Jay Bradner: Open-source cancer research

57,802 views ใƒป 2011-10-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
00:16
I moved to Boston 10 years ago from Chicago,
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00:19
with an interest in cancer and in chemistry.
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ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
00:22
You might know that chemistry is the science of making molecules
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช --
00:25
or, to my taste,
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ืื• ืœื˜ืขืžื™, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:27
new drugs for cancer.
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00:29
And you might also know that, for science and medicine,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื’ื, ืฉืœืžื“ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืื”,
00:32
Boston is a bit of a candy store.
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ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:35
You can't roll a stop sign in Cambridge without hitting a graduate student.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'
ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜.
00:40
The bar is called the Miracle of Science.
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ื”ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจื ื ืก ื”ืžื“ืข.
00:42
The billboards say "Lab Space Available."
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ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฉื˜ื— ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืคื ื•ื™."
00:46
And it's fair to say that in these 10 years,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
00:48
we've witnessed absolutely the start of a scientific revolution --
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ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”
ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช -- ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืืช ื’ื ื™ื.
00:53
that of genome medicine.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:55
We know more about the patients that enter our clinic now
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ ืคืขื.
00:57
than ever before.
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00:58
And we're able, finally, to answer the question
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื:
01:01
that's been so pressing for so many years:
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01:03
Why do I have cancer?
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
01:06
This information is also pretty staggering.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื.
ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:09
You might know that, so far, in just the dawn of this revolution,
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
01:12
we know that there are perhaps 40,000 unique mutations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ 40,000 ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž10,000 ื’ื ื™ื,
01:16
affecting more than 10,000 genes,
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01:18
and that there are 500 of these genes that are bona-fide drivers,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ 500 ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื,
01:22
causes of cancer.
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ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”,
01:25
Yet comparatively,
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01:26
we have about a dozen targeted medications.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช.
01:29
And this inadequacy of cancer medicine
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:32
really hit home when my father was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉืื‘ื™ ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ
ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื‘ืœื‘.
ืœื ื”ื˜ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:38
We didn't fly him to Boston.
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01:39
We didn't sequence his genome.
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ืœื ืจื™ืฆืคื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื•.
01:41
It's been known for decades what causes this malignancy.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
ืืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื --
01:46
It's three proteins: ras, myc, p53.
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Ras, MIC ื• P53.
01:50
This is old information we've known since about the 80s,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
01:53
yet there's no medicine I can prescribe
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืฉื•ื
01:55
to a patient with this or any of the numerous solid tumors
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ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื–ื”
ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:59
caused by these three ...
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ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:01
Horsemen of the Apocalypse that is cancer.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:04
There's no ras, no myc, no p53 drug.
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœ Ras, MIC ื• P53.
02:07
And you might fairly ask: Why is that?
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ืง: ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช
02:10
And the very unsatisfying yet scientific answer is:
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™.
02:13
it's too hard.
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02:14
That for whatever reason,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื”,
02:16
these three proteins have entered a space, in the language of our field,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:19
that's called the undruggable genome --
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช --
02:21
which is like calling a computer unsurfable
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื”
ืื• ืœื™ืจื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื”.
02:24
or the Moon unwalkable.
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02:25
It's a horrible term of trade.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ื ื•ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข.
02:27
But what it means
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ
02:28
is that we've failed to identify a greasy pocket in these proteins,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ืก ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
ืืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื ืขื•ืœื ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
02:32
into which we, like molecular locksmiths,
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02:34
can fashion an active, small, organic molecule or drug substance.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช
02:40
Now, as I was training in clinical medicine
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:42
and hematology and oncology and stem-cell transplantation,
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
02:45
what we had instead,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
02:47
cascading through the regulatory network at the FDA,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘FDA,
ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• --
02:51
were these substances:
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02:52
arsenic,
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ืืจืกื ื™ืง, ืชืœื™ื“ื•ืžื™ื“
02:54
thalidomide,
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:55
and this chemical derivative of nitrogen mustard gas.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื—ืจื“ืœ.
02:58
And this is the 21st century.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืื” ื” 21.
03:01
And so, I guess you'd say,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ื•, ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื”
03:02
dissatisfied with the performance and quality of these medicines,
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ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:05
I went back to school, in chemistry,
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
03:09
with the idea that perhaps by learning the trade of discovery chemistry
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืชื™ืช
03:13
and approaching it in the context of this brave new world
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ื•ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
03:16
of the open source,
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—,
ืงื•ื“ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
03:19
the crowd source,
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03:20
the collaborative network that we have access to within academia,
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ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื” ืขื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”,
03:23
that we might more quickly bring powerful and targeted therapies
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช
ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:28
to our patients.
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03:29
And so, please consider this a work in progress,
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
03:33
but I'd like to tell you today a story
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ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ
03:35
about a very rare cancer called midline carcinoma,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืงืจืฆื™ื•ืžื” ืืžืฆืขื™ืช,
ืขืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:39
about the undruggable protein target that causes this cancer,
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
ืฉื ืงืจื BRD4,
03:43
called BRD4,
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03:44
and about a molecule developed at my lab at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื ื” ืคืืจื‘ืจ
03:48
called JQ1,
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ืฉื ืงืจื JQ1, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื’'ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืฉื™,
03:49
which we affectionately named for Jun Qi,
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืงืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:52
the chemist that made this molecule.
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03:54
Now, BRD4 is an interesting protein.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• BRD4 ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:57
You might ask: with all the things cancer's trying to do to kill our patient,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
04:01
how does it remember it's cancer?
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœืคืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื•,
04:03
When it winds up its genome,
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04:04
divides into two cells and unwinds again,
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ืžืชืคืฆืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชืœ ืฉื ื™ืช,
04:06
why does it not turn into an eye, into a liver,
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื“,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
04:09
as it has all the genes necessary to do this?
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04:11
It remembers that it's cancer.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:13
And the reason is that cancer, like every cell in the body,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
ืฉื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
04:17
places little molecular bookmarks,
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ืคืชืงื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ืื™ื˜ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
04:19
little Post-it notes,
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04:20
that remind the cell, "I'm cancer; I should keep growing."
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื "ืื ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ; ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ."
ื•ื”ืคืชืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:24
And those Post-it notes involve this and other proteins of its class --
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ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื• --
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื.
04:28
so-called bromodomains.
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04:29
So we developed an idea, a rationale,
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ืื– ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
04:32
that perhaps if we made a molecule
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ืฉืื•ืœื™, ืื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
04:34
that prevented the Post-it note from sticking
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื”ืคืชืงื™ืช ืžืœื”ื“ื‘ืง
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ื™ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
04:37
by entering into the little pocket
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04:38
at the base of this spinning protein,
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘,
04:40
then maybe we could convince cancer cells,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:42
certainly those addicted to this BRD4 protein,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”BRD4 ื”ื–ื”,
04:45
that they're not cancer.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:47
And so we started to work on this problem.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:49
We developed libraries of compounds
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ืžื”
04:52
and eventually arrived at this and similar substances
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ืฉื ืงืจื JQ1.
04:55
called JQ1.
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04:56
Now, not being a drug company,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
04:58
we could do certain things, we had certain flexibilities,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
05:01
that I respect that a pharmaceutical industry doesn't have.
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ืฉืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ.
05:04
We just started mailing it to our friends.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
05:07
I have a small lab.
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05:08
We thought we'd just send it to people and see how the molecule behaves.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช.
ื•ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
05:11
We sent it to Oxford, England,
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ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:13
where a group of talented crystallographers provided this picture,
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ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
05:16
which helped us understand exactly how this molecule is so potent
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:19
for this protein target.
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05:20
It's what we call a perfect fit of shape complementarity,
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืื• ื›ืžื• ื›ืคืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“.
05:23
or hand in glove.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ,
05:25
Now, this is a very rare cancer,
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ื–ื” ืฉืžื›ื•ืจ ืœ BRD4.
05:27
this BRD4-addicted cancer.
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ืื– ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
05:29
And so we worked with samples of material
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05:31
that were collected by young pathologists at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
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ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”ื.
ื•ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:35
And as we treated these cells with this molecule,
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05:37
we observed something really striking.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
05:40
The cancer cells --
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05:41
small, round and rapidly dividing,
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
05:43
grew these arms and extensions.
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ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช.
05:45
They were changing shape.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื”.
05:47
In effect,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
05:48
the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer
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ืฉื›ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ
ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
05:52
and becoming a normal cell.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:55
This got us very excited.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:58
The next step would be to put this molecule into mice.
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06:00
The only problem was there's no mouse model of this rare cancer.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:04
And so at the time we were doing this research,
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06:06
I was caring for a 29-year-old firefighter from Connecticut
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ื‘ืื™ ื‘ืŸ 29 ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื•
06:10
who was very much at the end of life
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06:12
with this incurable cancer.
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ืขื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื”ืžืจืคื ื”ื–ื”.
06:14
This BRD4-addicted cancer was growing throughout his left lung.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœBRD4 ื”ื–ื”
ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช.
06:18
And he had a chest tube in that was draining little bits of debris.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืงื– ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
06:21
And every nursing shift, we would throw this material out.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:24
And so we approached this patient
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ืื– ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื”
06:26
and asked if he would collaborate with us.
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:28
Could we take this precious and rare cancerous material
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื•ืจื‘ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”
06:32
from this chest tube
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ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื•
06:34
and drive it across town and put it into mice
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ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
06:36
and try to do a clinical trial at a stage that with a prototype drug,
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™
ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช?
06:40
well, that would be, of course, impossible
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:42
and, rightly, illegal to do in humans.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื.
06:44
And he obliged us.
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06:46
At the Lurie Family Center for Animal Imaging,
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ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื•ืจื™ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
06:48
our colleague, Andrew Kung, grew this cancer successfully in mice
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื“ืจื• ืงืื ื’, ื’ื™ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
06:52
without ever touching plastic.
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06:53
And you can see this PET scan of a mouse -- what we call a pet PET.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”PET ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ -- pet PET.
ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ
06:57
The cancer is growing
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06:58
as this red, huge mass in the hind limb of this animal.
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ื•ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืื“ื•ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
07:02
And as we treat it with our compound,
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ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืกื•ื›ืจ,
07:04
this addiction to sugar,
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื ืขืœืžื”.
07:06
this rapid growth, faded.
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07:07
And on the animal on the right,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
07:09
you see that the cancer was responding.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘.
07:12
We've completed, now, clinical trials
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ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื
ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:15
in four mouse models of this disease.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:17
And every time, we see the same thing.
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07:18
The mice with this cancer that get the drug live,
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื™ื™ื,
ื•ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
07:21
and the ones that don't rapidly perish.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช,
07:26
So we started to wonder,
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07:27
what would a drug company do at this point?
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ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
07:29
Well, they probably would keep this a secret
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”
07:31
until they turn the prototype drug
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”
07:33
into an active pharmaceutical substance.
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ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ืคืขื™ืœ.
ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš.
07:36
So we did just the opposite.
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ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
07:38
We published a paper that described this finding
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ืฉืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื–ื”
07:41
at the earliest prototype stage.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:43
We gave the world the chemical identity of this molecule,
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ื ืชื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
07:46
typically a secret in our discipline.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
07:48
We told people exactly how to make it.
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ืืžืจื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:51
We gave them our email address,
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07:52
suggesting that if they write us,
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ื•ื”ืฆืขื ื•, ืฉืื ื”ื ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื ื•,
07:54
we'll send them a free molecule.
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ื ืฉืœื— ืœื”ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
07:56
(Laughter)
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
07:57
We basically tried to create the most competitive environment
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ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:00
for our lab as possible.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
08:01
And this was, unfortunately, successful.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:03
(Laughter)
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08:04
Because now, we've shared this molecule,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:06
just since December of last year,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
08:08
with 40 laboratories in the United States
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ืขื 40 ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
ื• 30 ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” --
08:11
and 30 more in Europe --
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
08:13
many of them pharmaceutical companies,
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08:14
seeking now to enter this space,
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ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื—ื•ื,
08:16
to target this rare cancer that, thankfully right now,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉืœืžื–ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:20
is quite desirable to study in that industry.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืฉืง ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
08:25
But the science that's coming back from all of these laboratories
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
08:28
about the use of this molecule
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ืกื™ืคืง ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช
08:30
has provided us insights we might not have had on our own.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
08:33
Leukemia cells treated with this compound
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ืชืื™ ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•
08:35
turn into normal white blood cells.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
08:38
Mice with multiple myeloma,
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืžื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”,
08:40
an incurable malignancy of the bone marrow,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื,
08:43
respond dramatically
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
08:45
to the treatment with this drug.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื”.
08:47
You might know that fat has memory.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:50
I'll nicely demonstrate that for you.
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08:52
(Laughter)
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08:53
In fact, this molecule
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
08:55
prevents this adipocyte, this fat stem cell,
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืชื ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื ื’ื–ืข ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
08:58
from remembering how to make fat,
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ืžืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื•ืžืŸ
09:01
such that mice on a high-fat diet,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
09:03
like the folks in my hometown of Chicago --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
09:06
(Laughter)
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ืœื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื•ืžื ื™,
09:07
fail to develop fatty liver,
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ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
09:09
which is a major medical problem.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• --
09:12
What this research taught us --
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09:13
not just my lab, but our institute,
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ --
09:16
and Harvard Medical School more generally --
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”
09:18
is that we have unique resources in academia
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ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช --
09:20
for drug discovery;
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09:21
that our center, which has tested perhaps more cancer molecules
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ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื ื•
ืฉื‘ื“ืง ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช
09:25
in a scientific way
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ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ,
09:26
than any other,
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09:27
never made one of its own.
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ืœื ื™ืฆืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
09:29
For all the reasons you see listed here,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืคื”,
09:31
we think there's a great opportunity for academic centers
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืืงื“ืžืื™ื™ื
09:34
to participate in this earliest, conceptually tricky
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ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช
ื•ืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™
09:38
and creative discipline
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09:40
of prototype drug discovery.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
ืื– ืžื” ื”ืœืื”?
09:45
So what next?
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09:46
We have this molecule, but it's not a pill yet.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ืœื•ืœื”.
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืจืืœื™ืช.
09:49
It's not orally bioavailable.
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09:51
We need to fix it so we can deliver it to our patients.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:54
And everyone in the lab,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
09:56
especially following the interaction with these patients,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
09:59
feels quite compelled to deliver a drug substance
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ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:01
based on this molecule.
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10:02
It's here where I'd say
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ
10:04
that we could use your help and your insights,
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
10:06
your collaborative participation.
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ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
10:08
Unlike a drug company, we don't have a pipeline
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:12
that we can deposit these molecules into.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
10:14
We don't have a team of salespeople and marketeers
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10:16
to tell us how to position this drug against the other.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
10:19
What we do have is the flexibility of an academic center
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืงื“ืžื™
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
10:22
to work with competent, motivated,
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10:24
enthusiastic, hopefully well-funded people
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ืžื•ื ืขื™ื, ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžืžื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
10:27
to carry these molecules forward into the clinic
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœ
10:29
while preserving our ability to share the prototype drug worldwide.
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ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:34
This molecule will soon leave our benches
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค ืงื˜ื ื”
10:37
and go into a small start-up company called Tensha Therapeutics.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื˜ื ืฉื” ื˜ืจืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงืก.
10:40
And, really, this is the fourth of these molecules
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžืืœื•
10:43
to kind of "graduate" from our little pipeline
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ืฉืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
10:45
of drug discovery,
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ืฉืชื™ื ืžื”ืŸ -- ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
10:47
two of which -- a topical drug for lymphoma of the skin
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ืœืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
10:52
and an oral substance for the treatment of multiple myeloma --
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจืืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœื•ืžื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” --
10:55
will actually come to the bedside for the first clinical trial
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื”.
10:58
in July of this year -- for us, a major and exciting milestone.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืจื’ืฉืช.
11:03
I want to leave you with just two ideas.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:05
The first is: if anything is unique about this research,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
11:10
it's less the science than the strategy.
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ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” --
11:12
This, for us, was a social experiment --
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
11:15
an experiment in "What would happen if we were as open and honest
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ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื ื™ื
11:20
at the earliest phase of discovery chemistry research
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช
11:22
as we could be?"
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
11:24
This string of letters and numbers
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
11:26
and symbols and parentheses
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ื•ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื
11:28
that can be texted, I suppose,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžืก ืื•ืชื”, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—,
11:30
or Twittered worldwide,
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ืื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื,
ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:33
is the chemical identity of our pro compound.
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11:35
It's the information that we most need from pharmaceutical companies,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื›ืœ
ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
11:39
the information on how these early prototype drugs might work.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
11:44
Yet this information is largely a secret.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืกื•ื“.
11:47
And so we seek, really, to download
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
11:50
from the amazing successes of the computer-science industry,
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ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช:
11:53
two principles -- that of open source and that of crowdsourcing --
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ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
11:58
to quickly, responsibly accelerate the delivery of targeted therapeutics
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ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช
12:04
to patients with cancer.
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ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:06
Now, the business model involves all of you.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื.
12:09
This research is funded by the public.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
12:11
It's funded by foundations.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช.
12:13
And one thing I've learned in Boston
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
12:15
is that you people will do anything for cancer, and I love that.
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ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืชืขืฉื• ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ -- ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
ืืชื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืชื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
12:18
You bike across the state, you walk up and down the river.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:21
(Laughter)
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ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
12:23
I've never seen, really, anywhere,
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ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
12:25
this unique support for cancer research.
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ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:28
And so I want to thank you
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื
12:30
for your participation, your collaboration
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
12:33
and most of all,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:35
for your confidence in our ideas.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:37
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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