužbe zaklopke.
05:44
Again, I don't have any of that, so I'm entirely free,
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Torej, ničesar od tega nimam, čisto svoboden sem.
05:47
my artery is fixed.
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Moja aorta je popravljena, ni mi treba biti zaskrbljen zaradi nje,
05:49
I haven't got to worry about it, which is a rebirth for me.
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zame je to preporod.
Nazaj k temi moje predstavitve:
05:55
Back to the theme of the presentation, multidisciplinary research,
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multidisciplinarne raziskave.
05:58
how on earth does a process engineer used to working with boilers
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Kako neki procesni inženir, ki je vajen delati z bojlerji,
06:01
end up producing a medical device which transforms his own life?
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na koncu naredi medicinsko napravo,
ki spremeni njegovo lastno življenje?
06:05
Well, the answer to that is, a multidisciplinary team.
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No, odgovor na to je multidisciplinarni tim strokovnjakov.
06:08
This is a list of the core team,
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Tole je seznam nosilceva tima.
06:11
and you can see there aren't only two principal technical disciplines there,
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Kot lahko vidite,
ne gre za zgolj dve poglavitni tehnični področji,
06:16
medicine and engineering,
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za medicino in strojništvo,
06:18
but also, there are various specialists from within those two disciplines.
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ampak gre tudi za različne specialiste
znotraj teh dveh področij.
06:22
John Pepper was the cardiac surgeon who did all the actual work on me.
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John Pepper, tamle,
je bil srčni kirurg, ki je dejansko opravil delo na meni,
06:27
But everyone else had to contribute one way or another.
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vendar so tudi vsi ostali našteti tamle morali tako ali drugače prispevati.
06:30
Raad Mohiaddin, a medical radiologist.
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Raad Mohiaddin, je na primer medicinski radiolog:
06:32
We had to get good-quality images from which to make the CAD model.
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morali smo priti do slik dobre kvalitete,
da bi lahko iz njih izdelali model CAD.
06:36
Warren Thornton, who still does all our CAD models for us,
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Warren Thornton, ki še sedaj za nas pripravlja vse modele CAD,
06:39
had to write a bespoke piece of CAD code
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je moral po meri napisati kodo za model CAD,
06:42
to produce this model from this really rather difficult input data set.
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da bi lahko izdelali ta model
iz resnično precej zahtevnih vhodnih podatkov.
06:49
There are some barriers to this, though, there are some problems.
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Kar nekaj preprek je v zvezi z vsem tem. Kar nekaj problemov,
strokovni žargon že je precejšnji.
06:53
Jargon is a big one.
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06:54
I would think no one in this room understands the first four jargon points.
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Najbrž nihče v tem prostoru ne razume
prvih štirih točk iz žargona tamle.
06:59
The engineers amongst you will recognize "rapid prototyping" and "CAD."
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Tisti, ki ste inženirji,
boste prepoznali izraza hitra izdelava prototipov in CAD.
07:03
The medics amongst you, if there are any, will recognize the first two,
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Tisti med vami, ki ste s področja zdravstva, če vas je kaj, boste prepoznali prva dva.
07:06
but there will be nobody else here that understands all those four words.
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Ampak v tem prostoru ne bomo našli nikogar,
ki bi razumel vse štiri izraze.
07:10
Taking the jargon out was very important
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Zelo pomembno je bilo odstraniti žargon,
07:12
to ensure that everyone in the team understood exactly what was meant
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če smo hoteli zagotoviti, da bo vsak član skupine
natanko razumel, kaj je bilo mišljeno,
07:16
when a particular phrase was used.
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ko je bil uporabljen določen izraz.
Različna strokovna področja imajo različne dogovore, kar je bil prav tako hec.
07:19
Our disciplinary conventions were funny as well.
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07:21
We took a lot of horizontal slice images through me,
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Posneli smo veliko slik, ki so prikazovale vodoravne prereze skozi mene,
07:24
produced those slices and used them to build a CAD model.
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te prereze potem sestavili in iz tega potem zgradili model CAD.
07:28
And the very first CAD model we made,
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Čisto prvi zgrajeni model,
07:30
the surgeons were playing with it and couldn't quite figure it out.
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iz plastike, so kirurgi obračali v rokah,
pa niso mogli ugotoviti, kaj bi to bilo.
07:35
And then we realized that it was actually a mirror image of the real aorta.
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Nakar smo ugotovili, da je bil model zrcalna podoba
dejanske aorte.
07:39
And it was a mirror image because in the real world,
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Zrcalna podoba pa je bil zato,
ker v resničnem svetu načrte gledamo vedno navzdol,
07:42
we always look down on plans,
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07:44
plans of houses, or streets, or maps.
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na primer načrte hiš, ulic ali zemljevide.
07:47
In the medical world, they look up at plans.
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V svetu medicine načrte gledajo navzgor.
07:50
So the horizontal images were all in inversion.
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In zato so bili posnetki vodoravnih prerezov vsi inverzni.
07:53
So, one needs to be careful with disciplinary conventions.
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Torej je treba paziti na to, kakšne dogovore imajo različna strokovna področja.
07:56
Everyone needs to understand what is assumed and what is not.
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Vsak mora razumeti,
kaj je privzeto, kaj pa ne.
Pregrade med različnimi ustanovami
08:02
Institutional barriers were another serious headache in the project.
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so povzročale še eno vrsto resnih glavobolov v projektu.
08:06
The Brompton Hospital was taken over
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Bolnišnico Brompton je prevzela
08:08
by the Imperial College School of Medicine.
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medicinska šola ustanove Imperial College,
08:10
And there are some seriously bad relationship problems
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in bilo je nekaj hudih problemov v odnosih
med tema organizacijama.
08:14
between the two organizations.
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08:15
I was working with the Imperial and the Brompton,
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Delal sem tako z ustanovo Imperial kot z bolnišnico Brompton,
kar pa je bilo izvor resnih težav v projektu,
08:18
and this generated some serious problems for the project.
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08:20
Really, problems that shouldn't exist.
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težav, ki jih v resnici ne bi smelo biti.
08:23
Research & Ethics Committee.
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Komisija za raziskave in etiko: Če hočete v kirurgijo vpeljati nekaj novega,
08:25
If you want to do anything new in surgery,
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potrebujete dovoljenje od svoje lokalne komisije.
08:27
you have to get a license from your local Research & Ethics.
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Prepričan sem, da enako velja tudi na Poljskem.
08:30
I'm sure it's the same in Poland.
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Gotovo imajo nekaj podobnega,
08:32
There will be some form of equivalent which licenses new types of surgery.
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kar odobri nove načine kirurških posegov.
08:37
We didn't only have the bureaucratic problems associated with that,
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Ne samo, da smo v zvezi s tem imeli birokratske probleme,
08:40
we also had professional jealousies.
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opraviti smo imeli tudi z zavistjo med strokovnjaki.
08:42
There were people on the Research & Ethics committee
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V komisiji za raziskave in etiko so bile osebe,
ki resnično niso želele videti, kako je John Pepper ponovno uspešen,
08:45
who really didn't want to see John Pepper succeed again.
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saj je tako zelo uspešen.
08:48
Because he is so successful.
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08:49
And they made extra problems for us.
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In so nam posebej delali probleme.
08:53
Bureaucratic problems.
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Birokratski problemi:
08:55
Ultimately, when you have a new treatment,
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Ko končno imaš nov način zdravljenja,
08:58
you have to have a guidance note for all the hospitals in the country.
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moraš imeti objavljeno obvestilo z navodili,
ki ga prejmejo vse bolnišnice v državi.
09:02
In the UK, we have the National Institute and Clinical Excellence.
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V Veliki Britaniji imamo v ta namen ustanovo National Institute for Clinical Excellence, kratko NICE.
Brez dvoma najdete nekaj podobnega na Poljskem.
09:06
You have an equivalent in Poland, no doubt.
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Morali smo preseči neprijetni problem z NICE.
09:08
And we had to get past the NICE problem.
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Sedaj imamo na spletu krasna klinična navodila.
09:11
We now have a great clinical guidance, out on the net.
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In tako lahko pristopijo vse zainteresirane bolnišnice,
09:14
So any other hospitals interested can come along, read the NICE report,
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preberejo poročilo NICE,
09:18
get in touch with us, and then get doing it themselves.
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stopijo v stik z nami, in začnejo to izvajati tudi sami.
Prepreke s financiranjem:
09:24
Funding barriers, another big area to be concerned with.
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Še eno veliko področje, za katero je treba poskrbeti.
Imeli smo velik problem z razumevanjem enega od naslednjih stališč:
09:30
A big problem with understanding one of those perspectives.
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ko smo prvič zaprosili
09:33
When we first approached one of the big, charitable UK organizations
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pri eni od velikih britanskih dobrodelnih organizacij, ki financira take reči,
09:37
that fund this kind of stuff,
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so oni pravzaprav videli prošnjo s področja tehnike.
09:39
we essentially gave them an engineering proposal.
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09:41
They didn't understand it, they were doctors, next to God,
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Enostavno niso razumeli; bili so zdravniki, bili so skoraj bogovi.
Gotovo je zanič. Vrgli so v smeti.
09:44
it must be rubbish, they binned it.
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Na koncu sem šel do zasebnih vlagateljev,
09:46
So in the end, I went after private investors, just gave up on it.
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glede tistega pa vrgel puško v koruzo.
09:49
Most R&D is going to be institutionally funded,
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Ampak večino raziskav in razvoja financirajo ustanove,
09:52
by the Polish Academy of Sciences
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na primer Poljska akademija znanosti
ali Raziskovalni svet za tehnične in fizikalne znanosti ali karkoli že,
09:55
or the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, or whatever.
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09:58
And you need to get past those people.
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in treba je priti okrog teh ljudi.
Žargon je hud problem, ko poskušaš delovno povezati različna področja.
10:01
Jargon is a huge problem when you try to work across disciplines,
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Razlog je v tem, da na primer v tehniškem svetu
10:04
because in an engineering world, we all understand CAD and RP.
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vsi razumemo CAD in R.P. --
10:07
Not in the medical world.
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ne pa v svetu medicine.
Najbrž morajo birokrati za financiranje nekoč le spraviti skupaj svoj dokument.
10:10
I suppose the funding bureaucrats ultimately have to get their act together.
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Zares se morajo začeti pogovarjati med sabo
10:13
They've really got to start talking to each other,
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in morajo pokazati kanček domišljije,
10:15
and exercise a bit of imagination, if that's not too much to ask.
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če jih s tem ne prosimo preveč --
10:19
(Laughter)
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10:20
Which it probably is.
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no najbrž jih.
10:22
(Laughter)
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10:23
I've coined the phrase "obstructive conservatism."
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Skoval sem izraz "obstruktivni konzervativizem".
10:26
So many people in the medical world don't want to change.
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Mnogi ljudje v medicini se namreč ne želijo spremeniti,
10:29
Particularly when some jumped-up engineer has come along with the answer.
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še posebej ne, kadar z odgovorom pride mimo kakšen povzpetni inženir.
Nočejo se spremeniti.
10:33
They don't want to change.
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10:34
They simply want to do whatever they've done before.
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Preprosto hočejo početi to, kar so počeli do tedaj.
Dejansko je še zdaj v Veliki Britaniji veliko kirurgov,
10:37
And in fact, many surgeons in the UK are still waiting
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ki še čakajo, da bi kateri od naših bolnikov
10:40
for one of our patients to have some sort of an episode,
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imel kakšen zaplet,
10:43
so that they could say, "Told you that was no good."
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da bi lahko rekli, "Aha, sem rekel, da to ne bo dobro."
10:46
We've actually got 30 patients.
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Dejansko smo imeli 30 bolnikov.
10:48
At seven and a half years,
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Pri meni je minilo sedem let in pol.
10:50
we've got 90 post-op patient years between us,
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Skupaj naberemo bolniki 90 let od operacije,
10:52
and we haven't had a single problem.
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pa nismo imeli niti enega problema.
10:54
And still, there are people in the UK saying,
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Pa še vedno v Veliki Britaniji obstajajo ljudje, ki rečejo,
10:56
"That external aortic root, it will never work, you know."
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"Ja, tale aortni koren z zunanjo oporo, to ne bo nikdar delovalo, veste."
10:59
It really is a problem.
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Resnično je to problem. Resnično je to problem.
Zagotovo se je že vsak v tem prostoru kdaj srečal z aroganco
11:02
I'm sure everyone in this room has come across arrogance
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zdravstvenih delavcev, zdravnikov ali kirurgov.
11:05
amongst medics, doctors, surgeons, at some point.
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11:08
The middle point is simply the way that the doctors protect themselves.
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Posredi je preprosto način,
kako se zdravniki zaščitijo.
11:13
"Well, of course, I'm looking after my patient."
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"Ja, seveda, pazim na svojega bolnika."
11:15
I think it's not good, but that's my view.
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Mislim, da ni dobro tako, ampak poglejte, to je moje stališče.
11:19
Egos, of course, again a huge problem.
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Ego je seveda spet velikanski problem.
Če delate v multidisciplinarni skupini,
11:22
If you work in a multidisciplinary team,
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je treba člane jemati malo z rezervo.
11:24
you've got to give your guys the benefit of the doubt,
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11:26
you've got to express support for them.
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Treba jim je izražati podporo.
11:28
Tom Treasure, professor of cardiothoracic surgery.
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Tom Treasure, profesor kardiotorakalne kirurgije na primer
je neverjeten človek.
11:32
Incredible guy.
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11:33
Dead easy to give him respect.
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Prav lahko ga je spoštovati.
11:35
Him giving me respect? Slightly different.
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Da bi on spoštoval mene? Malo drugačna zgodba.
11:37
(Laughter)
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To je vse, kar se tiče slabih novic.
11:39
That's all the bad news.
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11:40
The good news is, the benefits are stonkingly huge.
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Dobra novica je, da so prednosti groziljansko velike.
11:44
Translate that one! I bet they can't.
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No, pa naj prevedejo to. Stavim, da ne znajo.
(Smeh)
11:47
(Laughter)
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11:48
When you have a group of people with different professional training,
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Ko so na kupu ljudje,
ki so imeli različno strokovno šolanje in različne strokovne izkušnje,
11:51
a different professional experience,
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11:53
they not only have a different knowledge base,
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nimajo le različnih temeljnih znanj,
ampak imajo različne poglede na vse.
11:56
but also a different perspective on everything.
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In če jih lahko spravite
11:58
And if you can bring them together,
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skupaj in jih pripravite do tega, da med sabo govorijo in se razumejo,
12:00
and get them talking and understanding each other,
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12:02
the results can be spectacular.
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so rezultati lahko spektakularni.
12:05
You can find really novel solutions that have never been looked at before,
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Lahko odkrijete nove rešitve, resnično nove rešitve,
ki jih še nihče ni oplazil s pogledom,
12:10
very quickly and easily.
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in to hitro in lahko.
12:12
You can short-cut huge amounts of work
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Lahko skrajšate velikanske količine dela s tem,
12:15
simply by using the extended knowledge base you have.
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da preprosto uporabite razširjeno bazo znanja, ki je pri roki.
In kot rezultat
12:19
And as a result, it's an entirely different use
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dobite popolnoma drugačno uporabo tehnologije
in znanja okrog vas.
12:24
of the technology and the knowledge around you.
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Rezultat vsega tega je,
12:27
The result of all this is that you can get incredibly quick progress
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da lahko dobite neverjetno hiter napredek
12:31
on incredibly small budgets.
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z neverjetno majhnim proračunom.
12:33
I'm so embarrassed at how cheap it was to get from my idea
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Tako nerodno mi je zaradi tega, kako poceni je bilo
priti od moje ideje do tega, da sem dobil vsadek,
12:37
to me being implanted
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da vam sploh nisem pripravljen povedati, koliko je stalo.
12:39
that I'm not prepared to tell you what it cost,
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Zato ker sumim,
12:41
because I suspect there are absolutely standard surgical treatments,
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da obstajajo čisto standardna kirurška zdravljenja,
najbrž v ZDA,
12:45
probably in the USA,
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12:46
which cost more for a one-off patient
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ki stanejo več
za povsem serijsko zdravljenje posameznega bolnika
12:51
than the cost of us getting from my dream to my reality.
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kot pa je stalo nas, da pridemo od mojih sanj
do moje resničnosti.
12:56
That's all I want to say, and I've got three minutes left.
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To je vse, kar sem hotel povedati, in tri minute so mi še ostale.
12:59
So, Ewa's going to like me.
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To pomeni, da bom najbrž všeč Heather.
13:01
If you have any questions, please come up and talk to me later on,
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Če imate še kakšna vprašanja, stopite do mene kasneje in me vprašajte.
13:04
it would be a pleasure to speak with you.
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V veselje mi bo govoriti z vami. Hvala lepa.
13:06
Many thanks.
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13:07
(Applause)
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