Why fascism is so tempting -- and how your data could power it | Yuval Noah Harari

770,252 views ใƒป 2018-06-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Hello, everyone.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:15
It's a bit funny, because I did write that humans will become digital,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง:
ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืขืฉื• ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
00:20
but I didn't think it will happen so fast
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
00:23
and that it will happen to me.
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ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื™.
00:25
But here I am, as a digital avatar,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืื•ื•ื˜ืืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
00:28
and here you are, so let's start.
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ื•ื’ื ืืชื ื›ืืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉืืœื”.
00:32
And let's start with a question.
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00:34
How many fascists are there in the audience today?
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ื›ืžื” ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ?
00:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:39
Well, it's a bit difficult to say,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืืช,
ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืžื”ื• ืคืฉื™ื–ื.
00:42
because we've forgotten what fascism is.
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00:46
People now use the term "fascist"
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืคืฉื™ืกื˜" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™,
00:49
as a kind of general-purpose abuse.
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00:52
Or they confuse fascism with nationalism.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืคืฉื™ื–ื" ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช".
00:56
So let's take a few minutes to clarify what fascism actually is,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืฉื™ื–ื,
ื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
01:02
and how it is different from nationalism.
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01:05
The milder forms of nationalism have been among the most benevolent
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:10
of human creations.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:12
Nations are communities of millions of strangers
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ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ืจื™ื
ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
01:17
who don't really know each other.
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01:19
For example, I don't know the eight million people
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ืื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
01:22
who share my Israeli citizenship.
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
01:26
But thanks to nationalism,
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01:28
we can all care about one another and cooperate effectively.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื™ื›ืคืช ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
01:32
This is very good.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“.
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช
01:34
Some people, like John Lennon, imagine that without nationalism,
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01:39
the world will be a peaceful paradise.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื•.
ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™.
01:44
But far more likely,
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01:45
without nationalism, we would have been living in tribal chaos.
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01:50
If you look today at the most prosperous and peaceful countries in the world,
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ืื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:55
countries like Sweden and Switzerland and Japan,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื™ืคืŸ,
ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื–ื”.
02:00
you will see that they have a very strong sense of nationalism.
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02:05
In contrast, countries that lack a strong sense of nationalism,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”,
02:09
like Congo and Somalia and Afghanistan,
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืกื•ืžืœื™ื” ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
02:13
tend to be violent and poor.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
02:16
So what is fascism, and how is it different from nationalism?
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ืื– ืžื”ื• ืคืฉื™ื–ื, ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช?
02:21
Well, nationalism tells me that my nation is unique,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
02:27
and that I have special obligations towards my nation.
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™.
02:31
Fascism, in contrast, tells me that my nation is supreme,
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ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื ืขืœื”,
02:37
and that I have exclusive obligations towards it.
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ื•ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช.
02:42
I don't need to care about anybody or anything other than my nation.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ืื™ื›ืคืช ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืคืจื˜ ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™.
02:48
Usually, of course, people have many identities
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช
ื•ื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:52
and loyalties to different groups.
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02:55
For example, I can be a good patriot, loyal to my country,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ืืžืŸ ืœืืจืฆื™,
02:59
and at the same time, be loyal to my family,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™,
ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื™,
03:03
my neighborhood, my profession,
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03:05
humankind as a whole,
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ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ืœืืžืช ื•ืœื™ื•ืคื™.
03:06
truth and beauty.
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03:09
Of course, when I have different identities and loyalties,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:13
it sometimes creates conflicts and complications.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื,
03:17
But, well, who ever told you that life was easy?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื?
03:21
Life is complicated.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
03:23
Deal with it.
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ืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•.
03:26
Fascism is what happens when people try to ignore the complications
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ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื
03:32
and to make life too easy for themselves.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืžื“ื™.
ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ืžืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
03:36
Fascism denies all identities except the national identity
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03:41
and insists that I have obligations only towards my nation.
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ื•ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:47
If my nation demands that I sacrifice my family,
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ืื ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ -
03:51
then I will sacrifice my family.
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ืืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
ืื ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื -
03:54
If the nation demands that I kill millions of people,
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ืื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
03:58
then I will kill millions of people.
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04:01
And if my nation demands that I betray truth and beauty,
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ื•ืื ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืืžืช ื•ืœื™ื•ืคื™ -
04:07
then I should betray truth and beauty.
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืืžืช ื•ืœื™ื•ืคื™.
04:11
For example, how does a fascist evaluate art?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™ืš ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืžื ื•ืช?
04:16
How does a fascist decide whether a movie is a good movie or a bad movie?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืกืจื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข?
04:22
Well, it's very, very, very simple.
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ื ื•, ื–ื” ืžืื“, ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
04:27
There is really just one yardstick:
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ืืžืช-ืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช:
04:29
if the movie serves the interests of the nation,
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ืื ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”,
ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:33
it's a good movie;
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04:34
if the movie doesn't serve the interests of the nation,
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ืื ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”,
04:37
it's a bad movie.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืจืข.
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
04:39
That's it.
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04:40
Similarly, how does a fascist decide what to teach kids in school?
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืื™ืš ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ?
04:45
Again, it's very simple.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“.
04:47
There is just one yardstick:
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ื™ืฉ ืืžืช-ืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“:
04:49
you teach the kids whatever serves the interests of the nation.
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ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”.
04:55
The truth doesn't matter at all.
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ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:00
Now, the horrors of the Second World War and of the Holocaust remind us
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ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
05:05
of the terrible consequences of this way of thinking.
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
05:10
But usually, when we talk about the ills of fascism,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื,
ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
05:15
we do so in an ineffective way,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื›ืžืคืœืฆืช ื ืชืขื‘ืช,
05:18
because we tend to depict fascism as a hideous monster,
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05:22
without really explaining what was so seductive about it.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืคืชื” ื‘ื•.
05:27
It's a bit like these Hollywood movies that depict the bad guys --
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื --
ื•ื•ืœื“ืจืžื•ืจื˜, ืœื•ืจื“ ืกืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ืืจืช' ื•ื™ื™ื“ืจ --
05:32
Voldemort or Sauron or Darth Vader --
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ื›ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื, ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื.
05:36
as ugly and mean and cruel.
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05:38
They're cruel even to their own supporters.
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ื”ื ืžืชืื›ื–ืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ื”ื.
05:41
When I see these movies, I never understand --
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ --
05:45
why would anybody be tempted to follow a disgusting creep like Voldemort?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืชืคืชื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืฉืจืฅ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืœื“ืจืžื•ืจื˜?
05:52
The problem with evil is that in real life,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
05:56
evil doesn't necessarily look ugly.
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ื”ืจื•ืข ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื›ื•ืขืจ.
05:59
It can look very beautiful.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ืคื” ืžืื“.
06:02
This is something that Christianity knew very well,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื“ืขื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“,
06:05
which is why in Christian art, as [opposed to] Hollywood,
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06:08
Satan is usually depicted as a gorgeous hunk.
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ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื—ืชื™ืš ืžืงืกื™ื,
06:13
This is why it's so difficult to resist the temptations of Satan,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ,
06:17
and why it is also difficult to resist the temptations of fascism.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื.
06:22
Fascism makes people see themselves
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ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื
06:25
as belonging to the most beautiful and most important thing in the world --
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ื›ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื:
06:30
the nation.
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ื”ืœืื•ื.
06:32
And then people think,
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ื•ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจ,
06:33
"Well, they taught us that fascism is ugly.
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06:37
But when I look in the mirror, I see something very beautiful,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืคื”ืคื”,
06:40
so I can't be a fascist, right?"
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"ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืคืฉื™ืกื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
ื˜ืขื•ืช.
06:43
Wrong.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื.
06:44
That's the problem with fascism.
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06:45
When you look in the fascist mirror,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
06:48
you see yourself as far more beautiful than you really are.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช.
06:53
In the 1930s, when Germans looked in the fascist mirror,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
06:57
they saw Germany as the most beautiful thing in the world.
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ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:02
If today, Russians look in the fascist mirror,
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ืื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
07:05
they will see Russia as the most beautiful thing in the world.
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ื”ื ื™ืจืื• ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:09
And if Israelis look in the fascist mirror,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
07:12
they will see Israel as the most beautiful thing in the world.
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ื”ื ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:18
This does not mean that we are now facing a rerun of the 1930s.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30.
07:24
Fascism and dictatorships might come back,
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ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
07:27
but they will come back in a new form,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
07:31
a form which is much more relevant
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07:33
to the new technological realities of the 21st century.
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ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
07:38
In ancient times,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:40
land was the most important asset in the world.
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07:44
Politics, therefore, was the struggle to control land.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
ื•ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“
07:49
And dictatorship meant that all the land was owned by a single ruler
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
07:55
or by a small oligarch.
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07:57
And in the modern age, machines became more important than land.
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
08:03
Politics became the struggle to control the machines.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:07
And dictatorship meant
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
08:09
that too many of the machines became concentrated
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
08:13
in the hands of the government or of a small elite.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
08:17
Now data is replacing both land and machines
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08:21
as the most important asset.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:24
Politics becomes the struggle to control the flows of data.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:29
And dictatorship now means
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื”
08:32
that too much data is being concentrated in the hands of the government
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
08:38
or of a small elite.
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ืื• ืืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
08:40
The greatest danger that now faces liberal democracy
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ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช
08:45
is that the revolution in information technology
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื”ืคื›ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ ืœื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
08:49
will make dictatorships more efficient than democracies.
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08:54
In the 20th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
08:56
democracy and capitalism defeated fascism and communism
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื
09:01
because democracy was better at processing data and making decisions.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ื“ืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
09:07
Given 20th-century technology,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
09:09
it was simply inefficient to try and concentrate too much data
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจื›ื– ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™
09:15
and too much power in one place.
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ื•ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
09:19
But it is not a law of nature
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง-ื˜ื‘ืข,
09:23
that centralized data processing is always less efficient
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ืฉืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช
09:29
than distributed data processing.
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ืžืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ.
09:32
With the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning,
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ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“,
09:36
it might become feasible to process enormous amounts of information
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09:41
very efficiently in one place,
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09:44
to take all the decisions in one place,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“,
09:47
and then centralized data processing will be more efficient
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ื•ืื– ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืืฉืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ.
09:52
than distributed data processing.
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 -
09:55
And then the main handicap of authoritarian regimes
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09:58
in the 20th century --
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ -
10:00
their attempt to concentrate all the information in one place --
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ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:05
it will become their greatest advantage.
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10:10
Another technological danger that threatens the future of democracy
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ืกื›ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
10:15
is the merger of information technology with biotechnology,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
10:20
which might result in the creation of algorithms
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื
10:24
that know me better than I know myself.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™.
10:29
And once you have such algorithms,
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
10:31
an external system, like the government,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
10:34
cannot just predict my decisions,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™,
ืืœื ื’ื ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™.
10:38
it can also manipulate my feelings, my emotions.
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10:42
A dictator may not be able to provide me with good health care,
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ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
10:47
but he will be able to make me love him
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ืืš ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•
ื•ืœืฉื ื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
10:51
and to make me hate the opposition.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชืชืงืฉื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•
10:55
Democracy will find it difficult to survive such a development
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11:00
because, in the end,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
11:02
democracy is not based on human rationality;
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
11:06
it's based on human feelings.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:10
During elections and referendums,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืืœื™-ืขื
11:12
you're not being asked, "What do you think?"
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ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืชื›ื, "ืžื” ืืช/ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘/ืช?"
11:15
You're actually being asked, "How do you feel?"
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ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืชื›ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, "ืžื” ืืช/ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ/ื”?"
ื•ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
11:20
And if somebody can manipulate your emotions effectively,
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11:24
democracy will become an emotional puppet show.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™.
ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื
11:30
So what can we do to prevent the return of fascism
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11:34
and the rise of new dictatorships?
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ื•ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื?
11:37
The number one question that we face is: Who controls the data?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื: ืžื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื?
11:44
If you are an engineer,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
11:46
then find ways to prevent too much data
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
11:50
from being concentrated in too few hands.
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ื™ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™.
11:53
And find ways to make sure
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ื•ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•
11:56
the distributed data processing is at least as efficient
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ืฉืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™.
12:01
as centralized data processing.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
12:04
This will be the best safeguard for democracy.
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12:07
As for the rest of us who are not engineers,
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ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื•, ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
12:11
the number one question facing us
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
12:14
is how not to allow ourselves to be manipulated
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ืชืžืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•.
12:19
by those who control the data.
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12:23
The enemies of liberal democracy, they have a method.
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ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
12:27
They hack our feelings.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• --
12:30
Not our emails, not our bank accounts --
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ืœื ืœื“ื•ื"ืœ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื ื• --
12:32
they hack our feelings of fear and hate and vanity,
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ื”ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื“, ื”ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ื•ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืœื”
12:38
and then use these feelings
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12:40
to polarize and destroy democracy from within.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื˜ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
12:44
This is actually a method
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช
12:46
that Silicon Valley pioneered in order to sell us products.
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ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
12:52
But now, the enemies of democracy are using this very method
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช, ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”
12:57
to sell us fear and hate and vanity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืคื—ื“, ืฉื ืื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:01
They cannot create these feelings out of nothing.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ-ืžืื™ืŸ,
13:06
So they get to know our own preexisting weaknesses.
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ืื– ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•
13:10
And then use them against us.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื ื•.
13:13
And it is therefore the responsibility of all of us
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•
13:17
to get to know our weaknesses
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13:19
and make sure that they do not become a weapon
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ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืง
13:23
in the hands of the enemies of democracy.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
13:27
Getting to know our own weaknesses
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ืื ื ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•,
13:29
will also help us to avoid the trap of the fascist mirror.
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืกืžื™ ืžืจืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื.
13:36
As we explained earlier, fascism exploits our vanity.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื•.
13:40
It makes us see ourselves as far more beautiful than we really are.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช.
13:46
This is the seduction.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™.
13:48
But if you really know yourself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืช,
13:50
you will not fall for this kind of flattery.
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ืœื ื™ืชืคืชื” ืœื—ื ื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:54
If somebody puts a mirror in front of your eyes
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืžื•ืœื›ื ืžืจืื”
13:58
that hides all your ugly bits and makes you see yourself
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ืฉืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืืฆืœื›ื
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:04
as far more beautiful and far more important
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช,
14:08
than you really are,
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14:09
just break that mirror.
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ื ืคืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช.
14:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:22
Chris Anderson: Yuval, thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
14:24
Goodness me.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
14:25
It's so nice to see you again.
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ื›"ื: ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ืฉื•ื‘. ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื— ื”ืจืจื™: ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:27
So, if I understand you right,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
14:29
you're alerting us to two big dangers here.
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ืืชื” ืžืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
14:32
One is the possible resurgence of a seductive form of fascism,
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉื™ื–ื,
14:36
but close to that, dictatorships that may not exactly be fascistic,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
14:41
but control all the data.
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14:43
I wonder if there's a third concern
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื,
14:45
that some people here have already expressed,
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14:47
which is where, not governments, but big corporations control all our data.
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ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืœื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ืง.
14:52
What do you call that,
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš?
14:54
and how worried should we be about that?
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14:56
Yuval Noah Harari: Well, in the end, there isn't such a big difference
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ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:59
between the corporations and the governments,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
15:02
because, as I said, the questions is: Who controls the data?
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ื›ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื?
15:05
This is the real government.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
15:07
If you call it a corporation or a government --
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ืื ืชืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื” --
15:09
if it's a corporation and it really controls the data,
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ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
15:12
this is our real government.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
15:14
So the difference is more apparent than real.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™.
15:18
CA: But somehow, at least with corporations,
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื,
15:21
you can imagine market mechanisms where they can be taken down.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื™ืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื.
15:24
I mean, if consumers just decide
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
15:26
that the company is no longer operating in their interest,
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ืฉื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
15:29
it does open the door to another market.
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ื–ื” ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืื—ืจ. ื”ืื ืœื ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”
15:31
It seems easier to imagine that
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15:33
than, say, citizens rising up and taking down a government
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืžืชืงื•ืžืžื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ?
15:36
that is in control of everything.
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15:37
YNH: Well, we are not there yet,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืš,
15:39
but again, if a corporation really knows you better than you know yourself --
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš --
15:44
at least that it can manipulate your own deepest emotions and desires,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ืš ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืชื“ืข --
15:50
and you won't even realize --
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15:51
you will think this is your authentic self.
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ืืชื” ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ื ืืžืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืš.
15:54
So in theory, yes, in theory, you can rise against a corporation,
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ืื– ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืŸ. ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžื ื ื’ื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“,
15:58
just as, in theory, you can rise against a dictatorship.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžื ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช.
16:02
But in practice, it is extremely difficult.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:07
CA: So in "Homo Deus," you argue that this would be the century
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ื›"ื: ื‘"ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ" ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื”
16:11
when humans kind of became gods,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื,
16:14
either through development of artificial intelligence
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
16:17
or through genetic engineering.
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ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
16:20
Has this prospect of political system shift, collapse
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ืื™ืš ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืงืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
16:26
impacted your view on that possibility?
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืคืชืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช?
16:29
YNH: Well, I think it makes it even more likely,
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ื™ื "ื”: ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
16:32
and more likely that it will happen faster,
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:35
because in times of crisis, people are willing to take risks
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
16:40
that they wouldn't otherwise take.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
16:42
And people are willing to try
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช
16:45
all kinds of high-risk, high-gain technologies.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื.
16:49
So these kinds of crises might serve the same function
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ
ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
16:54
as the two world wars in the 20th century.
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16:57
The two world wars greatly accelerated
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ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ืฆื• ืžืื“
17:00
the development of new and dangerous technologies.
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
17:04
And the same thing might happen in the 21st century.
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17:07
I mean, you need to be a little crazy to run too fast,
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ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
17:11
let's say, with genetic engineering.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
17:13
But now you have more and more crazy people
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
17:17
in charge of different countries in the world,
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17:19
so the chances are getting higher, not lower.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
17:23
CA: So, putting it all together, Yuval, you've got this unique vision.
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ื›"ื: ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•.
ืื ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ 30 ืฉื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
17:27
Roll the clock forward 30 years.
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17:28
What's your guess -- does humanity just somehow scrape through,
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ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœืš -- ื”ืื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
17:31
look back and say, "Wow, that was a close thing. We did it!"
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ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืชื’ื™ื“, "ื•ื•ืื•. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘. ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•!"
17:35
Or not?
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ืื• ืœื?
17:36
YNH: So far, we've managed to overcome all the previous crises.
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ื™ื "ื”: ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
17:40
And especially if you look at liberal democracy
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช
17:43
and you think things are bad now,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
17:46
just remember how much worse things looked in 1938 or in 1968.
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ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘-1938 ืื• ื‘-1968.
17:52
So this is really nothing, this is just a small crisis.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื™. ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช,
17:56
But you can never know,
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17:58
because, as a historian,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
18:00
I know that you should never underestimate human stupidity.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ื”
ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
18:05
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:06
It is one of the most powerful forces that shape history.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
18:11
CA: Yuval, it's been an absolute delight to have you with us.
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ื›"ื: ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื’ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืืจื— ืื•ืชืš ื›ืืŸ.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
18:14
Thank you for making the virtual trip.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขืจื‘ ื ืคืœื ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืจื™!
18:16
Have a great evening there in Tel Aviv.
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18:18
Yuval Harari!
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ื™ื "ื”: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:19
YNH: Thank you very much.
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18:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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