Why giving away our wealth has been the most satisfying thing we've done... | Bill and Melinda Gates

Translator: Basha Sykorova Reviewer: Matej Sykora

Chris Anderson: So, this is an interview with a difference.

Chris Anderson: No, toto je neobyčajný rozhovor.

On the basis that a picture is worth a thousand words,

Vzhľadom na to, že jedna fotka povie viac ako 1000 slov,

what I did was, I asked Bill and Melinda

som poprosil Billa a Melindu,

to dig out from their archive

aby zo svojho archívu vyhrabali nejaké fotky,

some images that would help explain

ktoré by pomohli vysvetliť

some of what they've done,

časť z toho, čo robia

and do a few things that way.

a aby týmto spôsobom spravili pár vecí.

So, we're going to start here.

Takže začneme s týmto.

Melinda, when and where was this,

Melinda, kde a kedy bolo toto

and who is that handsome man next to you?

a kto je ten fešák vedľa teba?

Melinda Gates: With those big glasses, huh?

Melinda Gates: S tými veľkými okuliarmi, čo?

This is in Africa, our very first trip,

Bolo to v Afrike, naša úplne prvá cesta -

the first time either of us had ever been to Africa,

pre oboch prvýkrát v Afrike -

in the fall of 1993.

na jeseň v roku 1993.

We were already engaged to be married.

Boli sme už zasnúbení.

We married a few months later,

Vzali sme sa o pár mesiacov

and this was the trip where we really went to see

a toto bola tá cesta, kedy sme si

the animals and to see the savanna.

išli pozrieť zvieratá a savanu.

It was incredible. Bill had never taken that much time

Bolo to úžasné. Bill si nikdy predtým

off from work.

nezobral toľko voľna z práce.

But what really touched us, actually, were the people,

Ale to, čo nás naozaj zasiahlo,

and the extreme poverty.

boli tí ľudia a tá extrémna chudoba.

We started asking ourselves questions.

Začali sme si klásť otázky.

Does it have to be like this?

Musí to byť takto?

And at the end of the trip,

A na konci tejto cesty

we went out to Zanzibar,

sme šli do Zanzibaru

and took some time to walk on the beach,

a urobili si čas na prechádzku po pláži,

which is something we had done a lot

čo je niečo,

while we were dating.

čo sme počas randenia robili často.

And we'd already been talking about during that time

A v tom čase sme už hovorili o tom, že bohatstvo,

that the wealth that had come from Microsoft

ktoré pochádza z Microsoftu,

would be given back to society,

pôjde naspäť ľudstvu,

but it was really on that beach walk

ale bolo to práve na tejto prechádzke,

that we started to talk about, well,

keď sme začali hovoriť o tom,

what might we do and how might we go about it?

čo a ako by sme mohli spraviť.

CA: So, given that this vacation

CA: Takže keď táto dovolenka

led to the creation of

viedla k vzniku

the world's biggest private foundation,

najväčšej súkromnej nadácie na svete,

it's pretty expensive as vacations go. (Laughter)

vyšla pomerne draho. (Smiech)

MG: I guess so. We enjoyed it.

MG: Asi áno. Užili sme si to.

CA: Which of you was the key instigator here,

CA: Kto z vás bol hlavný riešiteľ,

or was it symmetrical?

či bolo to symetrické?

Bill Gates: Well, I think we were excited

Bill Gates: No, myslím, že sme boli nadšení,

that there'd be a phase of our life

že nastane fáza života,

where we'd get to work together

kedy budeme mať príležitosť spolupracovať

and figure out how to give this money back.

a prísť na to, ako využiť tie peniaze.

At this stage, we were talking about the poorest,

V tomto štádiu sme hovorili o najchudobnejších a o tom,

and could you have a big impact on them?

aký veľký dosah na nich môžeme mať?

Were there things that weren't being done?

Sú veci, ktoré sa nerobili a mali by sa robiť?

There was a lot we didn't know.

Bolo veľa toho, čo sme nevedeli.

Our naïveté is pretty incredible,

Keď sa spätne na to pozrieme,

when we look back on it.

naša naivita bola neuveriteľná.

But we had a certain enthusiasm

Ale mali sme istý entuziazmus,

that that would be the phase,

že toto bude tá fáza,

the post-Microsoft phase

tá fáza po Microsofte

would be our philanthropy.

bude naša filantropia.

MG: Which Bill always thought was going to come

MG: Bill si vždycky myslel, že to príde

after he was 60,

po šesťdesiatke,

so he hasn't quite hit 60 yet,

60 rokov ešte celkom nemá,

so some things change along the way.

takže veci sa časom menia.

CA: So it started there, but it got accelerated.

CA: Takže vtedy to začalo a udalosti nabrali spád.

So that was '93, and it was '97, really,

Bolo to v 93-ťom a až v 97-mom

before the foundation itself started.

vznikla samotná nadácia.

MA: Yeah, in '97, we read an article

MG: Áno, v 97-mom sme čítali článok o tom,

about diarrheal diseases killing so many kids around the world,

ako hnačka vo svete zabíja toľko detí

and we kept saying to ourselves,

a stále sme si hovorili:

"Well that can't be.

"To predsa nemôže byť pravda.

In the U.S., you just go down to the drug store."

V USA stačí zájsť do lekárne."

And so we started gathering scientists

A tak sme začali zhromažďovať vedcov

and started learning about population,

a začali sme sa vzdelávať o obyvateľstve,

learning about vaccines,

o očkovaniach,

learning about what had worked and what had failed,

vzdelávať o tom, čo fungovalo a čo nie

and that's really when we got going,

a vtedy sme sa skutočne rozbehli,

was in late 1998, 1999.

to bolo koncom roku 1998, 1999.

CA: So, you've got a big pot of money

CA: Takže máte mešec plný dukátov

and a world full of so many different issues.

a svet plný rozličných problémov.

How on Earth do you decide what to focus on?

Ako sa pre pána kráľa rozhodnete, na čo sa zamerať?

BG: Well, we decided that we'd pick two causes,

BG: No, rozhodli sme sa, že vyberieme dva účely,

whatever the biggest inequity was globally,

čokoľvek, čo bola najväčšia nespravodlivosť na svete,

and there we looked at children dying,

a tam sme sa pozreli na zomierajúce deti,

children not having enough nutrition to ever develop,

deti, ktoré nemajú dostatok výživy na akýkoľvek vývoj,

and countries that were really stuck,

a na krajiny v slepej uličke,

because with that level of death,

pretože s takou úrovňou úmrtnosti

and parents would have so many kids

a rodičmi, ktorí majú tak veľa detí,

that they'd get huge population growth,

že krajiny majú obrovský nárast populácie

and that the kids were so sick

a že tie deti sú tak choré,

that they really couldn't be educated

že naozaj nemohli byť vzdelané

and lift themselves up.

a pozdvihnúť sa z biedy.

So that was our global thing,

Takže to bola naša celosvetová záležitosť

and then in the U.S.,

a potom v USA,

both of us have had amazing educations,

obaja máme skvelé vzdelanie

and we saw that as the way that the U.S.

a videli sme, že cesta, ako by USA mohlo dodržať

could live up to its promise of equal opportunity

svôj sľub rovnakej príležitosti,

is by having a phenomenal education system,

vedie cez skvelý vzdelávací systém

and the more we learned, the more we realized

a čím viac sme to skúmali, tým viac sme zisťovali,

we're not really fulfilling that promise.

že tento sľub nespĺňame.

And so we picked those two things,

Takže sme vybrali tieto dve veci

and everything the foundation does

a všetko, čomu sa nadácia venuje,

is focused there.

sa zameriava na ne.

CA: So, I asked each of you to pick an image

CA: Poprosil som vás oboch, aby ste vybrali fotku,

that you like that illustrates your work,

ktorú máte radi, ktorá ilustruje vašu činnosť

and Melinda, this is what you picked.

a Melinda, ty si vybrala túto.

What's this about?

O čo sa jedná?

MG: So I, one of the things I love to do when I travel

MG: No, jedna z vecí, ktoré zbožňujem, keď cestujem,

is to go out to the rural areas and talk to the women,

je ísť na vidiek a rozprávať sa so ženami,

whether it's Bangladesh, India, lots of countries in Africa,

či je to Bangladéš, India, kopa krajín v Afrike

and I go in as a Western woman without a name.

a idem tam ako žena zo Západu bez mena.

I don't tell them who I am. Pair of khakis.

Nepoviem im, kto som. Jedny kaki nohavice.

And I kept hearing from women,

A stále mi ženy hovorili,

over and over and over, the more I traveled,

dookola a dookola a dookola, čím viac som cestovala:

"I want to be able to use this shot."

"Chcem mať možnosť použiť túto injekciu."

I would be there to talk to them about childhood vaccines,

Som tam, aby som im povedala o očkovaní detí,

and they would bring the conversation around to

a oni otočia konverzáciu na:

"But what about the shot I get?"

"A čo tá injekcia, ktorú dostanem ja?"

which is an injection they were getting called Depo-Provera,

Majú na mysli injekciu, ktorú dostávali a volá sa Depo-Provera,

which is a contraceptive.

je to antikoncepcia.

And I would come back and talk to global health experts,

A ja som sa vrátila domov a oslovila svetových odborníkov na zdravie

and they'd say, "Oh no, contraceptives

a tí mi povedali: "Ó nie, rozvojový svet

are stocked in in the developing world."

je zásobený antikoncepciou."

Well, you had to dig deeper into the reports,

No, bolo treba poriadne preveriť štúdie

and this is what the team came to me with,

a to, s čím za mnou prišiel tím, je,

which is, to have the number one thing

že najdôležitejšia vec,

that women tell you in Africa they want to use

o ktorej vám ženy v Afrike hovoria, že ju chcú používať,

stocked out more than 200 days a year

nie je na sklade viac ako 200 dní v roku,

explains why women were saying to me,

čo vysvetľuje, prečo mi ženy hovorili:

"I walked 10 kilometers without my husband knowing it,

"Prešla som 10 kilometrov bez vedomia môjho manžela,

and I got to the clinic, and there was nothing there."

prišla som do nemocnice a nič tam nebolo".

And so condoms were stocked in in Africa

Vďaka všetkému úsiliu ohľadom AIDS,

because of all the AIDS work that the U.S.

ktoré podporovali USA a ostatní,

and others supported.

je v Afrike zásoba kondómov.

But women will tell you over and over again,

Ale ženy vám dookola hovoria:

"I can't negotiate a condom with my husband.

"Nemôžem sa s manželom o kondóme baviť.

I'm either suggesting he has AIDS or I have AIDS,

Buď naznačujem, že on má AIDS, alebo že ja mám AIDS,

and I need that tool because then I can space

a ja predsa potrebujem tú možnosť,

aby som načasovala pôrody mojich detí a mohla ich živiť

the births of my children, and I can feed them

and have a chance of educating them."

a mala možnosť dať im vzdelanie."

CA: Melinda, you're Roman Catholic,

CA: Melinda, si rímo-katolíčka

and you've often been embroiled

a často si sa ohľadom tohto

in controversy over this issue,

a ohľadom otázky potratov

and on the abortion question,

dostala do sporov.

on both sides, really.

Vlastne ohľadom obidvoch.

How do you navigate that?

Ako sa s tým vyrovnávaš?

MG: Yeah, so I think that's a really important point,

MG: Áno, myslím si, že veľmi doležitý bod je to,

which is, we had backed away from contraceptives

že sme ako spoločnosť na celom svete

ustúpili od antikoncepcie.

as a global community.

We knew that 210 million women

Vedeli sme, že 210 miliónov žien hovorilo,

were saying they wanted access to contraceptives,

že chcú mať antikoncepciu k dispozícií,

even the contraceptives we have here in the United States,

aj antikoncepciu, ktorú máme tu v USA

and we weren't providing them

a my sme im ju neposkytovali

because of the political controversy in our country,

kvôli politickej kontroverzii v našej krajine.

and to me that was just a crime,

To bol z môjho pohľadu zločin

and I kept looking around trying to find the person

a tak som sa stále snažila nájsť niekoho,

that would get this back on the global stage,

kto by to vrátil na celosvetovú scénu,

and I finally realized I just had to do it.

až som si uvedomila, že to musím spraviť ja.

And even though I'm Catholic,

A napriek tomu, že som katolíčka,

I believe in contraceptives

spolieham sa na antikoncepciu

just like most of the Catholic women in the United States

rovnako ako vačšina katolíčiek v Spojených štátoch,

who report using contraceptives,

ktorá uvádza, že používa antikoncepciu

and I shouldn't let that controversy

a nemala by som dopustiť,

be the thing that holds us back.

aby nám táto kontroverzia bola prekážkou.

We used to have consensus in the United States

Kedysi sme sa v Spojených štátoch

around contraceptives,

zhodovali na antikoncepcii

and so we got back to that global consensus,

a tak sme sa vrátili k celosvetovej zhode

and actually raised 2.6 billion dollars

a vyzbierali v skutočnosti 2,6 miliardy dolárov

around exactly this issue for women.

na práve tento problém žien.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

CA: Bill, this is your graph. What's this about?

CA: Bill, toto je tvoj graf. O čo sa jedná?

BG: Well, my graph has numbers on it.

BG: No, môj graf obsahuje čísla.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

I really like this graph.

Mám tento graf veľmi rád.

This is the number of children

Toto je počet detí, ktoré ročne zomrú

who die before the age of five every year.

pred dosiahnutím piateho roku života.

And what you find is really

A to, čo objavíte,

a phenomenal success story

je fenomenálny úspech,

which is not widely known,

ktorý nie je obecne známy.

that we are making incredible progress.

A síce, že robíme neuveriteľný pokrok.

We go from 20 million

Dostali sme sa z 20-tich miliónov

not long after I was born

krátko po tom, ako som sa narodil,

to now we're down to about six million.

na terajších približne 6 milónov.

Toto je príbeh

So this is a story

predovšetkým vďaka očkovaniam.

largely of vaccines.

Ovčie kiahne ročne zabíjali pár miliónov detí.

Smallpox was killing a couple million kids a year.

Tie boli vyhladené, takže tu sme sa dostali na nulu.

That was eradicated, so that got down to zero.

Osýpky ročne zabíjali pár miliónov detí.

Measles was killing a couple million a year.

That's down to a few hundred thousand.

To sa podarilo znížiť na niekoľko stotisíc.

Anyway, this is a chart

Toto je teda graf,

where you want to get that number to continue,

ktorý ukazuje, kam sa má toto číslo uberať.

and it's going to be possible,

Bude to možné

using the science of new vaccines,

vďaka pokroku s novými očkovaniami

a vďaka tomu, že sa dostanú k deťom.

getting the vaccines out to kids.

We can actually accelerate the progress.

V skutočnosti môžeme ten trend úrýchliť.

The last decade,

Za posledné desaťročie

that number has dropped faster

kleslo toto číslo rýchlejšie

than ever in history,

ako kedykoľvek predtým.

and so I just love the fact that

Jednoducho zbožňujem ten fakt,

že môžete povedať, okej, ak vynájdeme tieto očkovania,

you can say, okay, if we can invent new vaccines,

we can get them out there,

dostaneme ich kam treba,

use the very latest understanding of these things,

využijeme najnovšie poznatky v tejto oblasti

and get the delivery right, that we can perform a miracle.

a správne ich podáme, tak môžeme spraviť zázrak.

CA: I mean, you do the math on this,

CA: Keď si to spočítate,

and it works out, I think, literally

oproti predchádzajúcemu roku

to thousands of kids' lives saved every day

to vyjde doslovne na tisícky zachránených

compared to the prior year.

detských životov za deň.

It's not reported.

Vôbec sa o tom neinformuje.

An airliner with 200-plus deaths

Lietadlo s viac ako 200 obeťami

is a far, far bigger story than that.

je omnoho, omnoho väčšia správa ako toto.

Does that drive you crazy?

Neštve vás to?

BG: Yeah, because it's a silent thing going on.

BG: Áno, pretože to prebieha potichu.

It's a kid, one kid at a time.

Je to dieťa, jedno dieťa rad za radom.

Ninety-eight percent of this

98 percent tohto

has nothing to do with natural disasters,

sa netýka prírodných katastrof

a predsa sú ľudia omnoho veľkorysejší,

and yet, people's charity,

when they see a natural disaster, are wonderful.

keď vidia prírodnú katastrofu.

It's incredible how people think, okay,

Je neuveriteľné, ako ľudia zmýšľajú.

that could be me, and the money flows.

Okej, to mohlo postihnúť mňa a peniaze tečú.

These causes have been a bit invisible.

Tieto účely boli tak trochu neviditeľné.

Now that the Millennium Development Goals

Teraz, ako sa dostávajú do popredia

and various things are getting out there,

Miléniové rozvojové ciele a rôzne ďalšie veci,

we are seeing some increased generosity,

zaznameli sme zvýšenú veľkorysosť,

so the goal is to get this well below a million,

takže cieľ je dostať toto číslo hlboko pod milión,

which should be possible in our lifetime.

čoho by sme sa mali dožiť.

CA: Maybe it needed someone

CA: Možno bolo treba,

who is turned on by numbers and graphs

aby sa na to vrhol niekto,

rather than just the big, sad face

koho zaujímajú čísla a grafy

to get engaged.

skôr než veľká smutná tvár.

I mean, you've used it in your letter this year,

Mám na mysli to, že ste to tento rok použili vo svojom liste,

you used basically this argument to say that aid,

v podstate ste argumentovali,

že na rozdiel od súčasného prevládajúceho názoru,

contrary to the current meme

that aid is kind of worthless and broken,

že pomoc je tak trochu zbytočná a nefungujúca,

that actually it has been effective.

pomoc bola v skutočnosti efektívna.

BG: Yeah, well people can take,

BG: Áno, ľudia si môžu zobrať -

there is some aid that was well-meaning

nájde sa pomoc, ktorá bola dobre myslená,

and didn't go well.

ale dobre nevypálila.

Rovnako sa nájdu investície rizikového kapitálu,

There's some venture capital investments

that were well-meaning and didn't go well.

ktoré boli dobre myslené, ale dobre nevypálili.

You shouldn't just say, okay, because of that,

Nemali by ste jednoducho povedať, okej, na základe toho,

because we don't have a perfect record,

pretože nemáme čistý záznam,

this is a bad endeavor.

je to úsilie zlé.

You should look at, what was your goal?

Mali by ste sa pozrieť na to, aký bol váš cieľ.

How are you trying to uplift nutrition

Ako sa snažíte zlepšiť výživu,

and survival and literacy

úroveň prežitia a gramotnosť,

aby sa tieto krajiny mohli o seba postarať samy

so these countries can take care of themselves,

and say wow, this is going well,

a aby mohli povedať, fíha, toto funguje

and be smarter.

a mohli sa stať múdrejšími.

We can spend aid smarter.

Pomoc môžeme vynaložiť lepšie.

It is not all a panacea.

Nie je to všeliek.

We can do better than venture capital, I think,

Myslím, že môžeme byť úspešnejší ako rizikový kapitál

including big hits like this.

vrátane veľkej trefy ako je táto.

CA: Traditional wisdom is that

CA: Hovorí sa,

it's pretty hard for married couples to work together.

že je dosť ťažké pracovať spolu, keď ste manželia.

How have you guys managed it?

Ako to zvládate vy?

MG: Yeah, I've had a lot of women say to me,

MG: Áno, veľa žien mi hovorí:

"I really don't think I could work with my husband.

"Naozaj si nemyslím, že by som mohla pracovať s mojím manželom.

That just wouldn't work out."

To by proste nedopadlo dobre."

You know, we enjoy it, and we don't --

Viete, my si to užívame a...

this foundation has been a coming to for both of us

táto nádacia je cesta pre nás oboch

in its continuous learning journey,

vďaka neustálemu učeniu sa

and we don't travel together as much

a vlastne pre nadáciu necestujeme spolu

for the foundation, actually, as we used to

až tak často, ako sme zvykli,

when Bill was working at Microsoft.

keď Bill pracoval v Microsofte.

We have more trips where we're traveling separately,

Síce podnikáme viac ciest oddelene,

but I always know when I come home,

ale stále som si vedomá, že keď prídem domov,

Bill's going to be interested in what I learned,

Bill sa bude zaujímať o to, čo som sa dozvedela,

whether it's about women or girls

či sa to týka žien alebo dievčat,

or something new about the vaccine delivery chain,

niečoho nového ohľadom distribúcie očkovaní

or this person that is a great leader.

alebo toho človeka, ktorý je skvelý líder.

He's going to listen and be really interested.

Bude počúvať a bude ho to naozaj zaujímať.

And he knows when he comes home,

A on si je vedomý, že keď príde domov,

even if it's to talk about the speech he did

aj keď to znamená hovoriť o jeho príhovore

or the data or what he's learned,

alebo dátach alebo o tom, čo sa dozvedel,

I'm really interested,

mňa to veľmi zaujíma.

and I think we have a really collaborative relationship.

Myslím, že máme vzťah plný spolupráce.

But we don't every minute together, that's for sure.

Ale netrávime spolu každú minútu, určite nie.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

CA: Ale teraz ste spolu a pre nás je to veľké potešenie.

CA: But now you are, and we're very happy that you are.

Melinda, early on, you were basically

Melinda, na začiatku bolo v podstate

largely running the show.

všetko na tvojich pleciach.

Tuším pred šiestimi rokmi

Six years ago, I guess,

Bill came on full time, so moved from Microsoft

Bill prešiel na plný úväzok, teda presunul sa z Microsoftu

and became full time.

a začal na plný úväzok.

That must have been hard,

Muselo byť ťažké

adjusting to that. No?

prispôsobiť sa tomu, nie?

MG: Yeah. I think actually,

MG: Áno. Vlastne si myslím,

že z príchodu Billa

for the foundation employees,

mali zamestnanci nadácie

there was way more angst for them

than there was for me about Bill coming.

omnoho väčšie obavy ako ja.

Ja som sa v skutočnosti veľmi tešila.

I was actually really excited.

I mean, Bill made this decision

Samozrejme, že Bill spravil toto rozhodnutie pred tým,

even obviously before it got announced in 2006,

ako bolo oznámené v roku 2006.

and it was really his decision,

Bolo to naozaj jeho rozhodnutie,

but again, it was a beach vacation

ale opäť to bola plážová dovolenka,

where we were walking on the beach

prechádzali sme sa po pláži

and he was starting to think of this idea.

a on začal nad tým uvažovať.

And for me, the excitement of Bill

Pre mňa to,

putting his brain and his heart

že Bill zapojí svoj rozum a dá svoje srdce

against these huge global problems,

do týchto obrovských globálnych problémov,

these inequities, to me that was exciting.

týchto nespravodlivostí, to bolo pre mňa vzrušujúce.

Yes, the foundation employees had angst about that.

Áno, zamestnanci nadácie mali obavy.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

CA: That's cool.

CA: To je v pohode.

MG: But that went away within three months,

MG: Ale tie odišli do troch mesiacov

once he was there.

po jeho príchode.

BG: Including some of the employees.

BG: Vrátane zamestnancov.

MG: That's what I said, the employees,

MG: To som povedala, zamestnanci sa zbavili

it went away for them three months after you were there.

obáv do troch mesiacov, čo si prišiel.

BG: No, I'm kidding. MG: Oh, you mean, the employees didn't go away.

BG: Nie, robím si srandu. MG: Ach, ty myslíš - nie, zamestnanci neodišli.

BG: A few of them did, but —

BG: Niekoľkí odišli, ale...

(Laughter)

CA: So what do you guys argue about?

(Smiech)

CA: Takže čo je predmetom vašich hádok?

Sunday, 11 o'clock,

Nedeľa, 11 hodín,

you're away from work,

ste mimo práce,

what comes up? What's the argument?

čo príde na pretras? O čom je tá hádka?

BG: Because we built this thing

BG: Vďaka tomu, že sme to

together from the beginning,

od začiatku vybudovali spolu,

it's this great partnership.

je to skvelé partnerstvo.

I had that with Paul Allen

Zažil som to s Paulom Allenom

in the early days of Microsoft.

na začiatku Microsoftu.

I had it with Steve Ballmer as Microsoft got bigger,

Zažil som to so Steveom Ballmerom, keď Microsoft rástol

and now Melinda, and in even stronger,

a teraz s Melindou je to ešte silnejší,

equal ways, is the partner,

rovnocennejší partner,

so we talk a lot about

takže veľa diskutujeme o tom,

which things should we give more to,

na ktoré účely by sme mali dať viac,

which groups are working well?

ktoré skupiny fungujú dobre.

She's got a lot of insight.

Má veľmi dobrý prehľad.

She'll sit down with the employees a lot.

Často si sadne k zamestnancom.

We'll take the different trips she described.

Vydáme sa na rôzne cesty, ktoré opísala.

So there's a lot of collaboration.

Takže je to veľmi o spolupráci.

I can't think of anything where one of us

Nenapadá ma nič, na čo by

had a super strong opinion

jeden z nás tvrdohlavo

about one thing or another?

zastával svoj názor.

CA: How about you, Melinda, though? Can you? (Laughter)

CA: A čo ty, Melinda? Napadá ťa niečo? (Smiech)

You never know.

Jeden nikdy nevie.

MG: Well, here's the thing.

MG: No, ono je to takto.

We come at things from different angles,

Máme na veci rôzny uhol pohľadu

and I actually think that's really good.

a to si myslím, že je veľmi dobré.

So Bill can look at the big data

Bill sa teda pozrie na kopu dát a povie:

and say, "I want to act based on these global statistics."

"Chcem konať na základe týchto globálnych čísel."

For me, I come at it from intuition.

Pre mňa je to skôr o intuícii.

I meet with lots of people on the ground

Stretávam sa v teréne s mnohými ľuďmi

and Bill's taught me to take that

a Bill ma naučil využiť to na to,

and read up to the global data and see if they match,

aby som zistila, či sa to zhoduje s tými globálnymi číslami,

and I think what I've taught him

a myslím, že to, čo som ho naučila ja,

is to take that data

je zobrať tie čísla

and meet with people on the ground to understand,

a stretnúť sa s tými ľuďmi v teréne,

can you actually deliver that vaccine?

aby zistil, či vôbec dokážeme podať to očkovanie.

Can you get a woman to accept those polio drops

Dokážeme priviesť ženu k tomu, aby sa tie kvapky na obrnu

in her child's mouth?

ocitli v ústach jej dieťaťa?

Because the delivery piece

Pretože tá fáza podávania

is every bit as important as the science.

je rovnako dôležitá ako tá veda.

So I think it's been more a coming to over time

Takže myslím, že je to skôr proces

towards each other's point of view,

zjednodocovania našich nározov

and quite frankly, the work is better because of it.

a úprimne povedané, je to na prospech našej práce.

CA: So, in vaccines and polio and so forth,

CA: Takže v očkovaniach, obrne a tak ďalej

you've had some amazing successes.

ste zaznamenali obrovské úspechy.

What about failure, though?

Ale čo neúspechy?

Can you talk about a failure

Môžete povedať o neúspechu

and maybe what you've learned from it?

a prípadne o tom, čo ste sa z neho naučili?

BG: Yeah. Fortunately, we can afford a few failures,

BG: Iste. Našťastie si môžeme dovoliť pár neúspechov,

because we've certainly had them.

lebo určite sme ich zaznamenali.

We do a lot of drug work or vaccine work

Veľa úsilia venujeme liečivám alebo očkovaniam,

pri ktorých viete, že prídu rôzne zlyhania.

that you know you're going to have different failures.

Napríklad jedno z tých, ktorému sa dostalo veľa pozornosti,

Like, we put out, one that got a lot of publicity

was asking for a better condom.

bolo požadovanie lepšieho kondómu.

Well, we got hundreds of ideas.

No, prišli nám stovky nápadov.

Maybe a few of those will work out.

Možno niekoľko z nich vyjde.

We were very naïve, certainly I was, about a drug

Boli sme veľmi naivní, minimálne ja, čo sa týka lieku

proti jednej chorobe v Indii, viscerálnej leishmanniáze,

for a disease in India, visceral leishmaniasis,

o ktorom som si myslel, že keď ho budem mať,

that I thought, once I got this drug,

môžeme proste vyhladiť túto chorobu.

we can just go wipe out the disease.

Well, turns out it took an injection

No, ukázalo sa, že počas 10-tich dní

every day for 10 days.

bolo treba každodennú injekciu.

It took three more years to get it than we expected,

Vyvinúť ho trvalo o tri roky dlhšie, ako sme očakávali

and then there was no way

a potom neexistoval spôsob,

it was going to get out there.

ako ho tam distribuovať.

Fortunately, we found out

Našťastie sme zistili,

that if you go kill the sand flies,

že ak zabijete ten hmyz - piesočné mušky,

you probably can have success there,

máte nejakú šancu uspieť.

but we spent five years,

Ale strávili sme päť rokov,

you could say wasted five years,

dalo by sa povedať zabili päť rokov

and about 60 million,

a približne 60 miliónov,

on a path that turned out to have

na postupe, ktorý sa ukázal byť

very modest benefit when we got there.

nie veľmi užitočný, keď sme ho zaviedli.

CA: You're spending, like, a billion dollars a year

CA: Myslím, že ročne vynaložíte približne miliardu dolárov

in education, I think, something like that.

na vzdelávanie, zhruba takú sumu.

Is anything, the story of what's gone right there

Je niečo... príbeh o tom, čo sa vám v tejto oblasti podarilo,

is quite a long and complex one.

je dosť dlhý a komplexný.

Are there any failures that you can talk about?

Môžete spomenúť nejaké neúspechy?

MG: Povedala by som, že obrovská lekcia

MG: Well, I would say a huge lesson for us

out of the early work is we thought

z počiatočného úsilia bolo pre nás to,

that these small schools were the answer,

že sme si mysleli, že malé školy sú odpoveďou

and small schools definitely help.

a malé školy určite pomáhajú.

They bring down the dropout rate.

Znižujú počet žiakov, ktorí zanechajú školu.

They have less violence and crime in those schools.

Na malých školách sa vyskytuje menej násilia a kriminality.

But the thing that we learned from that work,

Ale to, čo sme si z toho úsilia zobrali

and what turned out to be the fundamental key,

a čo sa ukázalo byť klúčom k úspechu,

is a great teacher in front of the classroom.

je skvelý učiteľ stojaci pred triedou.

If you don't have an effective teacher

Ak nestojí pred triedou

in the front of the classroom,

efektívny učiteľ,

I don't care how big or small the building is,

je jedno, či je školská budova malá alebo veľká,

you're not going to change the trajectory

neovplyvníte to, či bude žiak

of whether that student will be ready for college.

pripravený na vysokú školu alebo nie.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

CA: So Melinda, this is you and

CA: Tak, Melinda, tu si ty

your eldest daughter, Jenn.

so svojou najstaršou dcérou Jenn.

And just taken about three weeks ago, I think,

Myslím, že to bolo odfotené len pred tromi či štyrmi týždňami.

three or four weeks ago. Where was this?

Kde to bolo?

MG: So we went to Tanzania.

MG: Vybrali sme sa do Tanzánie.

Jenn's been to Tanzania.

Jenn už bola v Tanzánii.

All our kids have been to Africa quite a bit, actually.

Vlastne všetky naše deti boli dosť veľakrát v Afrike.

And we did something very different,

A spravili sme niečo úplne iné,

which is, we decided to go spend

teda rozhodli sme sa stráviť

two nights and three days with a family.

dve noci a tri dni s jednou rodinou.

Anna and Sanare are the parents.

Rodičia sa volajú Anna a Sanare.

They invited us to come and stay in their boma.

Pozvali nás, aby sme prišli a bývali v ich domčeku.

Actually, the goats had been there, I think,

Vlastne tuším, že pred tým,

living in that particular little hut

ako sme tam prišli my,

on their little compound before we got there.

žili v tom domčeku kozy z ich malého statku.

And we stayed with their family,

Tak sme bývali v ich rodine

and we really, really learned

a naozaj, naozaj zistili,

what life is like in rural Tanzania.

aké je to žiť na vidieku v Tanzánii.

And the difference between just going

Je nesmierny rozdiel medzi tým,

and visiting for half a day

či idete na pol alebo trištvrte dňa

or three quarters of a day

na návštevu,

versus staying overnight was profound,

a tým, či zostanete na noc.

and so let me just give you one explanation of that.

Dovoľte mi objasniť to na jednom príklade.

They had six children, and as I talked to Anna

Mali šesť detí a keď som sa rozprávala s Annou v kuchyni,

in the kitchen, we cooked for about five hours

v ten deň sme v domčeku na varenie

in the cooking hut that day,

varili asi päť hodín,

and as I talked to her, she had absolutely planned

povedala mi, že s manželom si úplne

and spaced with her husband

naplánovali a načasovali

the births of their children.

pôrody ich detí.

It was a very loving relationship.

Bol to láskyplný vzťah.

This was a Maasai warrior and his wife,

Šlo o masajského vojaka a jeho ženu,

but they had decided to get married,

ale rozhodli sa zobrať sa

they clearly had respect and love in the relationship.

a očividne mali vo vzťahu rešpekt a lásku.

Their children, their six children,

Ich deti, ich šesť detí,

the two in the middle were twins, 13,

tie dve v strede sú trinásťročné dvojičky,

a boy, and a girl named Grace.

chlapec, a dievča menom Grace.

And when we'd go out to chop wood

Keď sme išli zháňať drevo

and do all the things that Grace and her mother would do,

a robiť všetky tie veci, ktoré Grace s matkou robievajú -

Grace was not a child, she was an adolescent,

Grace nebola dieťaťom, bola dospievajúca,

but she wasn't an adult.

ale nebola dospelá.

She was very, very shy.

Bola veľmi, veľmi hanblivá.

So she kept wanting to talk to me and Jenn.

Stále sa chcela rozprávať so mnou a Jenn.

We kept trying to engage her, but she was shy.

Snažili sme sa ju zapojiť, ale bola hanblivá.

And at night, though,

Ale v noci,

when all the lights went out in rural Tanzania,

keď všetky svetlá na vidieku v Tanzánii zhasli

and there was no moon that night,

a v tú noc po prvýkrát

the first night, and no stars,

nesvietil ani mesiac ani hviezdy,

and Jenn came out of our hut

Jenn vyšla z nášho domčeku

with her REI little headlamp on,

so svojou malou lampičkou značky REI na čele,

Grace went immediately,

Grace vyšla hneď von,

and got the translator,

priviedla prekladateľa

came straight up to my Jenn and said,

a prišla priamo k mojej Jenn a povedala:

"When you go home,

"Keď pôjdeš domov,

môžeš mi nechať svoju lampičku,

can I have your headlamp

so I can study at night?"

aby som sa mohla v noci učiť?"

CA: Oh, wow.

CA: Fíha.

MG: And her dad had told me

MG: A jej otec mi povedal,

how afraid he was that unlike the son,

že má obavy, že na rozdiel od syna,

who had passed his secondary exams,

ktorý spravil stredoškolské skúšky,

because of her chores,

Grace sa kvôli jej domácim prácam

she'd not done so well

nedarilo tak dobre

and wasn't in the government school yet.

a zatiaľ sa nedostala na štátnu školu.

He said, "I don't know how I'm going to pay for her education.

Povedal: "Neviem, ako jej zaplatím vzdelanie.

I can't pay for private school,

Súkromnú školu si nemôžem dovoliť

and she may end up on this farm like my wife."

a tak možno skončí na tejto farme rovnako ako moja žena."

So they know the difference

Takže sú si nesmierne vedomí rozdielu,

that an education can make

in a huge, profound way.

aký môže spraviť vzdelanie -

v obrovskej a zásadnej miere.

CA: I mean, this is another pic

CA: No, toto je ďalšia fotka

of your other two kids, Rory and Phoebe,

vašich zvyšných dvoch detí, Rory a Phoebe,

along with Paul Farmer.

spolu s Paulom Farmerom.

Bringing up three children

Výchova troch detí,

when you're the world's richest family

keď ste najbohatšou rodinou na svete,

seems like a social experiment

sa zdá byť spoločenským experimentom

without much prior art.

bez predošlých skúseností.

How have you managed it?

Ako to zvládate?

What's been your approach?

Aký je váš prístup?

BG: Well, I'd say overall

BG: No, povedal by som,

že deti dostávajú skvelé vzdelanie,

the kids get a great education,

but you've got to make sure

ale človek sa musí uistiť,

they have a sense of their own ability

že sú si vedomé svojich schopností

and what they're going to go and do,

a toho, čo budú robiť.

and our philosophy has been

Naša filozofia je jednať

to be very clear with them --

s nimi na rovinu -

most of the money's going to the foundation --

väčšina peňazí ide nadácii -

and help them find something they're excited about.

a pomôcť im nájsť niečo, pre čo majú zanietenie.

We want to strike a balance where they have

Chceme nájsť zlatú strednú cestu,

the freedom to do anything

aby mohli robiť čokoľvek,

but not a lot of money showered on them

ale neboli zasypané peniazmi,

so they could go out and do nothing.

aby mohli nerobiť nič.

And so far, they're fairly diligent,

A zatiaľ sa celkom držia,

excited to pick their own direction.

tešia sa, ako si vyberú svoj smer.

CA: You've obviously guarded their privacy carefully for obvious reasons.

CA: Samozrejme, že ste z očividných dôvodov pozorne chránili ich súkromie.

I'm curious why you've given me permission

Zaujíma ma, prečo ste mi teraz dovolili

to show this picture now here at TED.

ukázať túto fotku tu na TED.

MG: Well, it's interesting.

MG: No, je to zaujímavé.

As they get older, they so know

Ako vyrastajú, sú si plne vedomé,

that our family belief is about responsibility,

že naše rodinné presvedčenie je o zodpovednosti,

that we are in an unbelievable situation

že sme v neuveriteľnej pozícii

just to live in the United States

už len preto, že žijeme v USA

and have a great education,

a máme skvelé vzdelanie

a že nesieme zodpovednosť za to, aby sme sa svetu odvďačili.

and we have a responsibility to give back to the world.

And so as they get older

Teda čím sú staršie

and we are teaching them --

a učíme ich -

they have been to so many countries around the world —

boli už v toľkých krajinách po svete -

they're saying,

hovoria,

chceme, aby ľudia vedeli, že veríme tomu,

we do want people to know that we believe

in what you're doing, Mom and Dad,

čo robíte, mami a tati

and it is okay to show us more.

a je v poriadku častejšie nás ukazovať.

So we have their permission to show this picture,

Takže máme ich súhlas ukázať túto fotku

and I think Paul Farmer is probably going to put it

a myslím, že Paul Farmer ju asi

eventually in some of his work.

nakoniec použije vo svojej práci.

But they really care deeply

Ale vážne im hlboko záleží

about the mission of the foundation, too.

na misii nadácie.

CA: You've easily got enough money

CA: Aj napriek vašim obrovským príspevkom nadácii

despite your vast contributions to the foundation

máte nesporne dosť peňazí na to,

to make them all billionaires.

aby ste z nich spravili miliardárov.

Is that your plan for them?

Máte to v pláne?

BG: Nope. No. They won't have anything like that.

BG: Nie, nie. Nedostanú nič také.

They need to have a sense

Potrebujú mať pocit,

that their own work is meaningful and important.

že ich vlastná práca má zmysel a je dôležitá.

We read an article long, actually, before we got married,

Ešte predtým, ako sme sa zobrali, sme čítali jeden článok,

where Warren Buffett talked about that,

v ktorom Warren Buffet hovoril práve o tomto.

and we're quite convinced that it wasn't a favor

Sme celkom presvedčení, že by to nebolo

either to society or to the kids.

pre dobro spoločnosti ani ich.

CA: Well, speaking of Warren Buffett,

CA: No, keď je reč o Warrenovi Buffettovi,

something really amazing happened in 2006,

v roku 2006 sa stalo niečo naozaj úžasné,

when somehow your only real rival

keď tvoj jediný skutočný rival v súboji

for richest person in America

o najbohatšieho človeka Ameriky

suddenly turned around and agreed to give

prekvapil tým, že súhlasil,

80 percent of his fortune

že daruje 80% svojho majetku

to your foundation.

vašej nadácii.

How on Earth did that happen?

Ako sa to pre pána kráľa stalo?

Domnievam sa, že existuje dlhá a krátka verzia.

I guess there's a long version and a short version of that.

We've got time for the short version.

Máme čas na tú krátku.

BG: All right. Well, Warren was a close friend,

BG: Dobre. No, Warren je blízky priateľ

and he was going to have his wife Suzie

a chcel, aby to všetko darovala

give it all away.

jeho manželka Suzie.

Tragically, she passed away before he did,

Bohužiaľ, zomrela skôr ako on

and he's big on delegation, and

a keďže je veľký zástanca delegácie

— (Laughter) —

(Smiech)

he said —

povedal -

CA: Tweet that.

BG: If he's got somebody who is doing something well,

CA: Tweetujte to.

BG: Ak má niekoho, kto robí niečo dobre

and is willing to do it at no charge,

a je ochotný robiť to zadarmo,

maybe that's okay. But we were stunned.

snáď je to v poriadku. Ale boli sme ohromení.

MG: Totally stunned. BG: We had never expected it,

MG: Úplne ohromení. BG: Vôbec sme to nečakali

and it has been unbelievable.

a bolo to neuveriteľné.

It's allowed us to increase our ambition

Výrazne nám to umožnilo zvýšiť ambície

in what the foundation can do quite dramatically.

ohľadom toho, čo môže nadácia robiť.

Half the resources we have

Polovica zdrojov, ktoré máme,

come from Warren's mind-blowing generosity.

je výsledkom Warrenovej dych berúcej veľkorysosti.

CA: And I think you've pledged that

Myslím, že ste sľúbili,

by the time you're done,

že keď vyprší váš čas,

more than, or 95 percent of your wealth,

viac ako alebo 95% vášho majetku

will be given to the foundation.

pôjde nadácii.

BG: Yes.

BG: Áno.

CA: And since this relationship, it's amazing—

CA: A tento vzťah... je to úžasné.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

And recently, you and Warren

Nedávno ste s Warrenom

obchádzali ďalších miliardárov a úspešných ľudí

have been going around trying to persuade

other billionaires and successful people

a snažili sa ich predsvedčiť,

to pledge to give, what,

aby sľúbili, že darujú

more than half of their assets for philanthropy.

viac ako polovicu svojho majetku na filantropiu.

How is that going?

Ako sa vám s tým darí?

BG: Well, we've got about 120 people

BG: Máme okolo 120 ľudí,

who have now taken this giving pledge.

ktorí už prisľúbili dar.

The thing that's great is that we get together

Čo je na tom skvelé je, že každoročne

yearly and talk about, okay,

sa stretávame a diskutujeme o tom,

do you hire staff, what do you give to them?

okej, najímate ľudí, čo im dávate?

We're not trying to homogenize it.

Nesnažíme sa to homogenizovať.

I mean, the beauty of philanthropy

Krása filantropie spočíva

is this mind-blowing diversity.

práve v dych berúcej rôznorodosti.

People give to some things.

Ľudia na niečo darujú.

We look and go, "Wow."

Pozrieme sa na to a povieme: "Fíha."

But that's great.

Ale to je skvelé.

That's the role of philanthropy

Úlohou filantropie je

is to pick different approaches,

vybrať si rôzne prístupy,

aj v rámci jednej oblasti, ako napríklad vzdelávanie.

including even in one space, like education.

We need more experimentation.

Potrebujeme viac experimentovať.

But it's been wonderful, meeting those people,

Ale je to úžasné, stretávať tých ľudí,

sharing their journey to philanthropy,

ktorí zdieľajú svoju cestu k filantropii.

how they involve their kids,

To, ako zatiahnu svoje deti,

where they're doing it differently,

v čom robia veci inak.

and it's been way more successful than we expected.

Malo to oveľa väčší úspech, ako sme očakávali.

Now it looks like it'll just keep growing in size

Momentálne to vyzerá tak,

in the years ahead.

že sa to v budúcnosti bude len rozrastať.

MG: And having people see that other people

MG: A ľudia majú možnosť vidieť,

are making change with philanthropy,

že iní ľudia dosiahnu filantropiou zmenu.

I mean, these are people who have

Mám na mysli to, že títo ľudia

created their own businesses,

založili vlastné firmy,

put their own ingenuity behind incredible ideas.

vložili svoju dômyselnosť do neuveriteľných nápadov.

If they put their ideas and their brain

Ak vložia svoje nápady a intelekt

behind philanthropy, they can change the world.

do filantropie, môžu zmeniť svet.

And they start to see others doing it, and saying,

A teda začnú vidieť, čo robia iní, a povedia:

"Wow, I want to do that with my own money."

"Fíha, chcem spraviť to isté s mojimi peniazmi."

To me, that's the piece that's incredible.

To je pre mňa tá časť, ktorá je úžasná.

CA: It seems to me, it's actually really hard

CA: Zdá sa mi, že pre niektorých ľudí

for some people to figure out

je naozaj ťažké prísť už len na to,

even how to remotely spend that much money

ako vôbec vynaložiť toľko peňazí

on something else.

na niečo iné.

There are probably some billionaires in the room

Pravdepodobne sú tu prítomní nejakí miliardári

and certainly some successful people.

a určite nejakí úspešní ľudia.

I'm curious, can you make the pitch?

Zaujíma ma, či to dokážete predať?

What's the pitch?

Ako to predávate?

BG: Well, it's the most fulfilling thing

BG: No, napĺňa nás to viac

we've ever done,

ako čokoľvek predtým

and you can't take it with you,

a nemôžete si to zobrať so sebou

and if it's not good for your kids,

a ak to neprospeje vašim deťom,

spojme sa a hľadajme nápady,

let's get together and brainstorm

about what we can be done.

ohľadom toho, čo sa dá spraviť.

The world is a far better place

Svet sa stal omnoho lepším

because of the philanthropists of the past,

vďaka filantropistom z minulosti

and the U.S. tradition here, which is the strongest,

a americkú tradíciu, ktorá je najsilnejšia,

is the envy of the world.

nám závidí celý svet.

And part of the reason I'm so optimistic

Jeden z dôvodov, prečo som taký optimista,

is because I do think philanthropy

je, že si naozaj myslím, že filantropia

is going to grow

sa bude rozširovať

and take some of these things

a zaoberať sa niektorými z tých vecí,

government's not just good at working on and discovering

ktoré vláda jednoducho nie je schopná adresovať a odhaľovať.

and shine some light in the right direction.

Ukáže cestu správnym smerom.

CA: The world's got this terrible inequality,

CA: Svetom zmieta hrozná nerovnosť,

rastúci problém nerovnosti,

growing inequality problem

that seems structural.

ktorý sa zdá byť štrukturálny.

It does seem to me that if more of your peers

Naozaj sa mi zdá, že keby viacerí podobní ľudia

took the approach that you two have made,

zvolili rovnaký prístup ako vy dvaja,

it would make a dent

zredukovalo by to ten problém,

both in that problem and certainly

ale určite aj pohľad

in the perception of that problem.

na veľkosť toho problému.

Is that a fair comment?

Dá sa to tak povedať?

BG: Oh yeah. If you take from the most wealthy

BG: Ale áno. Je dobré, ak zoberiete

and give to the least wealthy, it's good.

najbohatším a dáte najchudobnejším.

It tries to balance out, and that's just.

Vedie to k rovnováhe a tá je spravodlivá.

MG: But you change systems.

MG: Ale meníte systémy.

In the U.S., we're trying to change the education system

V USA sa snažíme zmeniť systém vzdelávania,

so it's just for everybody

aby bol pre všetkých spravodlivý

and it works for all students.

a fungoval pre všetkých žiakov.

That, to me, really changes

To z môjho pohľadu naozaj ovplyňuje

the inequality balance.

jazýček váh nerovnosti.

BG: That's the most important.

BG: To je najdôležitejšie.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

CA: Well, I really think that most people here

CA: No, naozaj si myslím, že vo väčšine prítomných

and many millions around the world

a v miliónoch ľúdí po celom svete

are just in awe of the trajectory

vzbudzuje dráha,

your lives have taken

ktorú vaše životy nabrali

and the spectacular degree to which

a tá obrovská miera

ako ovplyvnili budúcnosť, veľkú úctu.

you have shaped the future.

Veľmi vám ďakujem, že ste prišli na TED,

Thank you so much for coming to TED

and for sharing with us and for all you do.

podelili sa s nami, a za všetko, čo robíte.

BG: Thank you. MG: Thank you.

BG: Ďakujeme. MG: Ďakujeme.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

BG: Thank you. MG: Thank you very much.

BG: Ďakujeme. MG: Ďakujeme veľmi pekne.

BG: All right, good job. (Applause)

BG: Fajn, dobrá práca. (Potlesk)