Justin Hall-Tipping: Freeing energy from the grid

171,243 views ใƒป 2011-10-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yoni Shuster ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Why can't we solve these problems?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
00:21
We know what they are.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืŸ.
00:24
Something always seems to stop us.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ื ื•.
00:28
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
00:31
I remember March the 15th, 2000.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”-15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ืฉื ืช 2000.
00:35
The B15 iceberg broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.
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ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ B15 ื”ืชื ืคืฅ ืœื™ื“ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— Ross.
00:39
In the newspaper it said
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ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘
00:42
"it was all part of a normal process."
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"ื”ืืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื•ืจืžืœื™."
00:45
A little bit further on in the article
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ืงืฆืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืืžืจ
00:48
it said "a loss that would normally take
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ื ื›ืชื‘ "ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื™ื“ืจืฉื•
00:51
the ice shelf 50-100 years to replace."
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ืœืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— 50-100 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื"
00:58
That same word, "normal,"
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื™ืœื”, "ื ื•ืจืžืœื™",
01:01
had two different,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช
01:03
almost opposite meanings.
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ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช.
01:06
If we walk into the B15 iceberg
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ืื ื ืœืš ืœืชื•ืš ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”-B15
01:09
when we leave here today,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฆื ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
01:12
we're going to bump into something
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ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
01:15
a thousand feet tall,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 300 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:17
76 miles long,
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 122 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:21
17 miles wide,
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ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 27 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:24
and it's going to weigh two gigatons.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืงืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื™ื’ื”-ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:27
I'm sorry, there's nothing normal about this.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
01:30
And yet I think it's this perspective of us
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•
01:33
as humans to look at our world
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ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
01:36
through the lens of normal
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ื“ืจืš ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช
01:38
is one of the forces
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
01:40
that stops us developing real solutions.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืžืœืคืชื— ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:46
Only 90 days after this,
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90 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:49
arguably the greatest discovery
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืืจืขื” ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:51
of the last century occurred.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
01:53
It was the sequencing for the first time
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:55
of the human genome.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:58
This is the code that's in every single one
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
02:02
of our 50 trillion cells
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ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:04
that makes us who we are and what we are.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
02:08
And if we just take one cell's worth
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ื•ืื ื ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ืžืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:10
of this code and unwind it,
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ื•ื ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•,
02:15
it's a meter long,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“,
02:19
two nanometers thick.
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:21
Two nanometers is 20 atoms in thickness.
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ืฉื ื™ ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 20 ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:25
And I wondered,
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ื•ืชื”ื™ืชื™,
02:27
what if the answer to some of our biggest problems
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
02:30
could be found in the smallest of places,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:33
where the difference between what is
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:35
valuable and what is worthless
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ืžื” ืฉืขืจื›ื™ ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš
02:37
is merely the addition or subtraction
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื• ื”ื”ื—ืกืจื”
02:39
of a few atoms?
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ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื?
02:41
And what
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ื•ืžื” ืื
02:43
if we could get exquisite control
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
02:46
over the essence of energy,
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ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:48
the electron?
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ?
02:51
So I started to go around the world
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:53
finding the best and brightest scientists
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:55
I could at universities
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช
02:57
whose collective discoveries have the chance
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ื•ืฉืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
02:59
to take us there,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื.
03:01
and we formed a company to build
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ
03:03
on their extraordinary ideas.
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:05
Six and a half years later,
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ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
03:07
a hundred and eighty researchers,
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ืžืื” ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
03:09
they have some amazing developments
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
03:11
in the lab,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
03:13
and I will show you three of those today,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื,
03:15
such that we can stop burning up our planet
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:18
and instead,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช,
03:20
we can generate all the energy we need
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื ื•
03:23
right where we are,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื
03:25
cleanly, safely, and cheaply.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืงื™, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื–ื•ืœ.
03:28
Think of the space that we spend
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื
03:30
most of our time.
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ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:32
A tremendous amount of energy
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
03:34
is coming at us from the sun.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:36
We like the light that comes into the room,
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
03:38
but in the middle of summer,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืงื™ืฅ,
03:40
all that heat is coming into the room
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ
03:42
that we're trying to keep cool.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงืจืจ.
03:44
In winter, exactly the opposite is happening.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
03:46
We're trying to heat up
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืžื
03:47
the space that we're in,
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•,
03:49
and all that is trying to get out through the window.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
03:51
Wouldn't it be really great
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ
03:55
if the window could flick back the heat
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ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื
03:57
into the room if we needed it
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื•
03:59
or flick it away before it came in?
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ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก?
04:01
One of the materials that can do this
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
04:03
is a remarkable material, carbon,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืคื—ืžืŸ,
04:08
that has changed its form in this incredibly beautiful reaction
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”
04:11
where graphite is blasted by a vapor,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ ืžื•ืคืฆืฅ ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
04:16
and when the vaporized carbon condenses,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื“ื” ืžืชืขื‘ื”,
04:20
it condenses back into a different form:
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช:
04:23
chickenwire rolled up.
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ืชื™ืœ ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ.
04:26
But this chickenwire carbon,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
04:28
called a carbon nanotube,
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ื”ื ืงืจื ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
04:30
is a hundred thousand times smaller
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ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ
04:32
than the width of one of your hairs.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื›ื.
04:35
It's a thousand times
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืืœืฃ
04:37
more conductive than copper.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช.
04:40
How is that possible?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
04:45
One of the things about working at the nanoscale
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™
04:49
is things look and act very differently.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
04:52
You think of carbon as black.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:58
Carbon at the nanoscale
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช, ืคื—ืžืŸ
05:01
is actually transparent
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืงื•ืฃ
05:04
and flexible.
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ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
05:09
And when it's in this form,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:11
if I combine it with a polymer
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ืื ืืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ
05:14
and affix it to your window
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ื•ืื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
05:17
when it's in its colored state,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืข,
05:20
it will reflect away all heat and light,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืื•ืจ,
05:23
and when it's in its bleached state
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืœื‘ืŸ
05:25
it will let all the light and heat through
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก
05:28
and any combination in between.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
05:31
To change its state, by the way,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
05:34
takes two volts from a millisecond pulse.
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ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ืžืคืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืช.
05:37
And once you've changed its state, it stays there
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•
05:40
until you change its state again.
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ืขื“ ืฉืชืฉื ื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
05:43
As we were working on this incredible
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช
05:45
discovery at University of Florida,
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ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
05:47
we were told to go down the corridor
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ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ
05:50
to visit another scientist,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ืจ,
05:52
and he was working
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ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“
05:54
on a pretty incredible thing.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
05:56
Imagine
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•
05:58
if we didn't have to rely
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš
06:00
on artificial lighting to get around at night.
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ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
06:06
We'd have to see at night, right?
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:12
This lets you do it.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:14
It's a nanomaterial, two nanomaterials,
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ื–ื” ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ื™ ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
06:17
a detector and an imager.
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ื’ืœืื™ ื•ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื”.
06:20
The total width of it
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื
06:22
is 600 times smaller
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ 600
06:24
than the width of a decimal place.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช.
06:27
And it takes all the infrared available at night,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
06:31
converts it into an electron
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืืงืœื˜ืจื•ืŸ
06:34
in the space of two small films,
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ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
06:37
and is enabling you to play an image
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื”
06:40
which you can see through.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื”.
06:47
I'm going to show to TEDsters,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ TED,
06:50
the first time, this operating.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:52
Firstly I'm going to show you
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
06:54
the transparency.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช.
06:57
Transparency is key.
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื—.
07:01
It's a film that you can look through.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื•.
07:04
And then I'm going to turn the lights out.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช.
07:07
And you can see, off a tiny film,
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ืกืจื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจ,
07:10
incredible clarity.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
07:14
As we were working on this, it dawned on us:
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœื ื•:
07:18
this is taking infrared radiation, wavelengths,
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ,
07:22
and converting it into electrons.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
07:25
What if we combined it
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
07:31
with this?
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ืขื ื–ื”?
07:34
Suddenly you've converted energy
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืžืจืชื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
07:37
into an electron on a plastic surface
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ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
07:41
that you can stick on your window.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
07:44
But because it's flexible,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืžื™ืฉ,
07:46
it can be on any surface whatsoever.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื•ื.
07:50
The power plant of tomorrow
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ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ
07:53
is no power plant.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื—.
08:00
We talked about generating and using.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
08:03
We want to talk about storing energy,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
08:05
and unfortunately
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ
08:07
the best thing we've got going
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœื™ื•
08:09
is something that was developed in France
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฆืจืคืช
08:11
a hundred and fifty years ago,
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ืœืคื™ 150 ืฉื ื™ื,
08:13
the lead acid battery.
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ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืขื•ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื”.
08:15
In terms of dollars per what's stored,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ
08:17
it's simply the best.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:19
Knowing that we're not going to put fifty of
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื•
08:21
these in our basements to store our power,
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ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื—ืžืฉืœ,
08:23
we went to a group at University of Texas at Dallas,
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ืงืกืก ื‘ื“ืืœืืก,
08:25
and we gave them this diagram.
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
08:27
It was in actually a diner
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื–ืœืœื”
08:29
outside of Dallas/Fort Worth Airport.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ืืœืืก/ืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืจืช'.
08:31
We said, "Could you build this?"
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ืืžืจื ื•, "ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?"
08:33
And these scientists,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
08:35
instead of laughing at us, said, "Yeah."
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืŸ."
08:37
And what they built was eBox.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”- eBox.
08:40
EBox is testing new nanomaterials
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ื”-eBox ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
08:42
to park an electron on the outside,
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
08:45
hold it until you need it,
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื•,
08:48
and then be able to release it and pass it off.
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœืื”.
08:51
Being able to do that means
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื”
08:55
that I can generate energy
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:58
cleanly, efficiently and cheaply
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืงื™, ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™
09:01
right where I am.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื.
09:03
It's my energy.
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ื–ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
09:06
And if I don't need it, I can convert it
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”
09:08
back up on the window
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ
09:10
to energy, light, and beam it,
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ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื•ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”,
09:12
line of site, to your place.
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
09:15
And for that I do not need
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš
09:18
an electric grid between us.
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ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
09:21
The grid of tomorrow is no grid,
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ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืจืฉืช,
09:25
and energy, clean efficient energy,
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
09:29
will one day be free.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
09:36
If you do this, you get the last puzzle piece,
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ืื ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
09:40
which is water.
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ืžื™ื.
09:46
Each of us, every day,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
09:51
need just eight glasses of this,
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ื–ืงื•ืง ืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
09:56
because we're human.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:59
When we run out of water,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ืื–ืœื• ืœื ื•,
10:01
as we are in some parts of the world
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:03
and soon to be in other parts of the world,
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:05
we're going to have to get this from the sea,
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ื ืืœืฅ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื™ื,
10:08
and that's going to require us to build desalination plants.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื”.
10:11
19 trillion dollars is what we're going to have to spend.
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19 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื.
10:14
These also require tremendous amounts of energy.
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ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
10:16
In fact, it's going to require twice the world's
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
10:18
supply of oil to run the pumps
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ืžืžืœืื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช
10:20
to generate the water.
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ืฉื™ืคื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
10:23
We're simply not going to do that.
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ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:25
But in a world where energy is freed
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช
10:27
and transmittable
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ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช
10:29
easily and cheaply, we can take any water
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
10:31
wherever we are
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื”
10:33
and turn it into whatever we need.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื•.
10:37
I'm glad to be working with
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื
10:39
incredibly brilliant and kind scientists,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
10:41
no kinder than
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ืœื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:43
many of the people in the world,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:45
but they have a magic look at the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืกื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:48
And I'm glad to see their discoveries
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
10:50
coming out of the lab and into the world.
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ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:53
It's been a long time in coming for me.
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ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
10:57
18 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 18 ืฉื ื™ื,
11:00
I saw a photograph in the paper.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
11:04
It was taken by Kevin Carter
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืจ
11:06
who went to the Sudan
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ืฉื ืกืข ืœืกื•ื“ืŸ
11:08
to document their famine there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉื.
11:10
I've carried this photograph with me
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืชื™
11:12
every day since then.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืื–.
11:17
It's a picture of a little girl dying of thirst.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื’ื•ืกืกืช ืžืฆืžื.
11:27
By any standard this is wrong.
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื, ื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™.
11:32
It's just wrong.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื’ื•ื™.
11:38
We can do better than this.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:41
We should do better than this.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:44
And whenever I go round
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข
11:46
to somebody who says,
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
11:48
"You know what, you're working on something that's too difficult.
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™.
11:50
It'll never happen. You don't have enough money.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ.
11:53
You don't have enough time.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ.
11:56
There's something much more interesting around the corner,"
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”",
11:59
I say, "Try saying that to her."
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”".
12:01
That's what I say in my mind. And I just say
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™. ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ
12:03
"thank you," and I go on to the next one.
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"ืชื•ื“ื”", ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื“ื ื”ื‘ื.
12:06
This is why we have to solve our problems,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:09
and I know the answer as to how
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” - ืื™ืš
12:14
is to be able to get exquisite control
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื
12:18
over a building block of nature,
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ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
12:21
the stuff of life:
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื:
12:23
the simple electron.
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜.
12:25
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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