Tal Golesworthy: How I repaired my own heart

97,978 views ・ 2012-04-12

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Woo Hwang κ²€ν† : Young-ho Park
μ €λŠ” 곡정 μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
I'm a process engineer, I know all about boilers and incinerators
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 보일러, μ†Œκ°λ‘œ, μ„¬μœ ν•„ν„°, 그리고
00:20
and fabric filters, and cyclones, and things like that.
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싸이클둠 원심뢄리기 같은것 듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 전문지식을 가지고 있죠.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 마λ₯΄νŒ μ¦ν›„κ΅°μ΄λΌλŠ”
00:24
But I also have Marfan syndrome.
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μœ μ „λ³‘λ„ 가지고 있죠.
00:26
This is an inherited disorder.
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00:28
And in 1992, I participated in a genetic study,
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μ €λŠ” 1992년에
μœ μ „μž 연ꡬ에 μ°Έμ—¬ν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
00:32
and found to my horror, as you can see from the slide,
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제 μƒμŠΉ λŒ€λ™λ§₯의 직경이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ˜ λ°‘ 뢀뢄에 μžˆλŠ”
00:35
that my ascending aorta was not in the normal range,
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정상적인 녹색 λ²”μœ„μ— μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ”
것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³  μ •λ§λ‘œ λ†€λžμ—ˆμ£ .
00:39
the green line at the bottom.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ 3.2μ—μ„œ 3.6cm 사이에 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Everyone in here will be between 3.2-3.6,
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μ €λŠ” 이미 4.4κΉŒμ§€ μ˜¬λΌκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
00:44
and I was already up at 4.4.
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00:46
And as you can see, my aorta dilated progressively,
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이
제 λŒ€λ™λ§₯은 계속 ν™•μž₯λΌμ„œ
00:50
and I got closer and closer to the point where surgery was going to be necessary.
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수술이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 상황에
λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ 됐죠.
00:55
The surgery on offer was pretty gruesome.
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μ œκ°€ λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•  λŒ€λ™λ§₯ μˆ˜μˆ μ€ 맀우 λ”μ°ν–ˆμ£  --
마취λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³ , 흉뢀λ₯Ό κ°œλ³΅ν•œ ν›„
00:59
Anesthetize you, open your chest,
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01:01
put you on an artificial heart and lung machine,
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인곡심폐기에 μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€κ³ ,
01:04
drop your body temperature to about 18 centigrade,
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μ²΄μ˜¨μ„ μ•½ 18λ„κΉŒμ§€ λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ¦¬κ³ ,
01:07
stop your heart, cut the aorta out,
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심μž₯을 μ •μ§€μ‹œν‚€κ³ , λŒ€λ™λ§₯을 μž˜λΌλ‚΄κ³ ,
01:10
replace it with a plastic valve and a plastic aorta.
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± νŒλ§‰κ³Ό ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λŒ€λ™λ§₯으둜 κ΅μ²΄ν•˜λŠ”
것인데 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œκ²ƒμ€
01:14
And most importantly, commit you to a lifetime of anticoagulation therapy.
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μˆ˜μˆ ν›„ 평생 λ™μ•ˆ 주둜 μ™€νŒŒλ¦° 같은 μ•½μœΌλ‘œ
ν˜ˆμ•‘μ‘κ³  μ²˜μΉ˜λ²•μ„ λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
01:19
Normally, warfarin.
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그런 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 받을 생각은 λ³„λ‘œ 달갑지 μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
01:21
The thought of the surgery was not attractive.
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01:23
The thought of the warfarin was really quite frightening.
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ν‰μƒλ™μ•ˆ μ›ŒνŒŒλ¦°μ„ λ¨Ήμ–΄μ•Ό ν• 
생각은 μ •λ§λ‘œ λ‘λ €μ› μ–΄μš”.
μ €λŠ” κ·Έλž˜μ„œ "λ‚˜λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œμ„ ν•˜λŠ” μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄μ•Ό
01:28
So I said to myself,
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01:29
"I'm an engineer, I'm in R&D, this is just a plumbing problem."
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이건 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ°°κ΄€ λ¬Έμ œλ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‚œ 이 문제λ₯Ό
ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 있고 또 ν•΄κ²°ν• κΊΌμ•Ό" "라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
01:33
"I can do this, I can change this."
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έλž˜μ„œ
01:35
So I set out to change the entire treatment for aortic dilation.
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λŒ€λ™λ§₯ ν™•μž₯증에 λŒ€ν•œ 치료 방법을
μ™„μ „νžˆ λ°”κΎΈκΈ°λ‘œ 마음 λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ£ .
01:41
The project aim is really quite simple.
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ .
01:45
The only real problem with the ascending aorta
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마λ₯΄νŒ 증후ꡰ이 μƒμŠΉλŒ€λ™λ§₯에
01:48
in people with Marfan syndrome
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λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μƒμŠΉλŒ€λ™λ§₯의
01:50
is that it lacks some tensile strength.
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인μž₯강도가 μ•½κ°„ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λŒ€λ™λ§₯ λ°”κΉ₯을 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ‘˜λŸ¬
01:53
So, the possibility exists to simply externally wrap the pipe,
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κ°μ•„μ„œ 터지지 λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  수 있죠.
01:58
and it would remain stable and operate quite happily.
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그러면 λŒ€λ™λ§₯이 더 이상 ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  잘 μž‘λ™ν•˜κ² μ£ .
κ³ μ•• 호슀 νŒŒμ΄ν”„λ‚˜,
02:02
If your high-pressure hose pipe or hydraulic line bulges a little,
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κ³ μˆ˜μ•• 라인이 μ•½κ°„ λΆ€ν’€μ–΄ 올λ₯΄λ©΄,
λΆ€ν‘Ό λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ™ΈλΆ€λ₯Ό ν…Œμ΄ν”„λ‘œ 감으면 돼죠.
02:07
you just wrap some tape around it, it really is that simple.
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μ‹€μ§€λ‘œλŠ” 그렇지 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
02:10
In concept, though not in execution.
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이둠은 정말 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ .
02:14
The great advantage of an external support, for me,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ™ΈλΆ€λ₯Ό κ°μ‹ΈλŠ” μ‹œμˆ μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μž₯점은
02:17
was that I could retain all of my own bits,
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내피와 νŒλ§‰μ„ 지라버리지 μ•Šκ³ 
02:20
all of my own endothelium and valves,
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κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 보전 ν•  수 있고
02:22
and not need any anticoagulation therapy.
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ‘κ³ μ²˜μΉ˜λ²•μ„ 받을 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
그럼 μ–΄λ””μ„œλΆ€ν„° 일을 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:27
So, where do we start?
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자 이건 제 μ‹œμƒλ‹¨λ©΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
This is a sagittal slice through me.
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이 그림의 쀑간쯀에
02:31
In the middle, you can see that little structure squeezing out,
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ν”Όλ₯Ό μ₯μ–΄μ§œλŠ” 뢀뢄이 보이죠.
02:35
that's the left ventricle,
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이 뢀뢄은 λŒ€λ™λ§₯ νŒλ§‰μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
02:37
pushing blood out through the aortic valve.
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μƒμŠΉλŒ€λ™λ§₯κΉŒμ§€ ν”Όλ₯Ό
λ°€μ–΄ μ˜¬λ¦¬λŠ” μ’Œμ‹¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. --
02:40
You can see two of the leaflets of the aortic valve working there.
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02:43
Up into the ascending aorta.
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μƒμŠΉλŒ€λ™λ§₯μ—λŠ”
02:45
And it's that part, the ascending aorta,
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λŒ€λ™λ§₯ νŒλ§‰μ΄ λ‘κ°œ μžˆλŠ”λ°
λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 뢀뢄이 팽창되며 터지면
02:49
which dilates and ultimately bursts, which of course is fatal.
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λ¬Όλ‘  사망이 초래돼죠.
02:54
We started by organizing image acquisition
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°μ„ 
02:57
from magnetic resonance and CT imaging machines,
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ν™˜μžμ˜ λŒ€λ™λ§₯ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„
λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
03:02
from which to make a model of the patient's aorta.
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MRI μ˜μƒκ³Ό CT 이미지λ₯Ό
λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
이게 제 λŒ€λ™λ§₯ λͺ¨ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
This is a model of my aorta.
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03:11
I've got a real one in my pocket,
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μ‹€μ œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ 제 μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ”λ°
03:13
if anyone would like to look at it, and play with it.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ˜μ§€ λ§Œμ Έλ³΄μ‹€λ €λ©΄ 만져 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:15
(Laughter)
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03:16
You can see it's quite a complex structure.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이 이건 κ½€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰인데
03:18
It has a funny tri-lobal shape at the bottom,
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μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μΌμ’…μ˜ 3κ°ν˜• λͺ¨μ–‘이고
03:21
which contains the aortic valve.
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λ°‘ 뢀뢄에 λŒ€λ™λ§₯ νŒλ§‰μ΄ λ‹¬λ €μžˆμ£ .
03:23
It then comes back into a round form,
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λ’·μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λ©΄ λ‘₯κ·Ό ν˜•νƒœκ°€ 되고,
03:25
and then tapers and curves off.
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폭이 κ°€λŠ˜μ–΄μ§€λ‹€κ°€ λ‘₯κ·Όλͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ 돼죠.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œμž‘ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ
03:28
It's quite a difficult structure to produce.
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κΉŒλ‹€λ‘œμš΄ κ΅¬μ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦°λ°λ‘œ 이건 제 λŒ€λ™λ§₯의 CAD λͺ¨ν˜•μΈλ°
03:33
This is a sort of CAD model of me,
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03:34
and this is one of the later CAD models.
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개발이 많이 된 ν›„μ˜ CAD λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄μ£ .
03:36
We went through an iterative process of producing better and better models.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 낳은 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
반볡 과정을 걸쳐 개발 μž‘μ—…μ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ œμž‘ ν•  λ•Œ,
03:41
When we produced that model,
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03:43
we turned it into a solid, plastic model, as you can see,
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ”λ°”μ™€ 같이
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³΅ν•™κΈ°μˆ μΈ
03:48
using a rapid prototyping technique, another engineering technique.
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고속 μ‹œμ œν’ˆ μ œμž‘ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
λ”±λ”±ν•œ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λͺ¨ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
03:52
We then used that former
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λͺ¨ν˜•μ„
03:54
to manufacture a perfectly bespoke porous textile mesh,
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포머둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„
μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΅μ œν•˜μ—¬
03:58
which takes the shape of the former and perfectly fits the aorta.
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ꡬ멍이 많이 있고 λŒ€λ™λ§₯에 κΌ­ λ§žλŠ”
λ§žμΆ€ν˜• μ„¬μœ  λ©”μ‹œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
04:02
So this is absolutely personalized medicine at its best, really.
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이것은 κ°œμΈν™”λœ λ§žμΆ€ν˜•
의료 치료의 쒋은 μ˜ˆμ§€μš”.
저희가 μ‹œμˆ ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλŠ”
04:07
Every patient we do has an absolutely bespoke implant.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ™„λ²½ν•œ λ§žμΆ€ν˜• 이식물을 λ°›κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°
04:12
Once you've made it, the installation is quite easy.
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일단 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ§Œν•˜λ©΄ 이식 절차 μžμ²΄λŠ” 비ꡐ적 μ‰½μ§€μš”.
04:15
John Pepper, bless his heart, professor of cardiothoracic surgery.
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흉뢀외과 ꡐ수인
μ‘΄ 페퍼 μ”¨λŠ” 이런 μ‹œμˆ μ„ ν•œ
κ²½ν—˜μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ . κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 첫번째 μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈλ₯Ό 넣은 ν›„
04:21
Never done it before in his life, he put the first one in, didn't like it,
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λ§ˆμŒμ— μ•ˆλ“€μ–΄μ„œ κ·Έκ±Έ κΊΌλ‚΄κ³ , λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈλ₯Ό λ„£μ—ˆμ£ .
04:24
he put the second one in.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈκ°€ 문제 없이 λ“€μ–΄κ°”κ³ 
04:26
Happy, away I went.
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μˆ˜μˆ λŒ€μ—μ„œ 4μ‹œκ°„ 30뢄을 보낸 ν›„ 수술이 λλ‚¬μ–΄μš”.
04:27
Four and a half hours on the table, and everything was done.
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μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은 사싀 제일 μ‰¬μš΄ λΆ€λΆ„μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
04:30
So the surgical implantation was actually the easiest part.
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우리의 μ‹œμˆ  방법과 ν•©μ„± μΈκ³΅λŒ€λ™λ§₯ μ ‘ν•© μˆ˜μˆ μ΄λΌλŠ”
04:34
If you compare our new treatment to the existing alternative,
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기쑴의 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œμˆ λ°©λ²•μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄
04:37
the composite aortic root graft,
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04:39
there are one or two startling comparisons
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 ν•œλ‘ κ°€μ§€μ˜
04:41
which I'm sure will be clear to all of you.
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큰 차이가 있죠
04:44
Two hours to install one of our devices,
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ν˜„μž¬ μ‹œμˆ λ°©λ²•μ€ μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈλ₯Ό κΌ½λŠ”λ°
6μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ”κ²ƒμ— λΉ„ν•΄
04:47
compared to 6 hours for the existing treatment.
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우리 방식은 2μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ©΄ 돼죠.
μ œκ°€ 이미 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 바와 같이 ν˜„μž¬μ˜
04:51
As I said, the existing treatment requires the heart-lung bypass machine,
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μ‹œμˆ  방법은 심폐 우회 μž₯μΉ˜μ™€
04:54
and it requires a total body cooling.
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전신냉각이 ν•„μš”ν•œλ° 우리 방법은 그런게
04:56
We don't need any of that. We work on a beating heart.
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μ „ν˜€ ν•„μš”μ—†κ³  심μž₯이 λ›°λŠ” μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν•˜μ£ .
04:59
He opens you up,
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μ™Έκ³Όμ˜λŠ” 심μž₯이 λ›°λŠ” μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ λŒ€λ™λ§₯에 μ ‘κ·Όν•˜κ³ 
05:00
he accesses the aorta while your heart is beating,
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μ²΄μ˜¨λ„ μ •μƒμœΌλ‘œ μœ μ§€ν•˜μ£ .
05:03
all at the right temperature.
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05:04
No breaking into your circulatory system.
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μˆœν™˜κ³„ν†΅μ„ λ‹¨μ ˆν•  ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†κ³ μš”.
05:06
So it really is great.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 저희 방법은 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ’‹μ£ .
05:08
But for me, absolutely the best point is,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 제일 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은
05:11
there is no anticoagulation therapy required.
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ν•­μ‘κ³ μ œλ₯Ό λ³΅μš©ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 점이죠.
05:14
I don't take any drugs at all,
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μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 약도 먹지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
other than recreational ones that I would choose to take.
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μ œκ°€ μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” ν–₯μ •μ‹ μ„± λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λΉΌκ³ μš”.
(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:19
(Laughter)
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05:20
And in fact, if you speak to people who are on long-term warfarin,
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μ™€νŒŒλ¦°μ„ μž₯κΈ°κ°„ λ³΅μš©ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 물어보면
05:23
it is a serious compromise to your quality of life,
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κ·Έ 약이 μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ— 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€λŠ” 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜μ£ .
05:26
and even worse, it inevitably foreshortens your life.
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그런데 더 λ‚˜μœκ²ƒμ€
κ·Έ 약이 수λͺ…을 λ‹¨μΆ•μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
그리고 μΈκ³΅νŒλ§‰ μ΄μ‹μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν•˜λ©΄
05:31
Likewise, if you have the artificial valve option,
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05:33
you're committed to antibiotic therapy
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침슡적인 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›μ„λ•Œ λ§ˆλ‹€
05:35
whenever you have any intrusive medical treatment,
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λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ μš”.
05:38
even trips to the dentist require that you take antibiotics,
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 치과 치료λ₯Ό 받더라도 νŒλ§‰μ΄ 감염될
05:41
in case you get an internal infection on the valve.
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κ°€λŠ₯성이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ μš”.
05:44
Again, I don't have any of that, so I'm entirely free,
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μ €λŠ” 그런 μœ„ν—˜λ„ μ—†κ³  μ™„μ „νžˆ 자유둭죠.
05:47
my artery is fixed.
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제 λŒ€λ™λ§₯은 이제 고정돼 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν„°μ§ˆ 걱정을
05:49
I haven't got to worry about it, which is a rebirth for me.
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ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ–΄μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 삢을 μ‚¬λŠ” 것 κ°™μ•„μš”.
ν•˜μ—¬νŠΌ, 이 κ°•μ—°μ˜ 주제둜 λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„μ˜€μ£ .
05:55
Back to the theme of the presentation, multidisciplinary research,
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보일러 일을 ν•˜λ˜ 곡정 μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄κ°€
05:58
how on earth does a process engineer used to working with boilers
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹€ν•™λ¬Έκ°„ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해
06:01
end up producing a medical device which transforms his own life?
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자기 μžμ‹ μ˜ 생λͺ…을 κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
μ˜ν•™ μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:05
Well, the answer to that is, a multidisciplinary team.
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡은 λ‹€ν•™μ œνŒ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
This is a list of the core team,
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이건 핡심 νŒ€μ›λ“€μ˜ λͺ©λ‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
and you can see there aren't only two principal technical disciplines there,
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이λͺ©λ‘μ—μ„œ
λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이
06:16
medicine and engineering,
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μ €ν¬νŒ€μ€ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό
06:18
but also, there are various specialists from within those two disciplines.
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μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ§ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜
μ—¬λŸ¬ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λμ§€μš”.
06:22
John Pepper was the cardiac surgeon who did all the actual work on me.
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μ‘΄ 페퍼 κ΅μˆ˜λŠ”
μ €λ₯Ό μˆ˜μˆ ν–ˆλ˜ 심μž₯μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬μ˜€κ³ , λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
06:27
But everyone else had to contribute one way or another.
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각각 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ‘œ 연ꡬ에 κΈ°μ—¬ν–ˆμ£ .
06:30
Raad Mohiaddin, a medical radiologist.
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λΌλ“œ λͺ¨ν•˜λ”˜μ€ 방사선 μ „λ¬Έμ˜λ‘œμ„œ
06:32
We had to get good-quality images from which to make the CAD model.
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CAD λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ
κ³ ν™”μ§ˆμ˜μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
06:36
Warren Thornton, who still does all our CAD models for us,
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μ›ŒλŸ° ν†€νŠΌμ€ μ§€κΈˆλ„ λͺ¨λ“  CAD λͺ¨ν˜•μž‘업을 ν•΄μ£Όκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
06:39
had to write a bespoke piece of CAD code
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‘°μž‘ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“  μž…λ ₯ λ°μ΄ν„°λ‘œ λΆ€ν„°
06:42
to produce this model from this really rather difficult input data set.
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이 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
νŠΉλ³„νžˆ CAD ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ 썻죠.
06:49
There are some barriers to this, though, there are some problems.
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그런데 이런 μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°λŠ” λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ μž₯λ²½κ³Ό λ¬Έμ œμ λ“€μ΄ 있죠.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μš©μ–΄κ°€ 큰 문제죠.
06:53
Jargon is a big one.
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06:54
I would think no one in this room understands the first four jargon points.
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 여기에 μžˆλŠ” 첫 4개의 μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό
μ „λΆ€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” 뢄은 ν•œλͺ…도 μ—†μœΌμ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
The engineers amongst you will recognize "rapid prototyping" and "CAD."
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μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λΆ„λ“€μ€
고속 μ‹œμ œν’ˆ μ œμž‘κ³Ό CADλ₯Ό μ•„μ‹œκ² κ³ 
07:03
The medics amongst you, if there are any, will recognize the first two,
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μ˜μ‚¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 첫 두 단어λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ .
07:06
but there will be nobody else here that understands all those four words.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 이 단어 4개λ₯Ό
μ „λΆ€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” 뢄은 μ•„λ§ˆ 없을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
Taking the jargon out was very important
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μ–΄λ–€ 말을 ν–ˆμ„λ•Œ νŒ€μ› λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
07:12
to ensure that everyone in the team understood exactly what was meant
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μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ 무슨 λœ»μΈμ§€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ
ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ „λ¬Έμš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€
07:16
when a particular phrase was used.
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μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν–ˆμ£ .
우리 νŒ€μ›λ“€μ΄ λ™μ˜ν•œ μš©μ–΄κ·œμ•½μ—λ„ μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 일화가 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
07:19
Our disciplinary conventions were funny as well.
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07:21
We took a lot of horizontal slice images through me,
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μš°λ¦¬νŒ€μ€ 제 λͺΈμ˜ μˆ˜ν‰ 단면도 이미지λ₯Ό 많이 μ΄¬μ˜ν•΄μ„œ
07:24
produced those slices and used them to build a CAD model.
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그런 이미지λ₯Ό CAD λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
07:28
And the very first CAD model we made,
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그런데 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 처음으둜 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±
07:30
the surgeons were playing with it and couldn't quite figure it out.
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λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„λ•Œ μ™Έκ³Όμ˜λ“€μ€
κ·Έ λͺ¨λΈμ„ 이해할 수 μ—†μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
07:35
And then we realized that it was actually a mirror image of the real aorta.
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μ•Œκ³  λ³΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“  λͺ¨λΈμ€ μ‹€μ œ λŒ€λ™λ§₯의
μ’Œμš°κ°€ 바뀐 미러 이미지 λͺ¨λΈμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:39
And it was a mirror image because in the real world,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 건물의 ν‰λ©΄λ„λ‚˜ 지도λ₯Ό λ³Όλ•Œ
항상 μœ„μ—μ„œ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λ‚΄λ € 보기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:42
we always look down on plans,
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07:44
plans of houses, or streets, or maps.
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μ’Œμš°κ°€ 바뀐 미러 μ΄λ―Έμ§€μ˜ λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ˜ κ±°μ£ .
07:47
In the medical world, they look up at plans.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 평면도λ₯Ό λ³Όλ•Œ μ•„λž˜μ„œ μœ„λ‘œ 올렀 λ³΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ
07:50
So the horizontal images were all in inversion.
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μˆ˜ν‰ μ΄λ―Έμ§€μ˜ μ’Œμš°κ°€ λ’€μ§‘ν˜€ 질 수 밖에 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
07:53
So, one needs to be careful with disciplinary conventions.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€ν•™μ œ νŒ€μ—μ„œλŠ” κ·œμ•½μ„ ν†΅μΌν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ£ .
07:56
Everyone needs to understand what is assumed and what is not.
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λͺ¨λ“  νŒ€μ›μ€ μ–΄λ–€ 것이 μΆ”μ •λ˜κ³ 
어떀것이 μΆ”μ •λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ
08:02
Institutional barriers were another serious headache in the project.
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λ¬Έμ œμ‚¬ν•­μ€ μ œλ„μ μΈ μž₯λ²½μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
08:06
The Brompton Hospital was taken over
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브둬튼 병원은 런던 μž„νŽ˜λ¦¬μ–Ό
08:08
by the Imperial College School of Medicine.
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μ˜λŒ€μ— μ˜ν•΄ μΈμˆ˜λ‹Ήν–ˆλŠ”λ°
08:10
And there are some seriously bad relationship problems
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이듀간에 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ
κ΄€κ³„μƒμ˜ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 있죠.
08:14
between the two organizations.
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08:15
I was working with the Imperial and the Brompton,
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μ €λŠ” λΈŒλ‘¬ν†€ λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ μž„νŽ˜λ¦¬μ–Ό
μ˜λŒ€μ™€ μΌν–ˆλŠ”λ° λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ—†μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  λ¬Έμ œκ°€
08:18
and this generated some serious problems for the project.
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08:20
Really, problems that shouldn't exist.
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ— μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό λ°œμƒμ‹œμΌ°μ£ .
08:23
Research & Ethics Committee.
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μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν• λ•Œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œμˆ λ°©λ²•μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ €λ©΄
08:25
If you want to do anything new in surgery,
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지역 μ—°κ΅¬μœ€λ¦¬μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ ν—ˆκ°€λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
08:27
you have to get a license from your local Research & Ethics.
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μ•„λ§ˆ 이곳 ν΄λž€λ“œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€κ² μ£ .
08:30
I'm sure it's the same in Poland.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 수술 방법을
08:32
There will be some form of equivalent which licenses new types of surgery.
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인가해 μ£ΌλŠ” 무슨 기관이 있겠죠.
08:37
We didn't only have the bureaucratic problems associated with that,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 κ΄€λ£Œμ£Όμ˜μ μΈ μž₯λ²½ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
08:40
we also had professional jealousies.
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μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€ κ°„μ˜ μ’‹μ§€μ•Šμ€ κ²½μŸμ‹¬λ„ 극볡해야 ν–ˆμ£ .
08:42
There were people on the Research & Ethics committee
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연ꡬ 윀리 μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
μ‘΄ 페퍼 κ΅μˆ˜κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 성곡가도λ₯Ό λ‹¬λ¦¬λŠ”κ²ƒ
08:45
who really didn't want to see John Pepper succeed again.
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자체λ₯Ό λ³„λ‘œ νƒνƒν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
08:48
Because he is so successful.
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08:49
And they made extra problems for us.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ 문제거리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
08:53
Bureaucratic problems.
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κ΄€λ£Œμ£Όμ˜μ  문제λ₯Ό 이야기 ν•˜μžλ©΄,
08:55
Ultimately, when you have a new treatment,
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜λ©΄,
08:58
you have to have a guidance note for all the hospitals in the country.
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κ΅­λ‚΄μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  병원에 κ΄€λ ¨ μ§€μΉ¨μ„œλ‚˜
μ•ˆλ‚΄μ„œλ₯Ό 보내야 ν•˜μ£ . μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ”
09:02
In the UK, we have the National Institute and Clinical Excellence.
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NICEλΌλŠ” κ΅­λ¦½λ³΄κ±΄μž„μƒμ—°κ΅¬μ›μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
ν΄λž€λ“œμ—λ„ λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œκ²Œ μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
You have an equivalent in Poland, no doubt.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” NICE의 μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­μ„ μ€€μˆ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ£ .
09:08
And we had to get past the NICE problem.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 멋진 μž„μƒ 지침을 인터넷에 μ˜¬λ €λ†¨μ£ .
09:11
We now have a great clinical guidance, out on the net.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 관심이 μžˆλŠ” 병원은
09:14
So any other hospitals interested can come along, read the NICE report,
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μ–Έμ œλ“ μ§€ NICE λ³΄κ³ μ„œλ₯Ό 읽고
09:18
get in touch with us, and then get doing it themselves.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ—°λ½ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έλ“€ μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œκ°€ μ‹œμˆ μ„ ν•  수 있죠.
μžκΈˆν™•λ³΄ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
09:24
Funding barriers, another big area to be concerned with.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 큰 문제의 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ μžκΈˆμ„ κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°λ„ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•  점이 있죠.
09:30
A big problem with understanding one of those perspectives.
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우리 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œ
09:33
When we first approached one of the big, charitable UK organizations
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 μžμ„ λ‹¨μ²΄μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 근본적으둜
09:37
that fund this kind of stuff,
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μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ§ κ°œλ°œμ—λ§Œ ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆκ³  우리의 κ³„νšμ„
09:39
we essentially gave them an engineering proposal.
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09:41
They didn't understand it, they were doctors, next to God,
179
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλŠ”데 그듀은 μ˜μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ λ¬΄μ„œμš΄κ²Œ μ—†μ—ˆκ³  κΆŒμœ„κ°€ λ‹Ήλ‹Ήν–ˆμ£ .
그듀은 우리 아이디어가 엉터리라며 μ“°λ ˆκΈ°ν†΅μ— 버렸죠.
09:44
it must be rubbish, they binned it.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ²°κ΅­ 일반 νˆ¬μžκ°€λ“€μ„ μ°Ύμ•„ κ°”μ§€λ§Œ
09:46
So in the end, I went after private investors, just gave up on it.
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그것도 포기해 λ²„λ Έμ–΄μš”.
09:49
Most R&D is going to be institutionally funded,
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κ²°κ΅­ ν΄λž€λ“œ 과학아카데미(PAS)인지
09:52
by the Polish Academy of Sciences
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영ꡭ κ³΅ν•™μžμ—°κ³Όν•™μ—°κ΅¬νšŒ(EPSRC)인지 ν•˜λŠ”κ±Έ
섀득 μ‹œμΌœμ„œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜
09:55
or the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, or whatever.
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09:58
And you need to get past those people.
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μ—°κ΅¬κ°œλ°œ μ§€μ›κΈˆμ„ λ°›μ•˜μ£ .
ν•™μ œκ°„μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν• λ•ŒλŠ” μš©μ–΄κ°€ μ•„μ£Ό 큰 문제이죠.
10:01
Jargon is a huge problem when you try to work across disciplines,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆλ„ˆλ“€μ€
10:04
because in an engineering world, we all understand CAD and RP.
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CADλ‚˜ R.PλΌλŠ” μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
10:07
Not in the medical world.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ λ¬΄μŠ¨λ§μΈμ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
μ €λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬μžκΈˆμ„ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 정신을 μ°¨λ €μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
I suppose the funding bureaucrats ultimately have to get their act together.
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그리고 이런걸 κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ§€λ‚˜μΉ μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
10:13
They've really got to start talking to each other,
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그듀은 μ„œλ‘œ μ§„μ •ν•œ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
10:15
and exercise a bit of imagination, if that's not too much to ask.
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상상λ ₯을 μ’€ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμœΌλ©΄ ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 그런걸
10:19
(Laughter)
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10:20
Which it probably is.
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κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 잘λͺ»μΌμ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
(Laughter)
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10:23
I've coined the phrase "obstructive conservatism."
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μ €λŠ” "훼방적 보수주의"λΌλŠ” μ‹ μ‘°μ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
10:26
So many people in the medical world don't want to change.
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μ˜ν•™κ³„μ˜ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ›λž˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° 특히 이름도
10:29
Particularly when some jumped-up engineer has come along with the answer.
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듀어보지 λͺ»ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆλ„ˆκ°€ 해결책을 가지고 μ™”λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ©΄ λ”μš± κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
그듀은 λ³€ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜μ£ .
10:33
They don't want to change.
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10:34
They simply want to do whatever they've done before.
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그듀은 κ·Έμ € μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ ν•΄μ˜¨ λŒ€λ‘œ κ³„μ†ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
사싀 μ˜κ΅­μ—λŠ” 우리의 ν™˜μžμ€‘ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—
10:37
And in fact, many surgeons in the UK are still waiting
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μ–΄λ–€ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μƒκ²¨μ„œ "λ΄μš”, 그건 μ•ˆλœλ‹€κ³ 
10:40
for one of our patients to have some sort of an episode,
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λ§ν–ˆμž–μ•„μš”"λΌλŠ” 말을 ν•  수 있게
10:43
so that they could say, "Told you that was no good."
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되기λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” μ™Έκ³Όμ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 많이 있죠.
10:46
We've actually got 30 patients.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 30λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μˆ˜μˆ ν–ˆμ£ .
10:48
At seven and a half years,
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μ €λŠ” μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 받은지 7λ…„ 6κ°œμ›”μ΄ 되고
10:50
we've got 90 post-op patient years between us,
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λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λˆ„μ μƒμ‘΄μ—°μˆ˜λŠ” 90년이 λ˜λŠ”λ°
10:52
and we haven't had a single problem.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
10:54
And still, there are people in the UK saying,
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κ·ΈλŸ°λ°λ„ 아직도 μ˜κ΅­μ—λŠ” "λ„€, λŒ€λ™λ§₯ κΈ°λΆ€μˆ 
10:56
"That external aortic root, it will never work, you know."
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κ·Έκ±° μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ μ•ˆλΌμš”."라고 λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 있죠.
10:59
It really is a problem.
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이건 정말 λ¬Έμ ­λ‹ˆλ‹€. 정말 λ¬Έμ œμ˜ˆμš”.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ–Έμ  κ°€ μ˜μ‚¬λ‚˜ μ™Έκ³Όμ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ˜
11:02
I'm sure everyone in this room has come across arrogance
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μ˜€λ§Œν•¨μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ‹  적이 μžˆμœΌμ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
amongst medics, doctors, surgeons, at some point.
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11:08
The middle point is simply the way that the doctors protect themselves.
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μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ˜ λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ ν•­λͺ©μ€ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ 말해
μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ“€ μžμ‹ μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:13
"Well, of course, I'm looking after my patient."
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그듀은 λ¬Όλ‘  κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό 돌봐 μ€€λ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
11:15
I think it's not good, but that's my view.
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제 개인적인 μ˜κ²¬μ€ 이런건 쒋지 μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
Egos, of course, again a huge problem.
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μ˜μ‚¬μ˜ μžλΆ€μ‹¬λ„ μ—­μ‹œ 큰 문제죠.
λ‹€ν•™μ œ νŒ€μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λ©΄
11:22
If you work in a multidisciplinary team,
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같이 μΌν•˜λŠ” λ™λ£Œλ“€μ„ λ―Ώμ–΄μ•Όν•˜κ³ 
11:24
you've got to give your guys the benefit of the doubt,
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11:26
you've got to express support for them.
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그듀을 μ§€μ§€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§ν•΄μ€˜μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
11:28
Tom Treasure, professor of cardiothoracic surgery.
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심μž₯흉뢀외과 μ „λ¬Έμ˜μΈ ν†° νŠΈλž˜μ ΈλŠ”
ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄κ³ 
11:32
Incredible guy.
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11:33
Dead easy to give him respect.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ₯Ό μ‘΄κ²½ν•˜μ£ .
11:35
Him giving me respect? Slightly different.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έκ°€ μ €λ₯Ό μ‘΄κ²½ν•˜λƒλŠ” μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–˜κΈ°μ£ .
11:37
(Laughter)
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ” λ‹€ν•™μ œ νŒ€μ˜ λ‹¨μ λ§Œ μ–˜κΈ° ν–ˆμ£ .
11:39
That's all the bad news.
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11:40
The good news is, the benefits are stonkingly huge.
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그런데, λ‹€ν•™μ œ νŒ€μ˜ μž₯점은 ν˜œνƒμ΄ μ•„μ£Ό λ§‰λŒ€ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:44
Translate that one! I bet they can't.
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이걸 λ²ˆμ—­ν•΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ•„λ§ˆ λͺ»ν•˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:47
(Laughter)
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11:48
When you have a group of people with different professional training,
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μ „λ¬Έ ꡐ윑이 λ‹€λ₯΄κ³ 
직업적인 κ²½ν—˜μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
11:51
a different professional experience,
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11:53
they not only have a different knowledge base,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ§€μ‹μ˜ λΆ„μ•Όλ§Œ λ‹€λ₯Ό 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
세상을 λ³΄λŠ” 관점도 λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ .
11:56
but also a different perspective on everything.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 그런 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ•„μ„œ
11:58
And if you can bring them together,
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그듀이 ν•¨κ»˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³  μ„œλ‘œ 이해할 수 있게
12:00
and get them talking and understanding each other,
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12:02
the results can be spectacular.
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λ§Œλ“€λ©΄ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ˜¬ 수 있죠.
12:05
You can find really novel solutions that have never been looked at before,
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μ „μ—λŠ” 생각지도 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ κΈ°λ°œν•œ
해결책을 맀우 맀우 빨리,
12:10
very quickly and easily.
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그리고 μ‰½κ²Œ 찾을 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:12
You can short-cut huge amounts of work
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그리고 νŒ€μ›λ“€μ˜ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ μ§€μ‹κΈ°λ°˜μ„ 톡해 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λŸ‰μ˜
12:15
simply by using the extended knowledge base you have.
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일을 μš°νšŒν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 지름길을 찾을 수 있죠.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
12:19
And as a result, it's an entirely different use
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μ‚¬μš© κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  기술과 지식을
μ΅œλŒ€ν•œμœΌλ‘œ ν™œμš©ν•  수 있게 되고
12:24
of the technology and the knowledge around you.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 말도 μ•ˆλ˜κ²Œ
12:27
The result of all this is that you can get incredibly quick progress
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적은 μ—°κ΅¬λΉ„λ‘œλ„ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό
12:31
on incredibly small budgets.
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짧은 기간에 얻을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
12:33
I'm so embarrassed at how cheap it was to get from my idea
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μ œκ°€ μ΄μ‹μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›μ•˜μ„λ•Œ κΉŒμ§€ μ†Œμš”λœ
총 μ—°κ΅¬λΉ„λŠ” λΆ€λ„λŸ¬μšΈ μ •λ„λ‘œ μ μ–΄μ„œ
12:37
to me being implanted
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μ œκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλΌκ³  말을 λͺ»ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
that I'm not prepared to tell you what it cost,
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄,
12:41
because I suspect there are absolutely standard surgical treatments,
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ ν™˜μž ν•œλͺ…이
μ™„μ „νžˆ ν‘œμ€€ λŒ€λ™λ§₯ 이식 μˆ˜μˆ μ„
12:45
probably in the USA,
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12:46
which cost more for a one-off patient
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λ°›λŠ”λ° λ“œλŠ” λΉ„μš©μ΄
제 κΏˆμ„ ν˜„μ‹€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ°
12:51
than the cost of us getting from my dream to my reality.
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λ“  λΉ„μš©λ³΄λ‹€ 더 λ§Žμ„μ§€
λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
12:56
That's all I want to say, and I've got three minutes left.
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μ œκ°€ ν•˜κ³  싢은 μ–˜κΈ°λŠ” λ‹€ ν–ˆλŠ”λ° 아직 3λΆ„ λ‚¨μ•˜λ„€μš”.
12:59
So, Ewa's going to like me.
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μ‚¬νšŒμž 헀더가 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜κ² κ΅°μš”.
13:01
If you have any questions, please come up and talk to me later on,
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜μ‹€ 사항이 μžˆμœΌμ‹œλ©΄ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ €ν•œν…Œ λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄
13:04
it would be a pleasure to speak with you.
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기꺼이 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:06
Many thanks.
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13:07
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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