Why fascism is so tempting -- and how your data could power it | Yuval Noah Harari

760,125 views ใƒป 2018-06-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JY Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Won Jang
00:12
Hello, everyone.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
00:15
It's a bit funny, because I did write that humans will become digital,
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์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์“ด ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:20
but I didn't think it will happen so fast
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ค„์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ณ 
00:23
and that it will happen to me.
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๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ค„๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
But here I am, as a digital avatar,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋กœ ์„œ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
00:28
and here you are, so let's start.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ตฌ์š”. ์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ.. ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
And let's start with a question.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:34
How many fascists are there in the audience today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ฒญ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:39
Well, it's a bit difficult to say,
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๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
00:42
because we've forgotten what fascism is.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
People now use the term "fascist"
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„
00:49
as a kind of general-purpose abuse.
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Or they confuse fascism with nationalism.
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:56
So let's take a few minutes to clarify what fascism actually is,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž ์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
and how it is different from nationalism.
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๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€๋„์š”.
01:05
The milder forms of nationalism have been among the most benevolent
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์˜จ๊ฑดํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋Š”
์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์• ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋… ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
of human creations.
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01:12
Nations are communities of millions of strangers
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š”
์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
who don't really know each other.
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01:19
For example, I don't know the eight million people
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” 800๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:22
who share my Israeli citizenship.
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์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:26
But thanks to nationalism,
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๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋•๋ถ„์—
01:28
we can all care about one another and cooperate effectively.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
This is very good.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด์ฃ .
01:34
Some people, like John Lennon, imagine that without nationalism,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์กด ๋ ˆ๋…ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
the world will be a peaceful paradise.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ๋‚™์›์ด ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
But far more likely,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
01:45
without nationalism, we would have been living in tribal chaos.
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๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
If you look today at the most prosperous and peaceful countries in the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:55
countries like Sweden and Switzerland and Japan,
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์Šค์›จ๋ด์ด๋‚˜ ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
02:00
you will see that they have a very strong sense of nationalism.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์  ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
In contrast, countries that lack a strong sense of nationalism,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
02:09
like Congo and Somalia and Afghanistan,
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์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„, ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š”
02:13
tend to be violent and poor.
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ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
So what is fascism, and how is it different from nationalism?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:21
Well, nationalism tells me that my nation is unique,
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๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
and that I have special obligations towards my nation.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:31
Fascism, in contrast, tells me that my nation is supreme,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
and that I have exclusive obligations towards it.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
I don't need to care about anybody or anything other than my nation.
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์ž๊ตญ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Usually, of course, people have many identities
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
02:52
and loyalties to different groups.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์— ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
For example, I can be a good patriot, loyal to my country,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์• ๊ตญ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ถฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
and at the same time, be loyal to my family,
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹คํ•˜์ฃ .
03:03
my neighborhood, my profession,
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์ œ ์ด์›ƒ, ์ œ ์ง์—…์—๋„ ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
03:05
humankind as a whole,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ „์ฒด์™€
03:06
truth and beauty.
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์ง„๋ฆฌ, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์—๋„ ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Of course, when I have different identities and loyalties,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:13
it sometimes creates conflicts and complications.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
But, well, who ever told you that life was easy?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋”” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฌ์šด๊ฐ€์š”?
03:21
Life is complicated.
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์ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Deal with it.
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์ž˜ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ .
03:26
Fascism is what happens when people try to ignore the complications
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
and to make life too easy for themselves.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ฃ .
03:36
Fascism denies all identities except the national identity
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
and insists that I have obligations only towards my nation.
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์˜ค์ง ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ฃ .
03:47
If my nation demands that I sacrifice my family,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด
03:51
then I will sacrifice my family.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
If the nation demands that I kill millions of people,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ํ•™์‚ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด
03:58
then I will kill millions of people.
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ํ•™์‚ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And if my nation demands that I betray truth and beauty,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด
04:07
then I should betray truth and beauty.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
For example, how does a fascist evaluate art?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:16
How does a fascist decide whether a movie is a good movie or a bad movie?
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:22
Well, it's very, very, very simple.
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์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
There is really just one yardstick:
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ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
if the movie serves the interests of the nation,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ด๋“์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉด
04:33
it's a good movie;
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์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
if the movie doesn't serve the interests of the nation,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด๋“์— ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ผ๋ฉด
04:37
it's a bad movie.
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๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ™”์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:39
That's it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Similarly, how does a fascist decide what to teach kids in school?
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น ๊นŒ์š”?
04:45
Again, it's very simple.
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
There is just one yardstick:
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:49
you teach the kids whatever serves the interests of the nation.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ด๋“์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋งŒ์„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
The truth doesn't matter at all.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:00
Now, the horrors of the Second World War and of the Holocaust remind us
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „๊ณผ ํ™€๋กœ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด
05:05
of the terrible consequences of this way of thinking.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
But usually, when we talk about the ills of fascism,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ
05:15
we do so in an ineffective way,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
because we tend to depict fascism as a hideous monster,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ๊ดด๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:22
without really explaining what was so seductive about it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์ด๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
It's a bit like these Hollywood movies that depict the bad guys --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•…๋‹น์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Voldemort or Sauron or Darth Vader --
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๋ณผ๋“œ๋ชจํŠธ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ก , ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฒ ์ด๋”๋ฅผ
05:36
as ugly and mean and cruel.
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์ถ”์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์—ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž”์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์ฃ .
05:38
They're cruel even to their own supporters.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ž”์ธํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
When I see these movies, I never understand --
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์ „ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
why would anybody be tempted to follow a disgusting creep like Voldemort?
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์™œ ๋ณผ๋“œ๋ชจํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญ๊ฒจ์šด ์ธ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ๋ ค ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:52
The problem with evil is that in real life,
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์‹ค์ œ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•จ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
05:56
evil doesn't necessarily look ugly.
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์‚ฌ์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ผญ ์ถ”์•…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:59
It can look very beautiful.
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๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
This is something that Christianity knew very well,
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๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
which is why in Christian art, as [opposed to] Hollywood,
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ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š”
06:08
Satan is usually depicted as a gorgeous hunk.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•…๋งˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
This is why it's so difficult to resist the temptations of Satan,
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์•…๋งˆ์˜ ์œ ํ˜น์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:17
and why it is also difficult to resist the temptations of fascism.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์˜ ์œ ํ˜น์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Fascism makes people see themselves
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
06:25
as belonging to the most beautiful and most important thing in the world --
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
the nation.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
06:32
And then people think,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
"Well, they taught us that fascism is ugly.
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"๋‹ค๋“ค ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์€ ์ถ”์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:37
But when I look in the mirror, I see something very beautiful,
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๊ฑฐ์šธ ์†์˜ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ž–์•„.
06:40
so I can't be a fascist, right?"
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด?"
06:43
Wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
That's the problem with fascism.
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
When you look in the fascist mirror,
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
06:48
you see yourself as far more beautiful than you really are.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
In the 1930s, when Germans looked in the fascist mirror,
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1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์— ๋น„์นœ ๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์€
06:57
they saw Germany as the most beautiful thing in the world.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
If today, Russians look in the fascist mirror,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:05
they will see Russia as the most beautiful thing in the world.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And if Israelis look in the fascist mirror,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:12
they will see Israel as the most beautiful thing in the world.
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:18
This does not mean that we are now facing a rerun of the 1930s.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Fascism and dictatorships might come back,
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋…์žฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
but they will come back in a new form,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
a form which is much more relevant
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์„ธํƒœ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
to the new technological realities of the 21st century.
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07:38
In ancient times,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š”
07:40
land was the most important asset in the world.
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์˜ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
Politics, therefore, was the struggle to control land.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:49
And dictatorship meant that all the land was owned by a single ruler
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๋…์žฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ธต์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:55
or by a small oligarch.
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07:57
And in the modern age, machines became more important than land.
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๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ์™€์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ† ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Politics became the struggle to control the machines.
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์ •์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:07
And dictatorship meant
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๋…์žฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”
08:09
that too many of the machines became concentrated
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์†์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
in the hands of the government or of a small elite.
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08:17
Now data is replacing both land and machines
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์ง€๊ธˆ์— ์™€์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ† ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:21
as the most important asset.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Politics becomes the struggle to control the flows of data.
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์ •์น˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:29
And dictatorship now means
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋…์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
08:32
that too much data is being concentrated in the hands of the government
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€
์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์†์•ˆ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
or of a small elite.
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08:40
The greatest danger that now faces liberal democracy
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์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€
08:45
is that the revolution in information technology
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์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ
08:49
will make dictatorships more efficient than democracies.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…์žฌ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
In the 20th century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
08:56
democracy and capitalism defeated fascism and communism
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
because democracy was better at processing data and making decisions.
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:07
Given 20th-century technology,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š”
09:09
it was simply inefficient to try and concentrate too much data
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๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:15
and too much power in one place.
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์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
But it is not a law of nature
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›์น™์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
that centralized data processing is always less efficient
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์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์ฃ .
09:29
than distributed data processing.
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09:32
With the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning,
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:36
it might become feasible to process enormous amounts of information
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
very efficiently in one place,
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๋งค์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:44
to take all the decisions in one place,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
09:47
and then centralized data processing will be more efficient
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์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
than distributed data processing.
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๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:55
And then the main handicap of authoritarian regimes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
09:58
in the 20th century --
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10:00
their attempt to concentrate all the information in one place --
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€
10:05
it will become their greatest advantage.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
Another technological danger that threatens the future of democracy
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์œ„ํ—˜์€
10:15
is the merger of information technology with biotechnology,
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์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
which might result in the creation of algorithms
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€
10:24
that know me better than I know myself.
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์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
And once you have such algorithms,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:31
an external system, like the government,
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์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
10:34
cannot just predict my decisions,
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์ €์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:38
it can also manipulate my feelings, my emotions.
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์ œ ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
A dictator may not be able to provide me with good health care,
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๋…์žฌ์ž๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
10:47
but he will be able to make me love him
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์ €๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:51
and to make me hate the opposition.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
Democracy will find it difficult to survive such a development
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
because, in the end,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋”ฐ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:02
democracy is not based on human rationality;
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:06
it's based on human feelings.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
During elections and referendums,
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์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:12
you're not being asked, "What do you think?"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
11:15
You're actually being asked, "How do you feel?"
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” "์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
And if somebody can manipulate your emotions effectively,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
11:24
democracy will become an emotional puppet show.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ ๋†€์Œ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
So what can we do to prevent the return of fascism
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
11:34
and the rise of new dictatorships?
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์‹ ๋…์žฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:37
The number one question that we face is: Who controls the data?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
If you are an engineer,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
11:46
then find ways to prevent too much data
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
11:50
from being concentrated in too few hands.
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๋ง‰์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
And find ways to make sure
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:56
the distributed data processing is at least as efficient
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์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
12:01
as centralized data processing.
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ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
This will be the best safeguard for democracy.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
As for the rest of us who are not engineers,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
12:11
the number one question facing us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
12:14
is how not to allow ourselves to be manipulated
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์กฐ์ข…๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
by those who control the data.
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12:23
The enemies of liberal democracy, they have a method.
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์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
They hack our feelings.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ•ดํ‚นํ•˜์ฃ .
12:30
Not our emails, not our bank accounts --
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์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋‚˜, ์€ํ–‰ ๊ณ„์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ•ดํ‚นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
they hack our feelings of fear and hate and vanity,
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๊ณตํฌ์‹ฌ, ์ฆ์˜ค์‹ฌ, ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ ๋“ฑ์„์š”.
12:38
and then use these feelings
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:40
to polarize and destroy democracy from within.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
This is actually a method
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
that Silicon Valley pioneered in order to sell us products.
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:52
But now, the enemies of democracy are using this very method
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:57
to sell us fear and hate and vanity.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํฌ์™€ ์ฆ์˜ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ํŒ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
They cannot create these feelings out of nothing.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
So they get to know our own preexisting weaknesses.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:10
And then use them against us.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
And it is therefore the responsibility of all of us
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
to get to know our weaknesses
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
13:19
and make sure that they do not become a weapon
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ ๋“ค์˜ ์† ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋„
13:23
in the hands of the enemies of democracy.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด์ฃ .
13:27
Getting to know our own weaknesses
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด
13:29
will also help us to avoid the trap of the fascist mirror.
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ซ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
As we explained earlier, fascism exploits our vanity.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ์•…์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
It makes us see ourselves as far more beautiful than we really are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ์Šต๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
13:46
This is the seduction.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
But if you really know yourself,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ฉด
13:50
you will not fall for this kind of flattery.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ฒจ์— ์†์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
If somebody puts a mirror in front of your eyes
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์•ž์— ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋“ค์ด๋Œ€๊ณ 
13:58
that hides all your ugly bits and makes you see yourself
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ณ 
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ์Šต๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ 
14:04
as far more beautiful and far more important
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์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:08
than you really are,
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14:09
just break that mirror.
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๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊นจ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
14:13
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:22
Chris Anderson: Yuval, thank you.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ(CA): ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
Goodness me.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์—..
14:25
It's so nice to see you again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
So, if I understand you right,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
14:29
you're alerting us to two big dangers here.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:32
One is the possible resurgence of a seductive form of fascism,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋„๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
but close to that, dictatorships that may not exactly be fascistic,
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋…์žฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:41
but control all the data.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
14:43
I wonder if there's a third concern
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
14:45
that some people here have already expressed,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์ง€๋งŒ
14:47
which is where, not governments, but big corporations control all our data.
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
What do you call that,
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๊ทธ ์ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
14:54
and how worried should we be about that?
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:56
Yuval Noah Harari: Well, in the end, there isn't such a big difference
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์œ ๋ฐœ ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ(YH): ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
between the corporations and the governments,
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๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
15:02
because, as I said, the questions is: Who controls the data?
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
This is the real government.
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ์ •๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
If you call it a corporation or a government --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋“  ์ •๋ถ€์ด๋“ 
15:09
if it's a corporation and it really controls the data,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:12
this is our real government.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ง„์งœ ์ •๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
So the difference is more apparent than real.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
15:18
CA: But somehow, at least with corporations,
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CA: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
15:21
you can imagine market mechanisms where they can be taken down.
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์‹œ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ
15:24
I mean, if consumers just decide
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ
15:26
that the company is no longer operating in their interest,
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์–ด๋Š ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด
15:29
it does open the door to another market.
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์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
15:31
It seems easier to imagine that
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:33
than, say, citizens rising up and taking down a government
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ
15:36
that is in control of everything.
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๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
15:37
YNH: Well, we are not there yet,
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YH: ์Œ, ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋„ค์š”.
15:39
but again, if a corporation really knows you better than you know yourself --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:44
at least that it can manipulate your own deepest emotions and desires,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊นŠ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ์š•๋ง์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
and you won't even realize --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ 
15:51
you will think this is your authentic self.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž์•„๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
So in theory, yes, in theory, you can rise against a corporation,
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”.. ๋„ค, ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋ก  ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
just as, in theory, you can rise against a dictatorship.
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…์žฌ์ฃผ์˜์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
16:02
But in practice, it is extremely difficult.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
CA: So in "Homo Deus," you argue that this would be the century
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CA: ์ €์„œ "ํ˜ธ๋ชจ๋ฐ์šฐ์Šค"์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š”
21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
16:11
when humans kind of became gods,
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16:14
either through development of artificial intelligence
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด๋‚˜
16:17
or through genetic engineering.
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์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:20
Has this prospect of political system shift, collapse
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•˜์‹  ์ •์น˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ง์ด
16:26
impacted your view on that possibility?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‚˜์š”?
16:29
YNH: Well, I think it makes it even more likely,
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YH: ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋†’์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
and more likely that it will happen faster,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
16:35
because in times of crisis, people are willing to take risks
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
that they wouldn't otherwise take.
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16:42
And people are willing to try
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
all kinds of high-risk, high-gain technologies.
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16:49
So these kinds of crises might serve the same function
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
as the two world wars in the 20th century.
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16:57
The two world wars greatly accelerated
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ
17:00
the development of new and dangerous technologies.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
17:04
And the same thing might happen in the 21st century.
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
I mean, you need to be a little crazy to run too fast,
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์ข€ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
let's say, with genetic engineering.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์œ ์ „ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์š”.
17:13
But now you have more and more crazy people
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ด‘์ด๋“ค์ด
17:17
in charge of different countries in the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
so the chances are getting higher, not lower.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์  ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
17:23
CA: So, putting it all together, Yuval, you've got this unique vision.
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CA: ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์…จ๊ตฐ์š”.
17:27
Roll the clock forward 30 years.
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30๋…„ ํ›„๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
17:28
What's your guess -- does humanity just somehow scrape through,
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์‹  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ 
17:31
look back and say, "Wow, that was a close thing. We did it!"
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ "์™€, ํฐ์ผ๋‚  ๋ป” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์–ด!"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
17:35
Or not?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
17:36
YNH: So far, we've managed to overcome all the previous crises.
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YH: ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
And especially if you look at liberal democracy
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
17:43
and you think things are bad now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
17:46
just remember how much worse things looked in 1938 or in 1968.
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1938๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 1968๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋นด๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:52
So this is really nothing, this is just a small crisis.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ์ •๋ง ๋ณด์ž˜ ๊ฒƒ ์—†๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
But you can never know,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
because, as a historian,
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์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์ธ ์ œ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
18:00
I know that you should never underestimate human stupidity.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•จ์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
18:05
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:06
It is one of the most powerful forces that shape history.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
CA: Yuval, it's been an absolute delight to have you with us.
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CA: ์œ ๋ฐœ, ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ปค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
Thank you for making the virtual trip.
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๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„์™€ ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
Have a great evening there in Tel Aviv.
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ํ…” ์•„๋น„๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์ €๋… ๋ณด๋‚ด์„ธ์š”.
18:18
Yuval Harari!
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์œ ๋ฐœ ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
18:19
YNH: Thank you very much.
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YH: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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