George Papandreou: Imagine a European democracy without borders

65,591 views ใƒป 2013-06-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: yael ring ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
This will not be a speech
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ื
00:14
like any one I have ever given.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื ืื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
00:17
I will talk to you today about
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ
00:21
the failure of leadership in global politics
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ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:26
and in our globalizing economy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:29
And I won't provide some feel-good, ready-made solutions.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
00:36
But I will in the end urge you
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื™ ืื“ื—ืง ื‘ื›ื
00:38
to rethink, actually take risks, and get involved
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
00:44
in what I see as a global evolution
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
00:47
of democracy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
00:50
Failure of leadership.
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ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”.
00:52
What is the failure of leadership today?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ื™ื•ื?
00:55
And why is our democracy not working?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืคื•ืขืœืช?
00:58
Well, I believe that the failure of leadership is the fact
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
01:01
that we have taken you out of the process.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืืชื›ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš.
01:05
So let me, from my personal experiences,
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ืื– ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™, ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™,
01:08
give you an insight, so that you can step back
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ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”
01:12
and maybe understand why it is so difficult to cope
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
01:16
with the challenges of today and why politics
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ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
01:18
is going down a blind alley.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
01:22
Let's start from the beginning.
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ื‘ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
01:24
Let's start from democracy.
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ื‘ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
01:28
Well, if you go back to the Ancient Greeks,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืงื”
01:30
it was a revelation, a discovery,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
01:33
that we had the potential, together,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ื™ื—ื“,
01:38
to be masters of our own fate,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:41
to be able to examine, to learn, to imagine,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
01:44
and then to design a better life.
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ื•ืื– ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:48
And democracy was the political innovation
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ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
01:53
which protected this freedom,
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ืฉื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
01:55
because we were liberated from fear
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืžืคื—ื“
02:01
so that our minds in fact,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”,
02:02
whether they be despots or dogmas,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช,
02:05
could be the protagonists.
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช.
02:09
Democracy was the political innovation that allowed us
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื•
02:12
to limit the power, whether it was of tyrants
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืฆื™ื
02:16
or of high priests,
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื“ืช,
02:18
their natural tendency to maximize power and wealth.
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ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
02:23
Well, I first began to understand this
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”
02:25
when I was 14 years old.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 14
02:27
I used to, to try to avoid homework,
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ื ื”ื’ืชื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช,
02:29
sneak down to the living room and listen to my parents
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ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืœืกืœื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™
02:34
and their friends debate heatedly.
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ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœื”ื˜.
02:36
You see, then Greece was
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื–
02:38
under control of a very powerful establishment
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืกื“ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“
02:43
which was strangling the country,
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ืฉื—ื ืง ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:44
and my father was heading a promising movement
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ื•ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”
02:47
to reimagine Greece, to imagine a Greece
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ืฉืจืฆืชื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
02:50
where freedom reigned and where, maybe,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืœื™,
02:52
the people, the citizens, could actually rule their own country.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:56
I used to join him in many of the campaigns,
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ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:58
and you can see me here next to him.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื™ื“ื•.
03:00
I'm the younger one there, to the side.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฆื“.
03:03
You may not recognize me because
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
03:06
I used to part my hair differently there.
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ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœืกืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืื–.
03:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:10
So in 1967, elections were coming,
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ืื– ื‘ 1967, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•,
03:14
things were going well in the campaign,
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ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื”,
03:16
the house was electric.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:18
We really could sense that there was going to be
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
03:20
a major progressive change in Greece.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:24
Then one night, military trucks drive up to our house.
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ื•ืื– ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืจื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:29
Soldiers storm the door.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช.
03:32
They find me up on the top terrace.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
03:36
A sergeant comes up to me with a machine gun,
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ืกืžืœ ื‘ื ืืœื™ ืขื ืžืงืœืข,
03:38
puts it to my head, and says,
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™, ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
03:40
"Tell me where your father is or I will kill you."
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"ื’ืœื” ืœื™ ืื™ืคื” ืื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื ืžืฆื ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš".
03:44
My father, hiding nearby, reveals himself,
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืœื™ื“, ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
03:48
and was summarily taken to prison.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื ืœืงื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื.
03:52
Well, we survived, but democracy did not.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืจื“ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื.
03:56
Seven brutal years of dictatorship
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ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช
03:59
which we spent in exile.
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ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช.
04:02
Now, today, our democracies are again
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘
04:05
facing a moment of truth.
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช.
04:07
Let me tell you a story.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:09
Sunday evening,
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ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
04:11
Brussels, April 2010.
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ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010.
04:14
I'm sitting with my counterparts in the European Union.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™,
04:18
I had just been elected prime minister,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
04:21
but I had the unhappy privilege of revealing a truth
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืžืช
04:25
that our deficit was not 6 percent,
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
04:28
as had been officially reported only a few days earlier
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ื•ื— ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
04:32
before the elections by the previous government,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
04:35
but actually 15.6 percent.
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ืืœื 15,6 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
04:40
But the deficit was only the symptom
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื
04:42
of much deeper problems that Greece was facing,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืืชืŸ,
04:44
and I had been elected on a mandate, a mission, actually,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”
04:48
to tackle these problems,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
04:50
whether it was lack of transparency
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
04:52
and accountability in governance,
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ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ,
04:55
or whether it was a clientelistic state
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื
04:57
offering favors to the powerful -- tax avoidance
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— - ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืกื™ื
05:02
abetted and aided by a global tax evasion system,
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืœืžืช ืžืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
05:07
politics and media captured by special interests.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
05:10
But despite our electoral mandate,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:13
the markets mistrusted us.
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื ื•.
05:16
Our borrowing costs were skyrocketing,
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืกืงื•,
05:19
and we were facing possible default.
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ื•ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™.
05:22
So I went to Brussels on a mission
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ืื– ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืกืœ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”
05:25
to make the case for a united European response,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชื™ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
05:29
one that would calm the markets and give us the time
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:32
to make the necessary reforms.
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช.
05:35
But time we didn't get.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ.
05:38
Picture yourselves around the table in Brussels.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ.
05:41
Negotiations are difficult, the tensions are high,
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ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื”, ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ืฉื™ืื•,
05:44
progress is slow, and then, 10 minutes to 2,
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืื–, 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืขื” 2,
05:47
a prime minister shouts out,
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ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืงื•ืœ,
05:49
"We have to finish in 10 minutes."
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช".
05:51
I said, "Why? These are important decisions.
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืœืžื”? ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:54
Let's deliberate a little bit longer."
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ื‘ื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช".
05:56
Another prime minister comes in and says,
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ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื›ื ืก ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
05:59
"No, we have to have an agreement now,
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"ืœื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
06:03
because in 10 minutes,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช,
06:05
the markets are opening up in Japan,
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ,
06:08
and there will be havoc in the global economy."
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ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช".
06:13
We quickly came to a decision in those 10 minutes.
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช.
06:16
This time it was not the military,
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ื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื,
06:19
but the markets, that put a gun to our collective heads.
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ืืœื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื• ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:25
What followed were the most difficult decisions in my life,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
06:29
painful to me, painful to my countrymen,
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ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื™, ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื™,
06:33
imposing cuts, austerity,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื, ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื ืข,
06:37
often on those not to blame for the crisis.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
06:40
With these sacrifices, Greece did avoid bankruptcy
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ
06:43
and the eurozone avoided a collapse.
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ื•ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืจื• ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
06:46
Greece, yes, triggered the Euro crisis,
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ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•
06:49
and some people blame me for pulling the trigger.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง.
06:52
But I think today that most would agree
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•
06:55
that Greece was only a symptom
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ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื
06:57
of much deeper structural problems in the eurozone,
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืจื•,
07:01
vulnerabilities in the wider global economic system,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:05
vulnerabilities of our democracies.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:08
Our democracies are trapped by systems too big to fail,
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืฉืœื•,
07:12
or, more accurately, too big to control.
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ืื•, ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ืง, ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
07:15
Our democracies are weakened in the global economy
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
07:18
with players that can evade laws, evade taxes,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžืกื™ื,
07:21
evade environmental or labor standards.
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ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:25
Our democracies are undermined
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืจืขืจื•ืช
07:27
by the growing inequality
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืœ
07:30
and the growing concentration of power and wealth,
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ,
07:33
lobbies, corruption, the speed of the markets
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ืœื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
07:37
or simply the fact that we sometimes fear an impending disaster,
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืืกื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘
07:42
have constrained our democracies,
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:45
and they have constrained our capacity
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:47
to imagine and actually use the potential, your potential,
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
07:51
in finding solutions.
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
07:54
Greece, you see, was only a preview
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ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ
07:56
of what is in store for us all.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
07:59
I, overly optimistically, had hoped
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ืื ื™, ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื ืฆื—ื™, ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™
08:01
that this crisis was an opportunity for Greece, for Europe,
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
08:04
for the world, to make radical democratic transformations
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
08:09
in our institutions.
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:11
Instead, I had a very humbling experience.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:15
In Brussels, when we tried desperately again and again
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ, ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
08:19
to find common solutions,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื,
08:21
I realized that not one, not one of us,
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ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•,
08:25
had ever dealt with a similar crisis.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”.
08:28
But worse, we were trapped by our collective ignorance.
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:32
We were led by our fears.
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ื”ื•ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:36
And our fears led to a blind faith
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช
08:40
in the orthodoxy of austerity.
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ื‘ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฆื ืข.
08:43
Instead of reaching out to the common
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”
08:47
or the collective wisdom in our societies,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื• ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
08:50
investing in it to find more creative solutions,
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื,
08:54
we reverted to political posturing.
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ื ืกื•ื’ื ื• ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
08:56
And then we were surprised when every
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืคืชืขื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ
08:58
ad hoc new measure didn't bring an end to the crisis,
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ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืื“ ื”ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
09:01
and of course that made it very easy
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืงืœ
09:04
to look for a whipping boy
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ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ
09:06
for our collective European failure,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
09:08
and of course that was Greece.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
09:11
Those profligate, idle, ouzo-swilling, Zorba-dancing Greeks,
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื•, ืจื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืจื‘ื”,
09:16
they are the problem. Punish them!
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื!
09:19
Well, a convenient but unfounded stereotype
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืค ื ื•ื— ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก
09:23
that sometimes hurt even more than austerity itself.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆื ืข ืขืฆืžื•.
09:27
But let me warn you, this is not just about Greece.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
09:31
This could be the pattern
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื“ืคื•ืก
09:34
that leaders follow again and again
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ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
09:36
when we deal with these complex, cross-border problems,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:40
whether it's climate change, whether it's migration,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืจื”,
09:43
whether it's the financial system.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
09:47
That is, abandoning our collective power
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
09:49
to imagine our potential,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:51
falling victims to our fears, our stereotypes, our dogmas,
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ื ืคื™ืœืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
09:55
taking our citizens out of the process
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ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
09:57
rather than building the process around our citizens.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:02
And doing so will only test the faith
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”
10:04
of our citizens, of our peoples, even more
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืขื ืฉืœื ื•, ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:06
in the democratic process.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
10:09
It's no wonder that many political leaders,
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
10:11
and I don't exclude myself,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
10:13
have lost the trust of our people.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:16
When riot police have to protect parliaments,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื,
10:20
a scene which is increasingly common around the world,
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ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:24
then there's something deeply wrong with our democracies.
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ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
10:29
That's why I called for a referendum to have the Greek people
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืงืจืืชื™ ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™
10:33
own and decide on the terms of the rescue package.
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ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข.
10:37
My European counterparts, some of them, at least,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
10:39
said, "You can't do this.
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ืืžืจื•: "ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:41
There will be havoc in the markets again."
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘".
10:45
I said, "We need to, before we restore confidence in the markets,
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
10:50
we need to restore confidence and trust amongst our people."
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื ืฉืœื ื•".
10:55
Since leaving office, I have had time to reflect.
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ืžืื– ืฉืคืจืฉืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
10:58
We have weathered the storm, in Greece and in Europe,
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ืฉืจื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
11:03
but we remain challenged.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
11:06
If politics is the power to imagine and use our potential,
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ืื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:09
well then 60-percent youth unemployment in Greece,
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ืื–ื™ 60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื˜ืœืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
11:13
and in other countries, certainly is a lack of imagination
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ
11:16
if not a lack of compassion.
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ืื ืœื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื—ืžืœื”.
11:19
So far, we've thrown economics at the problem,
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
11:21
actually mostly austerity,
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื ืข,
11:24
and certainly we could have designed alternatives,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
11:27
a different strategy, a green stimulus for green jobs,
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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื™ืจื•ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช,
11:30
or mutualized debt, Eurobonds which would
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ืื• ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื, ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช
11:34
support countries in need from market pressures,
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ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืžื•ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
11:37
these would have been much more viable alternatives.
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ืืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื”.
11:40
Yet I have come to believe that the problem is not so much
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉ
11:42
one of economics as it is one of democracy.
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
11:46
So let's try something else.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื ื ืกื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
11:48
Let's see how we can bring people back to the process.
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ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš.
11:51
Let's throw democracy at the problem.
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ื‘ื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
11:54
Again, the Ancient Greeks, with all their shortcomings,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
11:57
believed in the wisdom of the crowd
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ
12:00
at their best moments. In people we trust.
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ื‘ืฉืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื.
12:03
Democracy could not work without the citizens
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
12:06
deliberating, debating, taking on public responsibilities
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ืฉื™ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•, ื™ื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
12:10
for public affairs.
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ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
12:12
Average citizens often were chosen for citizen juries
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ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™
12:15
to decide on critical matters of the day.
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ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:19
Science, theater, research, philosophy,
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ืžื“ืข, ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืงืจ, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
12:22
games of the mind and the body,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื’ื•ืฃ,
12:25
they were daily exercises.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
12:26
Actually they were an education for participation,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช,
12:30
for the potential, for growing the potential of our citizens.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ืœื”ืฆืžื—ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:34
And those who shunned politics, well, they were idiots.
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื.
12:38
You see, in Ancient Greece, in ancient Athens,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
12:42
that term originated there.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื.
12:44
"Idiot" comes from the root "idio," oneself.
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"ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜" ื‘ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ "ืื™ื“ื™ื•", ืขืฆืžื•.
12:49
A person who is self-centered, secluded, excluded,
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ืื“ื ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื ื•ืชืง, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“,
12:52
someone who doesn't participate or even examine public affairs.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
12:57
And participation took place in the agora, the agora having two meanings,
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืื’ืจื, ืœืื’ืจื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
13:00
both a marketplace and a place where there was political deliberation.
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ื›ืฉื•ืง ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
13:07
You see, markets and politics then were one, unified,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื“, ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
13:11
accessible, transparent, because they gave power to the people.
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ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื›ื•ื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
13:14
They serve the demos, democracy.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืก (ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช), ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
13:19
Above government, above markets
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ืžืขืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
13:22
was the direct rule of the people.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื.
13:24
Today we have globalized the markets
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื
13:27
but we have not globalized our democratic institutions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
13:32
So our politicians are limited to local politics,
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ืื– ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
13:36
while our citizens, even though they see a great potential,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
13:40
are prey to forces beyond their control.
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ื”ื ื ื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื.
13:44
So how then do we reunite the two halves of the agora?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื’ืจื”?
13:47
How do we democratize globalization?
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช?
13:49
And I'm not talking about the necessary reforms
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื
13:52
of the United Nations or the G20.
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ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื•"ื ืื• ื”G20.
13:55
I'm talking about, how do we secure the space,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘,
13:57
the demos, the platform of values,
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืก, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื,
14:00
so that we can tap into all of your potential?
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื›ื?
14:05
Well, this is exactly where I think Europe fits in.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื›ื ืกืช.
14:09
Europe, despite its recent failures,
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
14:11
is the world's most successful cross-border peace experiment.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:16
So let's see if it can't be an experiment
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ืื– ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™
14:19
in global democracy, a new kind of democracy.
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
14:23
Let's see if we can't design a European agora,
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ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืช ืื’ืจื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช.
14:27
not simply for products and services,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื,
14:29
but for our citizens, where they can work together,
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ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“,
14:32
deliberate, learn from each other,
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ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”,
14:34
exchange between art and cultures,
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ื“ื• ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
14:37
where they can come up with creative solutions.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
14:41
Let's imagine that European citizens
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ื‘ื ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื
14:44
actually have the power to vote directly
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
14:46
for a European president,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™,
14:49
or citizen juries chosen by lottery
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ืจืœื”
14:53
which can deliberate on critical and controversial issues,
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
14:57
a European-wide referendum where our citizens,
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ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
15:00
as the lawmakers, vote on future treaties.
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ื›ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
15:05
And here's an idea:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ:
15:07
Why not have the first truly European citizens
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
15:10
by giving our immigrants,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
15:12
not Greek or German or Swedish citizenship,
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ืœื ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืื• ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืช,
15:16
but a European citizenship?
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ืืœื ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช?
15:20
And make sure we actually empower
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื
15:23
the unemployed by giving them a voucher scholarship
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืžืœื’ื”
15:26
where they can choose to study anywhere in Europe.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
15:29
Where our common identity is democracy,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
15:34
where our education is through participation,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช,
15:39
and where participation builds trust
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืžื•ืŸ
15:42
and solidarity rather than exclusion and xenophobia.
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ื•ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื“ืจื” ื•ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” (ืคื—ื“ ืžื–ืจื™ื).
15:46
Europe of and by the people,
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
15:48
a Europe, an experiment in deepening and widening
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืขืžืงืช ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช
15:52
democracy beyond borders.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
15:55
Now, some might accuse me of being naive,
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
15:59
putting my faith in the power and the wisdom of the people.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:03
Well, after decades in politics, I am also a pragmatist.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื ื™ ื’ื ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™.
16:08
Believe me, I have been,
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™,
16:11
I am, part of today's political system,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
16:14
and I know things must change.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
16:19
We must revive politics as the power to imagine,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื›ื•ื— ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
16:23
reimagine, and redesign for a better world.
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:29
But I also know that this disruptive force of change
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื‘ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
16:31
won't be driven by the politics of today.
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ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
16:34
The revival of democratic politics
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ื”ื”ื—ื™ื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
16:37
will come from you, and I mean all of you.
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ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžื›ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื.
16:41
Everyone who participates in this global exchange of ideas,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”,
16:45
whether it's here in this room
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
16:46
or just outside this room
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ืื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ
16:48
or online or locally, where everybody lives,
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ืื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืื™ืคื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:52
everyone who stands up to injustice and inequality,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
16:56
everybody who stands up to those who preach
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืœื• ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื
16:58
racism rather than empathy,
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ืœื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืืžืคืชื™ื”,
17:01
dogma rather than critical thinking,
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ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช,
17:03
technocracy rather than democracy,
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
17:06
everyone who stands up to the unchecked power,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื•ื— ืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
17:09
whether it's authoritarian leaders,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
17:11
plutocrats hiding their assets in tax havens,
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ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืก,
17:14
or powerful lobbies protecting the powerful few.
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ืื• ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
17:18
It is in their interest that all of us are idiots.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื.
17:24
Let's not be.
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ื‘ื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื”.
17:25
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:38
Bruno Giussani: You seem to describe a political leadership
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
17:40
that is kind of unprepared
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื”
17:42
and a prisoner of the whims of the financial markets,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื,
17:45
and that scene in Brussels that you describe, to me,
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ื•ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ ืฉืชื™ืืจืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
17:47
as a citizen, is terrifying.
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ื›ืื–ืจื—, ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”.
17:50
Help us understand how you felt after the decision.
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ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
17:54
It was not a good decision, clearly,
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ.
17:56
but how do you feel after that, not as the prime minister,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
17:58
but as George?
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ืืœื ื›ื’'ื•ืจื’'?
18:01
George Papandreou: Well, obviously there were constraints
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคืคื ื“ืจืื•: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
18:03
which didn't allow me or others to make
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ืฉืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข
18:07
the types of decisions we would have wanted,
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ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื•.
18:09
and obviously I had hoped that we would have the time
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
18:11
to make the reforms which would have dealt
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
18:13
with the deficit rather than trying to cut the deficit
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ืขื ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ
18:15
which was the symptom of the problem.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
18:17
And that hurt. That hurt because that, first of all,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืื‘. ื–ื” ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื”, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ,
18:19
hurt the younger generation, and not only,
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ืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื ืจืง,
18:23
many of them are demonstrating outside,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
18:25
but I think this is one of our problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
18:26
When we face these crises, we have kept the potential,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ,
18:32
the huge potential of our society out of this process,
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš,
18:35
and we are closing in on ourselves in politics,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
18:38
and I think we need to change that, to really find
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžืฆื•ื
18:40
new participatory ways using the great capabilities
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ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
18:45
that now exist even in technology but not only in technology,
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ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
18:48
the minds that we have, and I think we can find solutions
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
18:51
which are much better, but we have to be open.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
18:53
BG: You seem to suggest that the way forward
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ื’ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
18:54
is more Europe, and that is not to be an easy discourse
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืœื”
18:58
right now in most European countries.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช.
19:00
It's rather the other way -- more closed borders
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื” - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
19:03
and less cooperation and maybe even stepping out
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช
19:06
of some of the different parts of the European construction.
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ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื’ืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™.
19:10
How do you reconcile that?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš?
19:11
GP: Well, I think one of the worst things that happened
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ืคืคื ื“ืจืื•: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืงืจื•
19:14
during this crisis is that we started a blame game.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช.
19:16
And the fundamental idea of Europe is that
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื
19:20
we can cooperate beyond borders,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
19:22
go beyond our conflicts and work together.
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ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“.
19:24
And the paradox is that, because we have this blame game,
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ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
19:30
we have less the potential to convince our citizens
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
19:33
that we should work together,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“,
19:35
while now is the time when we really need
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
19:37
to bring our powers together.
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ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“.
19:39
Now, more Europe for me is not simply
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜
19:42
giving more power to Brussels.
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ืœืชืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœื‘ืจื™ืกืœ.
19:43
It is actually giving more power to the citizens of Europe,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
19:47
that is, really making Europe a project of the people.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื.
19:51
So that, I think, would be a way to answer
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ืื– ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื”
19:53
some of the fears that we have in our society.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
19:56
BG: George, thank you for coming to TED.
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ื’ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื’'ื•ืจื’', ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉื‘ืืช ืœTED.
19:58
GP: Thank you very much.BG: Thank you.(Applause)
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ืคืคื ื“ืจืื•: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื’ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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