Why we think it's OK to cheat and steal (sometimes) | Dan Ariely

768,056 views ใƒป 2009-03-18

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Clair Han ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hugh Hyung-uk Choi
00:19
I want to talk to you today a little bit
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ง์”€์€
00:21
about predictable irrationality.
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์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And my interest in irrational behavior
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด
00:28
started many years ago in the hospital.
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์ˆ˜๋…„ ์ „ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
I was burned very badly.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์ฃ .
00:35
And if you spend a lot of time in hospital,
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๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด
00:38
you'll see a lot of types of irrationalities.
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๋งŽ์€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
And the one that particularly bothered me in the burn department
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ํ™”์ƒ์™ธ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ดด๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๊ฑด
00:46
was the process by which the nurses took the bandage off me.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:51
Now, you must have all taken a Band-Aid off at some point,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฏค์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ์œผ์‹คํ…๋ฐ
00:53
and you must have wondered what's the right approach.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Do you rip it off quickly -- short duration but high intensity --
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด๊นŒ - ์งง์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ -
01:00
or do you take your Band-Aid off slowly --
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋œฏ์„๊นŒ -
01:02
you take a long time, but each second is not as painful --
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ๋œ ์•„ํ”„์ฃ .
01:06
which one of those is the right approach?
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:09
The nurses in my department thought that the right approach
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์ œ ๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
01:13
was the ripping one, so they would grab hold and they would rip,
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋œฏ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋œฏ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ 
01:16
and they would grab hold and they would rip.
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๋˜ ์žก์•„์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
And because I had 70 percent of my body burned, it would take about an hour.
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ ๋ชธ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์„œ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
And as you can imagine,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
01:25
I hated that moment of ripping with incredible intensity.
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์ €๋Š” ์งง๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋œฏ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
And I would try to reason with them and say,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ป˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:31
"Why don't we try something else?
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"์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
01:32
Why don't we take it a little longer --
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ -
01:34
maybe two hours instead of an hour -- and have less of this intensity?"
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ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„ - ๋” ์‚ด์‚ด ๋–ผ๋‚ด์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?"
01:39
And the nurses told me two things.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
They told me that they had the right model of the patient --
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:45
that they knew what was the right thing to do to minimize my pain --
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์ฆ‰, ์ œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
01:48
and they also told me that the word patient doesn't mean
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—๋Š”
01:51
to make suggestions or to interfere or ...
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์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
This is not just in Hebrew, by the way.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์œ ๋Œ€์–ด์˜ ๋œป๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . (์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ด์—ˆ์Œ)
01:56
It's in every language I've had experience with so far.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
And, you know, there's not much -- there wasn't much I could do,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:03
and they kept on doing what they were doing.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
And about three years later, when I left the hospital,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ‡ด์›์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:08
I started studying at the university.
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๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:11
And one of the most interesting lessons I learned
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
02:14
was that there is an experimental method
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์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
that if you have a question you can create a replica of this question
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๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
02:20
in some abstract way, and you can try to examine this question,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
maybe learn something about the world.
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:26
So that's what I did.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
I was still interested
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
02:29
in this question of how do you take bandages off burn patients.
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ํ™”์ƒํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:31
So originally I didn't have much money,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์–ด์„œ
02:34
so I went to a hardware store and I bought a carpenter's vice.
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๊ณต๊ตฌ์ ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ชฉ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค(๊ณต์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณ ์ •์žฅ์น˜)๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And I would bring people to the lab and I would put their finger in it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์— ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋„ฃ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:42
and I would crunch it a little bit.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์กฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:46
And I would crunch it for long periods and short periods,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์กฐ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž ๊น ์กฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:49
and pain that went up and pain that went down,
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์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:51
and with breaks and without breaks -- all kinds of versions of pain.
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์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
And when I finished hurting people a little bit, I would ask them,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:57
so, how painful was this? Or, how painful was this?
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์ด๊ฑด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•„ํŒ ์–ด์š”? ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•„ํŒ ์–ด์š”?
02:59
Or, if you had to choose between the last two,
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๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:01
which one would you choose?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:06
I kept on doing this for a while.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:11
And then, like all good academic projects, I got more funding.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ €๋„ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
03:15
I moved to sounds, electrical shocks --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Œํ–ฅ, ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
I even had a pain suit that I could get people to feel much more pain.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋” ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์‹คํ—˜๋ณต๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:22
But at the end of this process,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ 
03:26
what I learned was that the nurses were wrong.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Here were wonderful people with good intentions
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:32
and plenty of experience, and nevertheless
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๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:34
they were getting things wrong predictably all the time.
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์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์„ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:38
It turns out that because we don't encode duration
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
03:41
in the way that we encode intensity,
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๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:43
I would have had less pain if the duration would have been longer
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
03:47
and the intensity was lower.
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๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์•„ํŒ ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
It turns out it would have been better to start with my face,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
03:52
which was much more painful, and move toward my legs,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์–ผ๊ตด์ชฝ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด
03:54
giving me a trend of improvement over time --
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์ €๋Š” ์ ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:57
that would have been also less painful.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋œ ์•„ํŒ ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
And it also turns out that it would have been good
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
04:00
to give me breaks in the middle to kind of recuperate from the pain.
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์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์ข€ ์‰ฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์—์„œ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
All of these would have been great things to do,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:04
and my nurses had no idea.
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์ œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:07
And from that point on I started thinking,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:08
are the nurses the only people in the world who get things wrong
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋งŒ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ๊ฑธ๊นŒ
04:11
in this particular decision, or is it a more general case?
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์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•œํ•ด์„œ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
04:14
And it turns out it's a more general case --
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
there's a lot of mistakes we do.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:19
And I want to give you one example of one of these irrationalities,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
and I want to talk to you about cheating.
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๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ ์†์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:27
And the reason I picked cheating is because it's interesting,
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:29
but also it tells us something, I think,
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๋˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
about the stock market situation we're in.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
04:34
So, my interest in cheating started
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑด
04:37
when Enron came on the scene, exploded all of a sudden,
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์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ„ฐ์ง„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
and I started thinking about what is happening here.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:42
Is it the case that there was kind of
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
04:43
a few apples who are capable of doing these things,
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฑด์ง€
04:46
or are we talking a more endemic situation,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ข€ ๋” ๋ถ€์ •์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์–ด์„œ
04:48
that many people are actually capable of behaving this way?
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
So, like we usually do, I decided to do a simple experiment.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
And here's how it went.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:57
If you were in the experiment, I would pass you a sheet of paper
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ข…์ด ํ•œ ์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
05:00
with 20 simple math problems that everybody could solve,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์ œ 20๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
but I wouldn't give you enough time.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
05:06
When the five minutes were over, I would say,
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5๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
"Pass me the sheets of paper, and I'll pay you a dollar per question."
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"๋‹ต์•ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ต๋ณ€๋‹น 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:11
People did this. I would pay people four dollars for their task --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ž๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” 4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ์„ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
on average people would solve four problems.
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ’€์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:17
Other people I would tempt to cheat.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
I would pass their sheet of paper.
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์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
05:21
When the five minutes were over, I would say,
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5๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:23
"Please shred the piece of paper.
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"์‹œํ—˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
05:24
Put the little pieces in your pocket or in your backpack,
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์ฐข์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋‚ญ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
05:27
and tell me how many questions you got correctly."
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋งž์ท„๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
05:30
People now solved seven questions on average.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ํ‰๊ท  ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
Now, it wasn't as if there was a few bad apples --
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
05:38
a few people cheated a lot.
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์ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Instead, what we saw is a lot of people who cheat a little bit.
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:44
Now, in economic theory,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
05:47
cheating is a very simple cost-benefit analysis.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ-ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
You say, what's the probability of being caught?
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๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ๊ฐ€?
05:52
How much do I stand to gain from cheating?
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์†์—ฌ์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ต์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ๊ฐ€?
05:55
And how much punishment would I get if I get caught?
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋“คํ‚ค๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
05:57
And you weigh these options out --
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์ด ์˜ต์…˜๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ์ ธ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:59
you do the simple cost-benefit analysis,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ-ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:01
and you decide whether it's worthwhile to commit the crime or not.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅผ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
So, we try to test this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑธ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
For some people, we varied how much money they could get away with --
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๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„๋กœ ๋“คํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
how much money they could steal.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ํ›”์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:11
We paid them 10 cents per correct question, 50 cents,
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์ •๋‹ต ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹น 10์„ผํŠธ, 50์„ผํŠธ,
06:14
a dollar, five dollars, 10 dollars per correct question.
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1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
You would expect that as the amount of money on the table increases,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
06:21
people would cheat more, but in fact it wasn't the case.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์†์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
We got a lot of people cheating by stealing by a little bit.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:27
What about the probability of being caught?
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๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:30
Some people shredded half the sheet of paper,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ์ฐข์–ด์„œ
06:32
so there was some evidence left.
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Some people shredded the whole sheet of paper.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
Some people shredded everything, went out of the room,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ
06:38
and paid themselves from the bowl of money that had over 100 dollars.
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๋ฐฑ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ ๋‹ด๊ธด ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
You would expect that as the probability of being caught goes down,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก
06:44
people would cheat more, but again, this was not the case.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Again, a lot of people cheated by just by a little bit,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ๋งŒ ์†์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
and they were insensitive to these economic incentives.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ๋‘”๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So we said, "If people are not sensitive
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ . "๋งŒ์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:54
to the economic rational theory explanations, to these forces,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋‘”๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:59
what could be going on?"
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด๊ฐ€?"
07:02
And we thought maybe what is happening is that there are two forces.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํž˜์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
At one hand, we all want to look at ourselves in the mirror
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ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
07:07
and feel good about ourselves, so we don't want to cheat.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์†์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:10
On the other hand, we can cheat a little bit,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ์†์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:12
and still feel good about ourselves.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ณธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
So, maybe what is happening is that
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
07:15
there's a level of cheating we can't go over,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:17
but we can still benefit from cheating at a low degree,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์†์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:21
as long as it doesn't change our impressions about ourselves.
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๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:24
We call this like a personal fudge factor.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Now, how would you test a personal fudge factor?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:32
Initially we said, what can we do to shrink the fudge factor?
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๋จผ์ € ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
So, we got people to the lab, and we said,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ
07:38
"We have two tasks for you today."
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"์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
First, we asked half the people
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๋จผ์ € ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ์›์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
07:41
to recall either 10 books they read in high school,
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ ์ฝ์€ ์ฑ… ์—ด ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:43
or to recall The Ten Commandments,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์™ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:46
and then we tempted them with cheating.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Turns out the people who tried to recall The Ten Commandments --
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์™ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:51
and in our sample nobody could recall all of The Ten Commandments --
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-์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋‹ค ์™ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ-
07:54
but those people who tried to recall The Ten Commandments,
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์–ด์จŒ๋˜ ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์™ธ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
07:58
given the opportunity to cheat, did not cheat at all.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์†์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
It wasn't that the more religious people --
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…์‹คํ•œ ์‹ ์ž์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:03
the people who remembered more of the Commandments -- cheated less,
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์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋œ ์†์ด๊ณ 
08:04
and the less religious people --
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๋œ ๋…์‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
08:06
the people who couldn't remember almost any Commandments --
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์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
08:07
cheated more.
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๋” ์†์ธ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
The moment people thought about trying to recall The Ten Commandments,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„
08:13
they stopped cheating.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:14
In fact, even when we gave self-declared atheists
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:16
the task of swearing on the Bible and we give them a chance to cheat,
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์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋งน์„ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„
08:20
they don't cheat at all.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์†์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Now, Ten Commandments is something that is hard
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„
08:26
to bring into the education system, so we said,
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๊ต์œก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ๋Œ€์‹ 
08:28
"Why don't we get people to sign the honor code?"
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?" ์–˜๊ธธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:30
So, we got people to sign,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
"I understand that this short survey falls under the MIT Honor Code."
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"๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์—์„œ MIT ๋ช…์˜ˆ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•จ"
08:36
Then they shredded it. No cheating whatsoever.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„œ์•ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And this is particularly interesting,
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š”
08:40
because MIT doesn't have an honor code.
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MIT์—๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ์„œ์•ฝ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:47
So, all this was about decreasing the fudge factor.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
What about increasing the fudge factor?
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์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
08:54
The first experiment -- I walked around MIT
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์€ MIT ์บ ํผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ
08:56
and I distributed six-packs of Cokes in the refrigerators --
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6๊ฐœ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ฝœ๋ผํŒฉ์„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ์ฑ„์›Œ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
these were common refrigerators for the undergrads.
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ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์˜€์–ด์š”.
09:01
And I came back to measure what we technically call
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ
09:04
the half-lifetime of Coke -- how long does it last in the refrigerators?
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์ฝœ๋ผ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ฆ‰, ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ?
09:08
As you can expect it doesn't last very long; people take it.
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์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:11
In contrast, I took a plate with six one-dollar bills,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€ํ 6์žฅ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ ‘์‹œ๋ฅผ
09:15
and I left those plates in the same refrigerators.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
No bill ever disappeared.
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์ง€ํ๋Š” ํ•œ ์žฅ๋„ ์—†์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Now, this is not a good social science experiment,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
09:22
so to do it better I did the same experiment
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:25
as I described to you before.
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์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
A third of the people we passed the sheet, they gave it back to us.
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์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ 1/3์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:30
A third of the people we passed it to, they shredded it,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 1/3์€ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:33
they came to us and said,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:34
"Mr. Experimenter, I solved X problems. Give me X dollars."
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"์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ X๊ฐœ ํ’€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. X๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
09:37
A third of the people, when they finished shredding the piece of paper,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 1/3์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ›„์—
09:40
they came to us and said,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ
09:42
"Mr Experimenter, I solved X problems. Give me X tokens."
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"์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ X๊ฐœ ํ’€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ํฐ X๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
We did not pay them with dollars; we paid them with something else.
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์ง์ ‘ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ์ค€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:51
And then they took the something else, they walked 12 feet to the side,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 12ํ”ผํŠธ ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ํ† ํฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„œ
09:54
and exchanged it for dollars.
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๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Think about the following intuition.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง๊ด€๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:58
How bad would you feel about taking a pencil from work home,
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ฐํ•„์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
10:01
compared to how bad would you feel
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๋” ์ฃ„์˜์‹์ด ๋“ค๊นŒ์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
10:03
about taking 10 cents from a petty cash box?
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์ž”๋ˆ ๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ 10์„ผํŠธ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ฃ„์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ๊นŒ์š”?
10:05
These things feel very differently.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Would being a step removed from cash for a few seconds
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ํ˜„๊ธˆ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ž ์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ 
10:11
by being paid by token make a difference?
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ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„  ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
10:14
Our subjects doubled their cheating.
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์ œ ์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
10:16
I'll tell you what I think
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
about this and the stock market in a minute.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
10:21
But this did not solve the big problem I had with Enron yet,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์—”๋ก ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
because in Enron, there's also a social element.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—”๋ก ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:28
People see each other behaving.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
In fact, every day when we open the news
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ
10:31
we see examples of people cheating.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
What does this cause us?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
10:36
So, we did another experiment.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
We got a big group of students to be in the experiment,
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๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
10:40
and we prepaid them.
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๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
So everybody got an envelope with all the money for the experiment,
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ „์•ก ๋ด‰ํˆฌ์— ๋‹ด์•„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:44
and we told them that at the end, we asked them
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
to pay us back the money they didn't make. OK?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒŒ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ๋Œ๋ ค๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:50
The same thing happens.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
When we give people the opportunity to cheat, they cheat.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์†์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€ ์†์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
They cheat just by a little bit, all the same.
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
10:56
But in this experiment we also hired an acting student.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
10:59
This acting student stood up after 30 seconds, and said,
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ์ด 30์ดˆ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
"I solved everything. What do I do now?"
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"๋ฌธ์ œ ๋‹ค ํ’€์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ์ด์ œ ๋ญํ•˜์ฃ ?"๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”.
11:06
And the experimenter said, "If you've finished everything, go home.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜์ž๊ฐ€ "๋‹ค ํ’€์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
That's it. The task is finished."
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๋ง๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:11
So, now we had a student -- an acting student --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์„
11:15
that was a part of the group.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
Nobody knew it was an actor.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž์ธ ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
11:19
And they clearly cheated in a very, very serious way.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
What would happen to the other people in the group?
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
11:26
Will they cheat more, or will they cheat less?
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†์ผ๊นŒ์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋œ ์†์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:29
Here is what happens.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
It turns out it depends on what kind of sweatshirt they're wearing.
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์–ด๋–ค ์šด๋™๋ณต์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Here is the thing.
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์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:37
We ran this at Carnegie Mellon and Pittsburgh.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๋ฉœ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
And at Pittsburgh there are two big universities,
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ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:42
Carnegie Mellon and University of Pittsburgh.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๋ฉœ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
All of the subjects sitting in the experiment
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์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ์€
11:47
were Carnegie Mellon students.
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์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๋ฉœ๋ก  ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:49
When the actor who was getting up was a Carnegie Mellon student --
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5์ดˆ ํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๋ฉœ๋ก  ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฉด
11:53
he was actually a Carnegie Mellon student --
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-์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ๋ฉœ๋ก  ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”-
11:55
but he was a part of their group, cheating went up.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ผ์›์ด๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
But when he actually had a University of Pittsburgh sweatshirt,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํ•™์ƒ์ด ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
12:03
cheating went down.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:08
Now, this is important, because remember,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:11
when the moment the student stood up,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
12:13
it made it clear to everybody that they could get away with cheating,
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์†์—ฌ๋„ ๋“คํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
because the experimenter said,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€
12:18
"You've finished everything. Go home," and they went with the money.
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"๋‹ค ๋๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:20
So it wasn't so much about the probability of being caught again.
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์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
It was about the norms for cheating.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:26
If somebody from our in-group cheats and we see them cheating,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:29
we feel it's more appropriate, as a group, to behave this way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
But if it's somebody from another group, these terrible people --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
12:35
I mean, not terrible in this --
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-์ด ์ผ์— ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ-
12:37
but somebody we don't want to associate ourselves with,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฎ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:39
from another university, another group,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
12:41
all of a sudden people's awareness of honesty goes up --
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ง์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
a little bit like The Ten Commandments experiment --
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์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช… ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
12:46
and people cheat even less.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋„ ๋œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
So, what have we learned from this about cheating?
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ญ˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋๋‚˜์š”?
12:54
We've learned that a lot of people can cheat.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์ •์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
They cheat just by a little bit.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:00
When we remind people about their morality, they cheat less.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
When we get bigger distance from cheating,
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚„์ˆ˜๋ก
13:07
from the object of money, for example, people cheat more.
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
And when we see cheating around us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
13:13
particularly if it's a part of our in-group, cheating goes up.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋งŽ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
Now, if we think about this in terms of the stock market,
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
13:20
think about what happens.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
13:21
What happens in a situation when you create something
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
13:24
where you pay people a lot of money
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
13:26
to see reality in a slightly distorted way?
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์™œ๊ณกํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
13:29
Would they not be able to see it this way?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ๊ณกํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:32
Of course they would.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
What happens when you do other things,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:34
like you remove things from money?
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
13:36
You call them stock, or stock options, derivatives,
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์ฃผ์‹, ์Šคํ†ก์˜ต์…˜, ํŒŒ์ƒ์ƒํ’ˆ,
13:39
mortgage-backed securities.
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์ฃผํƒ์ €๋‹น์ฆ๊ถŒ(MBS) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:40
Could it be that with those more distant things,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ฉด
13:43
it's not a token for one second,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ผ์ดˆ ํ›„์— ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ํ† ํฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:45
it's something that is many steps removed from money
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
for a much longer time -- could it be that people will cheat even more?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ธธ์ฃ  - ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:51
And what happens to the social environment
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
13:53
when people see other people behave around them?
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
13:56
I think all of those forces worked in a very bad way
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:00
in the stock market.
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์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
More generally, I want to tell you something
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์ข€ ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ
14:05
about behavioral economics.
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ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
We have many intuitions in our life,
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์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง๊ด€์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
14:12
and the point is that many of these intuitions are wrong.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
The question is, are we going to test those intuitions?
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์ง๊ด€๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:18
We can think about how we're going to test this intuition
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์ด ์ง๊ด€์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
14:20
in our private life, in our business life,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ƒํ™œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์—…์—์„œ
14:22
and most particularly when it goes to policy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
14:25
when we think about things like No Child Left Behind,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋‚™์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ง€(NCLB) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜
14:28
when you create new stock markets, when you create other policies --
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ
14:31
taxation, health care and so on.
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๊ณผ์„ธ, ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
And the difficulty of testing our intuition
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
14:36
was the big lesson I learned
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
when I went back to the nurses to talk to them.
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์ œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์ฃ .
14:40
So I went back to talk to them
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
14:42
and tell them what I found out about removing bandages.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋ถ•๋Œ€ ๋–ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ์ฃ .
14:45
And I learned two interesting things.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
One was that my favorite nurse, Ettie,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ํ‹ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”
14:49
told me that I did not take her pain into consideration.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
She said, "Of course, you know, it was very painful for you.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋„ˆ๋„ ์ •๋ง ์•„ํŒ ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
14:55
But think about me as a nurse,
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด๋ผ.
14:57
taking, removing the bandages of somebody I liked,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
14:59
and had to do it repeatedly over a long period of time.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žฌ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด์•ผ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ง์•ผ.
15:02
Creating so much torture was not something that was good for me, too."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํฐ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๊ดด๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
And she said maybe part of the reason was it was difficult for her.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ถ„์ด ํ•œ ๋ง์ด, ๊ทธ๋…€๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋˜ ์ด์œ ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
15:10
But it was actually more interesting than that, because she said,
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์ €๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ ๋ถ„ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
15:13
"I did not think that your intuition was right.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ค ์ง๊ด€์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
15:18
I felt my intuition was correct."
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๋‚ด ์ง๊ด€์ด ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
So, if you think about all of your intuitions,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง๊ด€์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
15:21
it's very hard to believe that your intuition is wrong.
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๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
And she said, "Given the fact that I thought my intuition was right ..." --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ง์€, ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์ด ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „์ œํ•  ๋•Œ
15:28
she thought her intuition was right --
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
15:30
it was very difficult for her to accept doing a difficult experiment
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
to try and check whether she was wrong.
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๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:37
But in fact, this is the situation we're all in all the time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
We have very strong intuitions about all kinds of things --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
our own ability, how the economy works,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ,
15:47
how we should pay school teachers.
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๊ต์‚ฌ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
15:49
But unless we start testing those intuitions,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
15:52
we're not going to do better.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
And just think about how better my life would have been
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์ œ ์‚ถ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์„์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:56
if these nurses would have been willing to check their intuition,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:58
and how everything would have been better
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
if we just start doing more systematic experimentation of our intuitions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:04
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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